Chapter

AP* Sixth Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert

Early Latin America & Africa

Corresponds to 19-20 & 25

10

New World from Columbus to Revolutions - 1492-1800s

Big Picture - 4 Innovations

A. Stern Rudder - From Asians. Better ship control

B. Lateen Sails - From Indians/Africans - 3 masted sails allow travel into or w/ wind -

C. Magnetic Compass - From Chinese - Direction!

D. Astrolabe - From Arabs - Latitude

Big Picture - State Building Connections

Early - Greed + Ethnocentrism = Conquer How? Superior war tech. - horse/gun, but mainly disease

Later - Justify Staying and Controlling? How? God desires us to “save.” Religion to justify control but….primarily there for markets…..

Silver!Silver!

Big Picture - Market Systems New World is a Market Heaven!!! The Columbian Exchange

Path to Spanish/Portuguese Power• Stage 1 - 1500s - Plunder / Conquest

• Cortez (Aztecs), Pizarros (Incas) - Conquistadors • “Low Hanging Fruit” • Gold / Silver - 20% to Crown - They keep the rest!

– Justified in Conquering! • “Natives not fully human. • God sent us to save & convert those who survive.”

• de Sepulveda

– Unjustified in Conquering! • “Indians are our brothers. Christ gave his life for them,

too!” Treat as equals, not sub-humans! • de las Casas

– Crown tries to improve…difficult to enforce

25m to 2m

• Stage 2, 1600s - New World Gov’t ! Support Columbian Exchange tied to Mother

Country - Mercantilism ! Only allowed trade with mother country. All

trade controlled by the Crown ! Basis - Spain - Silver Mining ! Portugal - Sugar Exports

Path to Spanish/Portuguese Power

Stage 2 - Importing old to newViceroyalties

2 Main Capitals Mexico City & Lima

Haciendas Feudalism in New World - Huge tracts for Spaniards

Churches - Native Conversion

TownsGrid system

Brazil - LESS Structured

Rural

Mita - Forced work on natives Pennies - Peons

Markets of New Spain

#2 - Agriculture- Mexico#1 - Mining - South Am

Haciendas 95% of land in hands of 5% of people Frustration…. Unrest, War!

Potosi Silver Mining Mita used for Native Workers

80% of world’s silver

Slaves from Africa

– Portugal 1st, then others… ! Replaced dying natives in New

World.

! 1/2 would die upon journey.

! Most utilized by Portugal, some by French, Spanish, and British.

Triangular Trade/Middle Passage

Guns Produced Goods Booze

“Middle Passage” 12 million Slaves from 1450-1850

Family units as best possible

Most Caribbean & Brazil

Raw Goods - timber, tobacco, sugar, cotton

Spain v. Portugal

1. Where? Spain - Americas & Philippines Portugal - Brazil/Africa/India

2. Who? Spain - Fewer Africans, use natives more after conversion-Mestizo Class most of work force.

3. What? Spain - Mining- Silver/Gold Portugal - White Gold -Sugar

Portugal - 1/2 of New World population by

1700 will be Africans.

Social Hierarchy in New World

1. Europeans of Euro Birth - peninsulares

Few white women creates - Castas - mixed blood 3. Mestizo - Native and European 3. Mulatto - African and European

2. 100% Europeans of New World Birth - creoles

2nd Class Citizens

4. Natives and Slaves

Either by agreement or force - a new race begins

Pic of Castas

Changing Ratios of People

Competition breeds problems

– Spain - Fall from #1 ★ Why? ★$$ mismanagement ★$$ spent on wars ★ and competition

! Result = New taxes and growing discontentment among Creoles

! France and England emerge in Americas

– Portugal - Reforms in Brazil • New markets - Cotton & tobacco added to

sugar exports….slavery continues….

Emerging #1 N. Am Colonies

!Beginning the struggle for Independence among New World peoples

Stage 3-1700s to 1750- Revolutions

de Iturbide - Mexico

Simon Bolivar N South Am.

Jose de San Martin S South Am.

Similarities——— Creoles/Nobility desire independent control from European powers

But needed Peasants to fight - they desired land, creoles not willing to give much. Difficult for Creoles and Peasants to work together for independence. Uneasy partnerships…..

Gran Colombia

Brazil

-War forces King escapes to Brazil King’s son stays in Brazil to rule…

Pedro I leads bloodless Brazilian Independence

Impact - Less bloodshed = less change...slavery continues = more social probs.

To North America Reasons: Religion, Opportunity, Servitude, or Slavery

-New Britain N-Timber S-Tobacco and Cotton

-New France River Areas Pelts and Furs

Limited cultural interactions in North among natives/Euros

To Britain 1760s

To France 1800 & US in 1803

North Am. v. Latin America 1700s

Land Access for Many

Fewer Racial Divides

Help from Europe

Richer, Less divided, more help abroad = quicker

Less Land Access for Few

More Racial Divides Castas - Creoles v. Peasants

No Help from Europe

Poorer, More divided, little help abroad = longer

Factors taking longer to gain independence