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The Future of Natural Gas Engines for Truck and Bus. David Lynch Cummins Westport Inc. Why Diesel?. Why Natural Gas?. Complex Hydro Carbon. Simplest Hydro Carbon. Highest hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of any hydrocarbon. Fuel Price History. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Future of Natural Gas Engines
for Truck and Bus
David LynchCummins Westport Inc.
Why Diesel?
C15 Rev 6/98
Why Natural Gas?
Complex Hydro Carbon
Simplest Hydro Carbon
Highest hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of any
hydrocarbon
Fuel Price History
Price History for Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Pipeline Industrial Natural Gas
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07
Pri
ce
US
ce
nts
pe
r d
iese
l-e
qu
iva
len
t g
allo
n].
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
Pri
ce
US
Do
llars
pe
r B
arr
el
U.S. No 2 Diesel Retail Sales by All Sellers [Cents per Gallon]
Price of Natural Gas Sold to Commercial Consumers in the U.S. [Cents per Diesel-Equivalent Gallon (Westport unit conversion)]
Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB [Dollars per Barrel]Diesel Fuel
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
Natural gas has been 25- 42% cheaper than Diesel over last 14 years
OEM Availability-Transit
Neoplan AN 440 TLF
Neoplan AN 440 LFNABI 60LFW
Orion VII LF
NABI 40LFW
OEM Availability-Refuse
Autocar WXLL
Peterbuilt 320
Sterling Condor
Autocar Expeditor
U.S. Emissions Standards Continue to Evolve
0.010.01 0.100.10
0.20.2
1.21.2
2.52.5
4.04.0
5.05.0
19941994
19981998
20022002
20072007
20102010
PARTICULATE [g/ HPPARTICULATE [g/ HP--hr]hr]0.00.0
0.00.0
NO
x /
NO
x+
NM
HC [
g/H
PN
Ox /
NO
x+
NM
HC [
g/H
P-- h
r]hr]
15 PPM15 PPM
500 PPM500 PPM
SULFURSULFUR
0.010.01 0.100.10
0.20.2
1.21.2
2.52.5
4.04.0
5.05.0
19941994
19981998
20022002
20072007
20102010
PARTICULATE [g/ HPPARTICULATE [g/ HP--hr]hr]0.00.0
0.00.0
NO
x /
NO
x+
NM
HC [
g/H
PN
Ox /
NO
x+
NM
HC [
g/H
P-- h
r]hr]
15 PPM15 PPM
500 PPM500 PPM
SULFURSULFUR
Urban Bus
Phase-In Period
What is changing?
Higher vehicle pricing for new technology
Higher cost of Ultra Low Sulfur diesel fuel
SCR for 2010
The shifting economics of diesel operation
Consider the Natural Gas Alternative
Things have changed
Natural gas not for everyone
Natural gas as the lower cost alternative
Diesel / NG Pathways to 2010
DieselULSDActive Diesel Particulate FiltersCEGR (ISC/ISL)NOx Adsorber or SCR
SCR more efficient but a liquid that will be regulated and taxed
Crank Case Ventilation (CV) ’07Lube Oil
Will require new, low ash oilNew Oil Filters
=1.2 NOx + 0.01 PM in 20070.2 NOx + 0.01 PM in 2010
Natural Gas No change- CNG or LNG capable Replace Oxicat with Three Way Catalyst Add- CEGR (ISL G) No NOX adsorber required
No CV required–reduced maintenance vs. LBSI
No Change- Low Ash Oil in use today CES20074
Fleetguard Filter
= 0.2 NOx + 0.01 PM in 2007
Engine Technologyfor 2007
The Two Key EmissionTechnologies for 2007 Natural Gas Engines
Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (CEGR)
Three Way Catalyst (TWC)
Cummins
Fleetguard
Natural Gas Technology Featuring Stoichiometric Cooled
EGRLowest emissions with use of simple passive TWCHigher efficiency with combustion enhancements8.9 litre stoichiometric EGR engine with ratings 250- 320 hp
Improved clutch engagement torqueHigher efficiency/improved fuel economyReliability/DurabilityCummins diesel parts
0.2 NOx in 2007
vs. 1.2 Phase in Provision
Introducing Next Generation 2007 Natural Gas Engine Technology ISL G will meet 2010 emissions standards
ahead of schedule (0.2 g/bhp-hr NOx, 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM)
85% lower NOx than C Gas Plus34% more torque at idle Improved efficiency=improved fuel economyNo exhaust related maintenance costs
Specifications
Maximum Horsepower
320 bhp300 bhp280 bhp250 bhp*
238 kW224 kW209 kW186 kW
Peak Torque 1000 lb-ft860 lb-ft900 lb-ft660 lb-ft*
1356 Nm1166 Nm1220 Nm895 Nm
Governed Speed 2200 rpm
Engine Displacement
540 cu. in. 8.93 L
Aftertreatment Three Way Catalyst (Maintenance Free)
* Note: ISL G 250 will be available Jan 2008
Highway/Energy BillPrivate Fleets
0.067 0.203 0.136 0.55 0.419
LNG $/ DGE
CNG$ / DGE
CNG$ / DGE
To Fleet
To Fuel Provider
To Fuel Provider
Old Tax
New TaxOct 1, 2006
Net BenefitOct 1, 2006
Up to $32,000 Vehicle Tax Credit
Up to $30,000 Infrastructure Tax Credit To Fleet
Energy Bill*
Highway Bill*
All Infrastructure
Don’t Own Infrastructure
Own Infrastructure
0.067 0.203 0.136 0.55 0.419
TaxCredi
t
0.202 0.413 0.211 0.85 0.639
To Fleet
Net Tax
Increase
* CWI’s Interpretation Subject to IRS Rule Making
LCC
Life Cycle Costing
LCC Analysis – US Urban Bus
($15,000)
($10,000)
($5,000)
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
2004-2006 2007-2009 2010+
Rel
ativ
e A
nn
ual
Co
sts
(US
$/u
nit
/yr)
Diesel Diesel Electric Hybrid Natural Gas
Model Year
$1472$2269
$655
$3191
($836) ($955)
Natural Gas with Energy & Highway Bill Provisions
($9263)($10,305) ($10305)
$1746
Diesel Electric Hybrid with Energy Bill Provisions
$2786
$1067$1370$1496
LCC Analysis - Refuse Collection
($15,000)
($10,000)
($5,000)
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
2004-2006 2007-2009 2010+
Rel
ativ
e A
nn
ual
Co
sts
(US
$/u
nit
/yr)
Diesel Cummins Westport
Model Year
Cummins Westport with Energy & Highway Bill Provisions
Private($4144)
Private($4144)
Private($3337)
$5743
$1675$2498
$2573$2498
Public($5962)
Public($6644)
Public($6644)
Baseline
NO
x E
mis
sio
n L
eve
l (g
/bh
p-h
r)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Conclusions
The economics of vehicle operations are shifting
Energy/Highway Bill funding makes Natural Gas a Bargain.
Some businesses will profit from the opportunity.
Key Characteristics-Diesel vs. NG Natural Gas Engines Continuous Improvement
L 10 G C 8.3 C Plus ’07 Gas
Emissions Better Better Better Better
Reliability Worse Worse Similar Similar
Fuel Cost/Mile Worse Worse Similar Better
Durability Worse Worse Similar Similar
LCC Worse Worse Worse Better
Timeline 1989 1996 2001 2007
What is over the Horizon ?
LCNG
LFG to LNG
HCNG
What is Next?
Think about what happens next with Diesel.
Think about using Natural Gas for the right applications.
Find the best alternative for your duty cycle.
Change is Inevitable
“except from a vending machine”