The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

Decline of GreeceDecline of Greece

• The decline of Greece leads to The decline of Greece leads to the rise of Rome.the rise of Rome.

• Rome adopted:Rome adopted:– Greek art, philosophy, religion, Greek art, philosophy, religion,

& drama& drama– They even took on a form of They even took on a form of

Greek democracyGreek democracy– The RepublicThe Republic

• What is a What is a ““republicrepublic””??

The Basic Unit of The Basic Unit of SocietySociety

• The The familyfamily• Large, close knitLarge, close knit• Father = head of the householdFather = head of the household• WomenWomen• ChildrenChildren• All of Rome shared the same family All of Rome shared the same family

valuesvalues• Latin was the language spokenLatin was the language spoken

– Romance LanguagesRomance Languages

Other Aspects of Other Aspects of SocietySociety

• ReligionReligion– Nature gods; very similar to Nature gods; very similar to

Greek mythologyGreek mythology

• Zeus = JupiterZeus = Jupiter• Hera = JunoHera = Juno• Ares = MarsAres = Mars• Poseidon = NeptunePoseidon = Neptune• Aphrodite = VenusAphrodite = Venus

Social Classes in Social Classes in RomeRome

• Patricians = Latin NoblesPatricians = Latin Nobles• Plebeians = Worker classPlebeians = Worker class• Slaves = SlavesSlaves = Slaves

• Tribunes = protected the Tribunes = protected the rights of the citizens of Romerights of the citizens of Rome

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls – Chief Executives (Rulers of Rome)

Senate – made the laws (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Burden of proof

Innocent until proven guilty

Actions are punishable, thoughts are not

Roman MilitaryRoman Military

• All men who owned land were All men who owned land were required to serverequired to serve

• To hold office = 10 years of To hold office = 10 years of military servicemilitary service

• Legion = 5,000 soldiersLegion = 5,000 soldiers• Infantry = soldier on Infantry = soldier on

horsebackhorseback

Punic WarsPunic Wars

• The conflict between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean Sea.

• Three different wars• Fought from 246-146 B.C.E.

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

11stst Punic War Punic War

• Fought for control of SicilyFought for control of Sicily• Carthagenian navy = hugeCarthagenian navy = huge• Roman navy = Roman navy = ““hugehuge””erer• Romans winRomans win• Carthage agrees to pay an Carthage agrees to pay an

indemnity (damages) to Rome indemnity (damages) to Rome for losses in the fightingfor losses in the fighting

2nd Punic War2nd Punic War

• Hannibal tried to invade Rome – Elephants– Huge losses for Rome

• Roman counter attack from Gen. Scipio at Zama

• Rome wins– Gain land in Spain, all of

Carthage’s warships, and damages

HannibalHannibal’’s Routes RouteHannibalHannibal’’s Routes Route

3rd Punic War3rd Punic War

• Rome becomes vindictive• Attacks Carthage and burns it

to the ground• 50,000 Carthagenians were

sold into slavery• Carthage becomes a province

of Rome

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Collapse of the Roman Collapse of the Roman RepublicRepublic

• The Punic Wars– Brought wealth, but widened the

gap between the rich & the poor.

• The Death of the Gracchus Brothers– Attempted to help the poor by

offering reforms– They were resented by upper

class Romans

Collapse of the Roman Collapse of the Roman RepublicRepublic

• Reign and Death of Julius Caesar– 1st Triumvirate running smoothly– Julius Caesar gained much respect

and admiration– J.C. would not disband his army– Became dictator of Rome in 46

B.C.E.– Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius

with others murdered J.C. on March 14, 44 B.C.E. (the Ides of March)

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

• Octavian Augustus•A.K.A. Caesar Augustus

• Marc Antony •falls in love with Cleopatra and commits suicide

• Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:RomeRome’’s First s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:RomeRome’’s First s First

EmperorEmperor

Life in the Roman Life in the Roman EmpireEmpire

• Augustus ushers in the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)– 207 years of little to no fighting

• This peace was maintained by the “5 Good Emperors”– Each appointed his own

successor– Each helped to maintain the

integrity of the empire

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: 2: 27 BCE – 7 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: 2: 27 BCE – 7 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Five Good The Five Good EmperorsEmperors

• Nerva 96-98Nerva 96-98• Trajan 98-117Trajan 98-117• Hadrian 117-138Hadrian 117-138• Antoninus Pius 138-161Antoninus Pius 138-161• Marcus Aurelius 161-180Marcus Aurelius 161-180

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

RomeRome’’s Early Road s Early Road SystemSystem

RomeRome’’s Early Road s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueductshttp://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-aqueducts?m=518971be8380b

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueductshttp://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-aqueducts?m=518971be8380b

The Roman The Roman ColiseumColiseum

The Roman The Roman ColiseumColiseum

The Coliseum The Coliseum InteriorInterior

The Coliseum The Coliseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

Three Bad EmperorsThree Bad Emperors

• Caligula 37-41Caligula 37-41• Nero 54-68 – Christian HaterNero 54-68 – Christian Hater• Domitian 81-96Domitian 81-96

• The damage caused by The damage caused by these these ““badbad”” emperors is an emperors is an underlying cause of the fall underlying cause of the fall of Rome.of Rome.

The Greatest Extent of The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 the Roman Empire – 14

CECE

The Greatest Extent of The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 the Roman Empire – 14

CECE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

• Stressed the personal relationship between God and people

• Born out of Judaism• Based on the teachings of Jesus• Information on Jesus’ life can be

found in the Christian Bible• Heaven for those who believe

and repent

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

How did Christianity How did Christianity spread and itspread and it’’s effectss effects• Paul was the missionary to the

Gentiles• Peter was the 1st Pope

– Rome was the capital to the church• Roman rulers hated Christianity

because it was seen as an opposition to Roman rule.

• Martyrs = people who die for the religion

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Christianity grew Christianity grew because…because…

• Embraced all people – men, women, rich, and poor

• Gave hope to the powerless• Appealed to those who were

repelled by the richness of the Roman Empire

• Offered a personal relationship w/ loving God

Christianity grew Christianity grew because…because…

• promised of eternal life after from Jesus ( with Jesus )

• Rome’s excellent roads encouraged the exchange of ideas

• Emperor Constantine approved Christianity as an emperor religion because he prayed for divine help in his battle to take over the Roman Empire.

• Emperor Theodosius - 380 C.E. - Christianity the official Roman Empire religion

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Jewish DiasporaJewish Diaspora

• Forced dispersal of the Jews, which was caused by Roman intolerance and destruction of Jewish temples.

• Jews were driven from their homelands

• Became a nomadic people until the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 after WWII.

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantinople: Constantinople: ““The 2The 2ndnd RomeRome”” (Founded in 330) (Founded in 330)Constantinople: Constantinople: ““The 2The 2ndnd RomeRome”” (Founded in 330) (Founded in 330)

The Fall of the Roman The Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

• POLITICALLYPOLITICALLY• Military interference• Civil war and unrest• Division of empire• Assassination of leaders• Rulers spent tax money on

their own pleasures, bankrupting the government

The Fall of the Roman The Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

• SOCIALLYSOCIALLY• Disloyalty to the country• Rich and poor dilemmas• No interest in government• Decline in morals and

spirituality• Disease spread, population

declined

The Fall of the Roman The Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

• ECONOMICALLYECONOMICALLY• Inflation – drastic drop in the

value of money• Tax burdens• Trade disruptions - by

hostile tribes and pirates• Poor harvest – farmlands

were destroyed by warfare

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 44thth & 5 & 5thth centuries centuries

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 44thth & 5 & 5thth centuries centuries

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:““The Scourge of GoThe Scourge of Go

dd ””

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:““The Scourge of GoThe Scourge of Go

dd ””

The Fall of the Roman The Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

• MILITARILYMILITARILY• Germanic peoples invaded the

Roman Empire because of the northern famines of Europe

• Decline in patriotism and loyalty among soldiers

• Recruiting of non-Roman citizens – mercenaries (foreign soldiers who fought for money

• Low funds for defense – huge amount of money spent on defense coupled with inflation

• Killing their leaders

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Split of the Roman The Split of the Roman EmpireEmpire

• Diocletian slowed the decline of the empire by dividing it into east and west

• Diocletian retires and does not pick a successor = Civil War

• Constantine is the new emperor

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch