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The Genetic Code and DNA Replication Notes

Replication Coloring Sheet and Practice

Take DNA & RNA Quiz

Daily Agenda

1. What are the 4 Nitrogenous Bases of DNA? Of RNA?

2. What is the difference in the molecular structure of DNA and RNA

3. Sketch a molecule of DNA and RNA 1. Label the location of the sugars and

phosphates

2. Label the location of the nitrogenous bases

4. What is the difference between DNA, Gene, and Chromosome?

5. What is the complimentary strand of DNA for the following:

A T G G C T A A C

THINK TIME

The Genetic Code

and DNA Replication B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the

code of life and the blueprint for proteins.

• Every organism uses the

exact same building blocks!

• DNA, which comprises an

organism’s chromosomes, is

considered the “code of life”

• Code of life = contains the

code for each protein that

an organism needs to

survive

• Every cell in an organism’s

body contains a complete

set of chromosomes

DNA = Code of Life

• The type of protein an organism makes is determined by the order of the nitrogenous bases

• Each 3 base pairs of DNA is called a “codon”

• Each codon “codes for” a particular amino acid

• “Codes For” = blueprint for a certain amino acid

*Remember: amino acids = monomer of proteins*

• A gene is a segment of DNA, made up of many codons, that codes for one particular protein.

• Proteins give organisms their unique traits

Determining Types of Proteins to Make

• Each somatic cell in an organism contains a complete set of chromosomes.

• Somatic Cell = body cells

• Sex Cell = sperm/egg cells

A Complete Set of Chromosomes

• Examples:

• humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

• 46 Total Chromosomes

• dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes

• 78 Total Chromosomes

• potatoes have 24 pairs of chromosomes

• 48 Total Chromosomes

• Organisms get 1 set of chromosomes from each parent

• Maternal Chromosomes = come from the mother

• Paternal Chromosomes = come from the father

A Complete Set of Chromosomes

• Adder’s tongue fern at 1200 or 1260 chromosomes! (600 or 630 pairs)

“Most Chromosomes” award goes

to…

• Jack jumper ant, with only 2 chromosomes! (1 pair)

And the least…

• There are 2 types of chromosomes:

1. Autosomes = non-sex determining chromosomes

2. Sex Chromosomes = chromosomes that determine the sex of the individual

Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

• All somatic cells contain ONE PAIR of each type of chromosome

1 Maternal Chromosome + 1 Paternal Chromosome = 1

Homologous Pair

• Because one chromosome comes

from the mother and one from the

father, traits are passed on to

offspring.

Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

• Each chromosome consists of thousands of genes

• This is because organisms need thousands of specific proteins

to live and reproduce

• Organisms that are closely related may have genes that code for the same proteins. This makes organisms similar.

• Example: all maple trees have many of the same genes

• Organisms that are not closely related share fewer genes.

• Example: red maple trees share more genes with oak trees

than with earthworms.

Organisms are Related

• Not only does DNA function as the code of life for protein synthesis, but DNA also replicates to ensure that every new cell has identical DNA

• DNA replication = copying of 1 molecule of DNA to make 2 identical molecules of DNA

From 1 Molecule of DNA to 2 Molecules

• DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes in the nucleus of the cell.

• The Steps of DNA Replication:

1. Enzyme, helicase, unzips the 2 strands of DNA,

separating the base pairs

2. Each of the separated strands serves as a template for

the attachment of complementary bases by another

enzyme, DNA polymerase

*

DNA Replication

*Remember: each exposed base can only bond to its

complimentary base*

• Adenine (A) --- Thymine (T)

• Guanine (G) --- Cytosine (C)

• The result of DNA replication is 2 identical DNA molecules

• Each molecule is made up of one NEW STRAND and

one OLD STRAND

DNA Replication

1. DNA and RNA Practice WS (p. 126)

2. Replication Coloring Sheet on p. 126

3. Study Guide Questions 1-28

4. Quiz on DNA and RNA at the end (p. 118)

5. Strawberry Extraction Lab Tomorrow!

1. Bring Closed Toed Shoes!

2. Follow directions.

3. Clean up your stations when finished.

NOW WHAT?!?!

• Agenda: • Warm Up- Correct QUIZ • Concept Map- DNA Replication • DNA Extraction Lab • Work on Study Guide, Redo Packet Quiz TOMORROW- DNA Replication and Chromosomes • Reminder: Test Redo ON OR BEFORE March

13th.

•Warm UP- Correct Quiz

•Lab Partners

• Station 1-

• Station 2-

• Station 3-

• Station 4-

• Station 5-

• Station 6-

• Station 7-