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The Future of Data Storage
IBM Almaden Research Center
Principles, Potential and Problems
Hans Coufal
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Production Year
1E-3
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
1E+6A
real
Den
sity
M
egab
its/
in2
IBM Areal Density Perspective45 Years of Technology Progress
IBM RAMAC (First Hard Disk Drive)
~17 Million X Increase
1st MR Head
1st GMR Head
1st Thin Film Head
105
104
103
102
10
1
10-1
10-2
10-3
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
25% CGR
60% CGR
arpe
rs20
01ab
2.pr
z
Travelstar 40GN
Ultrastar 73LZX
Deskstar 120GXP
100% CGR
106
Microdrive II
IBM Disk Drive Products
Industry Lab Demos
1st AFC Media
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Availability Year
1
10
100T
ime,
mill
isec
on
ds
IBM Server HDD Access/Seek TimePerformance Increase
Accessing
Seeking
Rotating
Ultrastar 36ZX
Ultrastar 36XPUltrastar 18ZX
Ultrastar 18XPUltrastar 2XP
Ultrastar XP
Ultrastar 9ZX
seek time ~(inertia/power)1/3
x (data band)2/3
rotational time ~ (RPM)-1
(latency)
SE
EK
2001
A.P
RZ
Ultrastar 36LZXUltrastar 73LZX
Ultrastar 36Z15
90 95 100 105
Availability Year
1
10
100
Max
imu
m In
tern
al D
ata
Rat
e, M
Byt
es/s
90 95 2000 2005
Magnetic Hard Disk Drive Internal Data Rate IBM Products
2.5 inch Mobile Products
3.5 inch Server Products
40 % CGR Ultrastar 18XPUltrastar 9ZX
Travelstar 10GTTravelstar 14GSUltrastar 2XP
Travelstar 6GTTravelstar 8GS
Travelstar 3GNTravelstar 5GS
Travelstar 4GT
Travelstar VP
Travelstar 3XP
Travelstar 2XP
Ultrastar XP
Travelstar 2LPTravelstar XP
Travelstar Travelstar LP
SpitfireAllicat
Sawmill
Corsair 1,2
Ultrastar 18ZXUltrastar 36XP
1 GHz
100 MHz
10 MHz
Data Channel Performance
Ultrastar 36ZX
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
Travelstar 25GS
Ultrastar 36 LZX
Data rate = Linear x RPM x Disk Density Diam.
.
Deskstar 75GXP
Travelstar 32GH
Ultrastar 73 LZX
drt
rd20
01va
.prz
Ultrastar 36Z15
Travelstar 48GHTravelstar 60GH
Deskstar 120GXP
IBM 9.1GB Ultra 2XP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000 P
rice
/MB
yte,
Do
llars
HDD DRAM Flash Paper/Film
Average Price of Storage
IBM 18.2GB Ultrastar
IBM Deskstar 37GB
Toshiba 6.4GBIBM Deskstar4
IBM Deskstar3
IBM 16.8GB Deskstar
IBM 8.1GB Travelstar
Seagate 8.6GB
Quant 4.5GB
64MB
IBM 9.1GB Ultrastar
96 MB Flash Camera Mem.
64MB Flash
4MB Flash
16MB Flash1MB Flash
512KB Flash256KB Flash
128KB Flash
8KB
32KB64KB
128KB
512KB 1MB 2MB
4MB
IBM6150
Wren II Seagate ST125
Maxt170IBM0615
IBM0663
Seagate B'cuda4
Seagate ST500
oem
prc2
001a
1.pr
z
128MB Flash
64MB
Ed Grochowski at Almaden
128MB Flash
Travelstar 25GS
IBM 340 MB Microdrive
IBM Deskstar 25GB
IBM Deskstar 75GXP
IBM 1 GB Microdrive
1" HDD ProjectionDataQuest 2000
Flash ProjectionDataQuest 2000
Range of Paper/Film
3.5 " HDD
2.5 " HDD1 " HDD
Flash
DRAM
Maxtor 60GB
Desktop HDD Projection IDC 2000
Travelstar 30GNSeagate 36GB 15K
IBM Deskstar 120 GXP
Travelstar 60GH
92 94 96 98 100 102 104
Year
1
10
100P
hysi
cal S
paci
ng, n
m
2000 02 04
Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36XP
Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 18XP
Ultrastar 2XP Ultrastar XP
3 Gbits/in2
5 Gbits/in2
12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2
Travelstar 18GT Travelstar 6GN
Travelstar 4GT
Travelstar 4LP Travelstar 2XP
Server Products-3.5 InchesMobile Products-2.5 Lab Demos
Physical spacing and disk surface evolution
Travelstar 6GT
Textured Disk
Smooth DiskLoad/Unload
Travelstar 3GN
spac
2000
f.prz
35.3 Gbits/in2 demo
High ID/low OD air bearing surfaceSupersmooth disk/substrate
Magnetic Spacing
Lube
Slider Overcoat
Magnetic Element
Recession
Physical Spacing
Magnetic Film
Disk Substrate
Overcoat
Ultrastar 73LZX
Ultrastar 36LZX
Travelstar 30GT
85 90 95 100 105 110 115
Availability Year
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Are
al D
ensi
ty, G
bits
/in2
IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap
Superparamagnetic Effect
1 Gbit/in2 Demo
3 Gbits/in2 Demo 5 Gbits/in2 Demo
12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 120GXP
Ultrastar 73LZX
Enhanced Magnetic Disk Drive
Advanced Storage Technology
2000 05 10 15
Milliactuator AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity DisksSmall Form Factor
Lab Demos
3.5 Inch FF2.5 Inch FF>10 Inch FF
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADENadvr
dmp2
1a.p
rz
35.3 Gbits/in2 Travelstar40GN
63.2 Gbits/in2 106 Gbits/in2 130 Gbits/in2
Non-Volatile Magnetic Memory
I B
WI
WL
WL
SLSL
Amplifier
Current for write
Sense path
Select column
Select rowSLm-1
SLm+1
SLm
WLn-1
WLn+1
WL n
Tunneling
Barrier
pn
MagneticTunnel
Junction
Diode
Moving Atoms
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read PrinciplePrinciple
Video AnimationVideo Animation
Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and NanotechnologyIBM Zurich Research LaboratoryIBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Nanoscale MechanicalNanoscale MechanicalData StorageData Storage
Single Lever Write / Read PrincipleSingle Lever Write / Read Principle
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read PrinciplePrinciple
Video AnimationVideo Animation
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Highly Parallel Highly Parallel RecordingRecording
Video AnimationVideo Animation
Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and NanotechnologyIBM Zurich Research LaboratoryIBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Nanoscale MechanicalNanoscale MechanicalData StorageData Storage
Highly Parallel RecordingHighly Parallel Recording
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Highly Parallel Highly Parallel RecordingRecording
Video AnimationVideo Animation
Thermomechanical read/write Results
400 Gbits/inch2
40 nm bit size
120 nm pitch
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
erasing two lines erasing two lines
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
keeping one line keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
erasing line but keeping one lineerasing line but keeping one line
"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage
Fabricated "Millipede" ChipIntegration in a 7 × 14 mm2 chip size of:• An array of 32 × 32 (1024) Cantilever• Approaching, leveling sensors (4)• Thermal sensors (4)• Heaters
Microfabricated Si / Cu Scanner
30 mm
suspendedplatform
fixed frameCu springs
Experimental System
Millepede
Magnetic xyzactuators
Magnetscoated in Ferro-fluid
Polymerdamped
springsupport
Science & Technology
spatial lightmodulator
referencebeam(s)
laserlight
record one page at a time,each with a different reference beam
electronic p
ages from
cpu
recordingmedium
Holographic Storage - Recording Data
Science & Technology
electronic p
ages to cpu
retrieve one page from manyby using corresponding reference beam
detectorarray
Holographic Storage - Retrieving Data
recordingmedium
referencebeam
DEMON I
Science & Technology M. Sanchez - ln98.prz
Retrieve by Content
referencebeam
recordingmedium
searchpattern correlation
peaks
Associative Retrieval
Searchpattern
Correlationpeaks
Retrieveddata
Decoded images
Holographic Storage4 Product Scenarios
ED
GR
OC
HO
WS
KI a
t A
LM
AD
EN
Hard Disk Drive (DASD) Product
High Capacity: 1 TB
Access Time: 10 ms
High Reliability/Availability
Hard Disk Drive (CDROM-Type) Product
High Capacity: 1 TB
Access Time: 10 ms
High Capacity/Low Cost
HO
LO
HD
9.C
DR
Total Capacity: 25 GB
Access Time: 10 s
Non Volatile Cache
l
Extended DRAM Product
IBM Advanced Technology
High Capacity: 1 PB
Access Time: 10 s
High Volumetric Density
Rack Mounted Archive Product
Demon IDemon I(first test bed)(first test bed)
Associative Associative RetrievalRetrieval
PRISMPRISM
(media tester)(media tester)
Optical BeamOptical Beam
Apodizer ApodizerDemon IIDemon II
(second test bed)(second test bed)
85 90 95 100 105 110 115
Availability Year
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Are
al D
ensi
ty, G
bit
s/in
2
IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap
Superparamagnetic Effect
1 Gbit/in2 Demo
3 Gbits/in2 Demo 5 Gbits/in2 Demo
12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 40GV
Ultrastar 73LZX Enhanced Magnetic Disk Drive
Advanced Storage Technology/Holography
2000 05 10 15
AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity DisksSmall Form Factor
Lab Demos
3.5 Inch FF2.5 Inch FF>10 Inch FF
ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN
advr
dmp2
1a.p
rz
35.3 Gbits/in2 Travelstar30GN
>60 Gbits/in2