The fundamental classification of Dhatus धातुs,

The fundamental classification of Dhatus धातुs,

Krut कृत ्,Tin ततङ् pratyayas and

s

The fundamental classification of s & / / s as per third chapter of Ashtadhyayi for the sake of - tiṅanta viz s of all ten ganas & a few important - kṛdantas.

The book is under progress 11/27/2017 Shastra Deepika 10 Srinivasa Swamiji

In this book fundamental classification of धातsु - dhātus and pratyayas of Third chapter of Maharishi

Panini’s Ashtadhyayi viz.कृत ्/ सनादद / ततङ् प्रत्ममs - kṛt-pratyayas / sanādi-pratyayas / tiṅ pratyayas

are shown, which will be very useful in learning ततङन्त - tiṅanta, especially रट् रोट् रङ् विधधलरङ् रकायs of all ten ganas & a few imortant कृदन्त - kṛdantas and also makes learning joyous. In fact this holistic

knowledge of classification is a must for students of Ashtadhyayi.

This is meant for teachers and Students of Vyakaranam.

Classification of धातुs, कृत ्& ततङ् pratyayas.

www.shastradeepika.org [email protected]

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Preface –

For many years, I am teaching Samskrit Vyakaranam for students of various levels.

Teaching ततङन्त - tiṅanta & कृदन्त - kṛdanta was really challenging for me and learning was

equally challenging for students.

Because, here both धातुs - dhātus and pratyayas of Third chapter of Maharishi Panini’s

Ashtadhyayi viz.कृत ्/ सनादद / ततङ् प्रत्ममs - kṛt-pratyayas / sanādi-pratyayas / tiṅ pratyayas

are classified in some many ways for varieties of functions, and so many names are also

given to them for various operations. If a student lacks a holistic knowledge of these

fundamental classifications, learning will becomes an uphill task.

So, keeping all these in mind, study material is created based on sutras of Ashtadhyayi. Here

content and concepts of sutras are conveyed graphically in form of charts and diagrams,

which makes understanding easier and gives holistic view of classification of 3rd chapter of

Ashtadhyayi.

Though, in every classification, many sub classifications and nuances are present, but here

we have only given fundamental classifications, which are meant for beginners of

Ashtadhyayi. Hope book will be very useful for students.

This book contains two sections;

The first section contains Classification of Dhatus from various stand points of view.

The second section contains of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi.



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Contents ;

Preface

Some useful ऩारयबाविकशब्दs (Technical terms) of Vyakaranam,

1. Section – 1 ………….. Classification of Dhatus p28

i. Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas. P29

ii. Classification of Dhatus into one single group for मक्. P31

iii. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम. P34

iv. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on इडागभ. P56

v. Classification of Dhatus into Two groups based on कभम. P64

vi. Summary of Classification of Dhatus and their uses. P66

2. Section – 2……… Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi. P70

i. Classification as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam. P71

ii. Classification Sarvadhatuka pratyayas. P72. Also as वऩत ्and अवऩत ्

iii. Classification of Ardhadhatuka pratyayas as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas and

Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas.

a. Classification of Non लशत ्Ardhadhatuka as ककत ्/ ङङत ्

pratyayas.

b. Classification of Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्into धञत ्/ णणत ्

and other pratyayas.

c. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as ककत ्

and ङङत ्.

d. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as िरादद

and अिरादद.

iv. Summary of Classification of Pratyayas and their uses.

3. Krut pratyayas p86.

4. Sanadi pratyayas p110.

5. Lakara pratyayas of lat, lot, lin, vidhilin lrut, lrun.117

© copyright 2017. With Author.



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Some useful ऩारयबाविकशब्दs (Technical terms) of Vyakaranam,

1) सार्वधातकुम ्and आधवधातकुम ्

In samskrit vyakaranam 10 रकायs-10lakāras, कृत्प्रत्ममs- krutpratyayas, सनाददप्रत्ममs-

sanādipratyayas.etc of entire Third adhyaya of Panini maharishi’s Ashtadhyayi are basically divided

into two main groups सािमधातकुभ ्and आधमधातकुभ ्.

1a)The सार्वधातकुम ्means both सािमधातकु रकायs and सािमधातकु प्रत्ममs. Here all three are

used synonymously and anyone includes other also. That is

सािमधातकुभ ्= सािमधातकु रकायs + सािमधातकु प्रत्मम.

सािमधातकुभ ्= सािमधातकु प्रत्मम = सािमधातकु रकायs.

सािमधातकुरकायs (= sārvadhātukalakāras) are four in number and

they are रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & विधधलरङ्.

So sārvadhātukalakāras means all four lakaras.

सािमधातकुरकायs = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & विधधलरङ्.

1b)आधवधातकुम ् means both आधमधातकु रकायs and आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs.

Here all three are used synonymously and anyone includes other also. That is

आधमधातकुभ ्= आधमधातकु रकायs + आधमधातकु प्रत्मम. आधमधातकुभ ्= आधमधातकु प्रत्मम = आधमधातकु रकायs.

आधमधातकु रकायs ( ārdhadhātuka lakāras) are six in numbers viz.

लरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ्.

So ārdhadhātuka lakāras means all six lakaras.

आधमधातकु रकायs = लरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ् .

2) अङ्गम ्Anga is a technical term in Vyakaranam, When we add a pratyaya to any prakriti(base) like dhatu or pratipadika etc. then preceding to added pratyaya whatever base is there it is called Anga By sutra मस्भात ्प्रत्ममविधध् तदादद प्रत्ममेऽङ्गभ ्1-4-13. Eg. 1. Consider prathama purusha singular of ब ूin रट्. Then it will be ब ू+ ततऩ,् to this by sutra कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68 गणविकयणप्रत्मम शऩ ् will come come after dhatu and before तत, as shown below.



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ब ू + ततऩ ् by sutra 3/1/68 भ ू + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

Here from ततऩ ्standpoint, what is preceding to it, that is ब ू+ शऩ ्is Angam.

Again from शऩ ्standpoint, what is preceding to it, that is ब ूis Angam.

So both ब ूand (ब+ूशऩ)् are Angas.

Hence ब ूis both an Angam as well as a Dhatu. But to be precise it should be used as Angam, because many grammatical operations like Guna, Vriddhi etc. are meant for Angam only. Here many times word dhatu is used for Angam. This should be noted.

3) कत्ताम karttā = Agent,

4) कभम karma = object of a किमा.

5) बाि means किमा = व्माऩाय=Action.

6) सकभमकधातु = Transitive Verb.

7) अकभमकधात ु= Intransitive Verb.

8)कत्तमरयप्रमोग(=कत्तमरय) – Active voice.

9)कभमणणप्रमोग(=कभमणण) – Passive voice.

10)बािेप्रमोग(=बाि)े – Impersonal form.

11) उऩधा Upadha.

अरो ऽन्त्मात्ऩूिम उऩधा 1/1/65. अर् अन्त्मात ्ऩूिम् उऩधा

अन्त्मात ्अर् ऩूिम् म् िणम् , तस्म िणमस्म उऩधा इतत सञ्ज्ऻा बितत ॥

Note अर ्means all िणमs of sanskrit.

अर् (is panchami vibhakti ekavachana of अर)् = िणामत ्

A Varna immediately preceeding the last varna (अन्त्म िणम) of a word is called उऩधा.

In English उऩधा is roughly translated as Penultimate.



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Example – a. फुध ् फ ्उ ध ् here ध ्is final and उ is upadha.

b. मज ् म ्अ ज ् here ज ्is final and अ is upadha.

c. लरख ् र ्इ ख ् here ख ्is final and इ is upadha.

d. जाग ृ जा ग ्ऋ here ऋ is final and ग ्is upadha.

12) Agama - दटत ् ककत ् & लभत ्- आगभ

Agama is an augment which is added to a prescribed pratyaya in a prescribed way.

There are three types of Agamas. viz.दटत ् ककत ् & लभत.्

If Agama is दटत ्it is added in beginning by sutra 1/1/46.

If Agama is ककत,् it is added in end. 1/1/46.

If Agama is लभत,् it is added to Upadha. 1/1/47 & 1/1/65.

दटत ्& ककत ्Agama sutra

आद्मन्तौ टककतौ॥ 1/1/46

मस्म दटत ्आगभ् उक्त्, तस्म अन्त्मािमि् बितत ।

मस्म ककत ्आगभ् उक्त्, तस्म आद्मिमि् बितत ।

A. If दटत ्agama is prescribed for any pratyaya etc, then that agama is added at

beginning of that prescribed pratyaya etc.

That is दटत ्agama becomes beginning part (आद्मिमि्) of the prescribed pratyaya etc.

Example – when तव्म pratyaya is added to ऩठ् dhatu, then by sutra आधमधातुकस्मेड् िरादे् 7-

2-35 इडागभ is enjoined for तव्म.

In इट् ट् is इत ्by 1/3/3 and becomes Lopa by 1/3/9.

Since ट् is इत,् this is a दटत ्, so this becomes beginning part(आद्मिमि्) of तव्म.

So तव्म becomes इतव्म.



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ऩठ् *तव्म 7-2-35 & 1-1-46 ऩठ् + इ-तव्म ऩठ् + इतव्म = ऩदठतव्म.

B. If ककत ् agama is prescribed for any pratyaya etc, then that agama is added at end of

that prescribed pratyaya etc.

That is ककत ्agama becomes final part (अन्त्मािमि्) of the prescribed pratyaya etc.

Example – when शानच ्(= आन) pratyaya is added to a atmanipadi like रब ्etc, by

rule3/1/124, after such a dhatu comes शऩ ्, when followed by शानच,् by sutra कतमरय शऩ ्3-1-

68.

रब ्+ रट् by 3/2/124 रब ्+ शानच ् by 3/1/68 रब ्+ शऩ ्+ शानच ्= रब ्+ अ + आन = रब

+ आन then by sutra आने भुक् 7/2/82 भुक् agama is prescribed for अकायान्त अङ्ग.

Here in भुक् only भ ्remains, क् is इत.् So this is a ककत ्agama.

Hence this becomes final part (अन्त्मािमि्) of अकायान्त अङ्ग.

रब* + आन by 7/2/82 रब भ ्+ आन रबभ ्+ आन = रबभान

अन्त of अङ्ग final part (अन्त्मािमि्)

आदद of तव्म beginning part (आद्मिमि्)



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लभत ्agama sutra.

लभदचो ऽन्त्मात्ऩय् 1/1/47

लभत ्अच् अन्त्मात ्ऩय् | अच ्means all svaras

अचाॊ भध्मे म् अन्त्म् अच,् तस्भात ्ऩय् (तस्म एि अन्त्मािमि्) लभत ्स्मात ्।

C. If a लभत ्agama is prescribed for an Anga etc, then that Agama is added after final

svara (अन्त्म् अच)् of that anga,

Hence in a way this लभत ्agama becomes final part of final svara.

Example–1. Consider word शत्रन्त ऩुल्लरङ्ग – ऩठत,् here in prathama vibhakti

bahuvachana, नुॉभ ्agama will takes place for ऩठत ्by sutra उधगदमाॊ सिमनाभस्थानेऽधातो् 7/1/70.

In नुॉभ ्(न ्उ भ)् = न ्remains, उ & भ ् are इत ्by sutras उऩदेशजेनुनालसक् इत ्1/3/2 &

हरन्त्मभ ् 1/3/3 respectively.

ऩठत ्+ जस ् ऩठत ्अ् ऩठ् अ त ्अ् Here ऩठ् अ त ्is an Anga ending with त ्and final अच ्of this Anga is अ which is

immediately preceeding त.् So नुॉभ ्agama will takes place after final अ of Anga as

shown below.

ऩठ् अ त ् अ् नुॉभ ्by 7/1/70 ऩठ् अ न ्त ् अ् ऩठन ्त् ऩठन्त्

13) Laghu. ह्रस्िभ ्रघु 1/4/10. ह्रस्िभ ्अऺयभ ्रघुसञ्ज्ऻॊ बितत If time of pronunciation of a Svara is one matra, then it is called ह्रस्ि (Short vowel). The ह्रस्ि स्ियभ ्is also called Laghu रघ ुby this sutra. Eg- consider word लशि = श ्इ ि ्अ. Here इ & अ are ह्रस्ि as well as Laghu.



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14) Guru. A) सॊमोगे गुरु 1/4/11 ह्रस्िभ ्अऺयभ ्सॊमोगे ऩये गुरुसञ्ज्ऻॊ बितत । If short svara(ह्रस्ि स्िय )is followed by सॊमुक्ताऺय conjunct consonants, then it is called as

Guru गुरु.

Eg; 1.Consider word विष्णु, ि ्इ ि ्ण ्उ, here इ a ह्रस्ि स्िय in वि is followed by a conjunct

consonant ष्ण ्of ष्णु .

So इ of वि though ह्रस्ि स्िय is considered as Guru. 2. Consider इच्छ् here इ is ह्रस्ि स्िय but Guru. B) दीघमञ्ज्च 1/1/12 If time of pronunciation of a Svara is two matra, then it is called दीघमभ ्(Long vowel).

दीघम स्ियभ ्is also called as Guru गुरु by this sutra.

Eg - Long vowels आ ई etc.is considered as guru.

1. Consider याभ = य ्आ भ ्अ, here आ is Long as well as Guru.

2. Consider जीि ्= ज ्ई ि ्, here ई is Long as well as Guru.

15) Samprasaranam.

1.इग्मण् सॊप्रसायणभ ्॥1/1/46॥

इक्, मण्, सॊप्रसायणभ ्

मण् स्थाने प्रमुज्मभानो म् इक्, स: सॊप्रसायणसञ्ज्ऻ् बितत॥

The इक् letters, which replace मण ्letters, are called Samprasaranam.

इक् means इ उ ऋ ऌ. मण ्means म ्ि ्य ्र.्

So Samprasarana of म ्ि ्य ्र ्are इ उ ऋ ऌ respectively.

After samprasaranam like म ्becoming इ, then if this इ followed by any अच ्varnas, then

naturally this इ will again become म ्by मण ्सल्न्ध, so purpose samprasarana will be waste,

so to stop this, after samprasarana if there is a अच ्varna, then both samprasana letter and

अच ्varna will become one single samprasana letter by sutra सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108.



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2. सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108

सॊप्रसायणाद् च । ऩूिमऩयमो् एक् ऩूिम् ।

सॊप्रसायणाद् अधच ऩये ऩूिमऩयमो् स्थाने एक् ऩूिमरूऩ् आदेश् बितत।

If a samprasarana varna is followed by any svara, then both will be replaced by a single

preceeding samprasarana varna.

3. िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15

िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाभ ्। ककतत । अनु - सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - िधचस्िपमो् मजादीनाॊ च सम्प्प्रसायणॊ बितत ककतत ऩयत् ।

The dhatus िच,् स्िऩ,् मज ्etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by ककत ्pratyayas.

Example1. िच ्dhatu कभमणण रट् िच ्+ रट् िच ्+ ते ि ्अ च ्+ मक् + त े

उ अ च ्+ म + ते

उ च ्+ म + ते = उच्छमते

सािमधातुके मक् 3/1/67

Here िच ्dhatu is followed by मक्, which is ककत.् So samprasaranam.Samprasaram of ि ्is उ by 1/1/45.

Now this उ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, but by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both उ & अ becomes single उ.



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2. Consider मज ्dhatu in karamani prayoga in present tense, then it will be

मज ्+ रट् मज ्+ ते मज ्मक् ते म ्अ ज ्म ते

इ ज ्म त े इज्मत.े

3. Consider िऩ ्dhatu, when क्त added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause samprasaranam.

िऩ ्+ क्त ि ्अ ऩ ्+ क् त ि ्अ ऩ ् त by 6/1/15 उ अ ऩ ्त by 6/1/108 उ ऩ ्त उपत.

4. Consider स्िऩ ्dhatu, when क्त is added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause

samprasaranam by 6/1/15.

स्िऩ ्+ क्त स ्ि ्अ ऩ ्+त by 6/1/15 स ्उ अ ऩ ्+त by 6/1/108 स ्उ ऩ ्+ त = सुपत.

By िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 म ्becomes इ, now this इ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but we should not do, but by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both इ&अ becomes single इ.



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4. ग्रदहज्माितमव्मधधिल्ष्टविचततिशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबजृ्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

अन ु- ककतत, सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - ग्रह - उऩादाने, ज्मा - िमोहानौ, िेञो-ितमरयतत िमादेश्, व्मध - ताडने, िश - कान्तौ व्मच -

व्माजीकयणे, ओव्रश्च ू- छेदने, प्रच्छछ - ऻोपसामाॊ, भ्रस्ज - ऩाके, इत्मेतेिाॊ धातूनाॊ सम्प्प्रसायणॊ ङङतत ककतत

च ऩये बितत ।

The dhatus ग्रह, ज्मा etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by either ककत ्or ङङत ्

pratyayas.

Example1. ग्रह –उऩादाने dhatu which is a 9th gana dhatu. The vikarana pratyaya is श्ना, which

is अवऩत ्so ङङत ्by 1/2/4.

In कतमरय रट्, ग्रह् रट् = ग्रह् ततऩ ्by sutra 3/1/81 gana vikarana pratyaya श्ना is added after

dhatu ग्रह् श्ना ततऩ ्

ग्रह् श्ना ततऩ ्

ग्रह् + रट् ग्रह् + ततऩ ् ग ्य ्अ ह् + श्ना + तत

ग ्ऋ अ ह् + ना + तत

ग ्ऋ ह् + ना + तत ग ्ऋ ह् णा तत = गहृ्णातत.

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना । 3/1/67

Here ग्रह् dhatu is followed by श्ना, which is ङङत ्by 1/2/4. So samprasaranam.Samprasaram of य ्is ऋ by 1/1/45.

Now this ऋ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, rather by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both ऋ & अ becomes single ऋ.

Here न ्of ना becomes ण.्



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Example2. ग्रह – उऩादाने dhatu in कभमणण रट्

ग्रह् + रट् ग्रह् + ते ग ्य ्अ ह् + मक् + ते

ग ्ऋ अ ह् + म + ते

गहृ् + मत े गहृ्मत.े

3. Consider व्मध ्dhatu, when क्त added to this, क्त being ककत,् will cause samprasaranam.

व्मध ्+ क्त् ि ्म ्अ ध ्+ क् त् ि ्इ अ ध ्त् by 6/1/15 ि ्इ अ ध ्त् by 6/1/108 ि ्इ ध ्त ्अ् वि ध ्त ्अ्

वि द् ध ्अ् = विद्ध्

सािमधातुके मक् 3/1/67

Here ग्रह् dhatu is followed by मक्, which is ककत.् So samprasaranam by 6/1/16. Samprasaram of य ्is ऋ by 1/1/45.


By certain sandhi rules ध ्

becomes द् and त ्= ध ्.



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16) Rules of Guna;

Guna is a technical term in Ashtadhyayi and is defined by sutra अदेङ् गुण्1-1-2 which means

अ or ए or ओ are called as Guna गुण:

This Guna happens on any one of इक् letter by sutra इको गुणिदृ्धी 1/1/3

Here इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ/ क, ऌ

Guna letter of इ/ ई is ए, उ/ ऊ is ओ, ऋ/ क is अय ्& ऌ is अर.्

Note – here Guna of ऋ/ क and ऌ contains य ्& र ्along with Guna letter अ, though य ्& र ्

are not listed in Guna letters given in Sutra अदेङ् गुण्1-1-2, but by virtue of sutra उयण यऩय् 1/1/51 both are used, for Guna of ऋ/ क and ऌ respectively.

इको गुणिदृ्धी 1/1/3

िवृद्ध् स्मात ्, गुण् स्मात ्इतत ,गुणिवृद्धशब्दाभ्माभ ्मत्र गुणिदृ्धी विधीमते तत्र इक् इतत िष्ठन्त्मभ ्

ऩदभ ्उऩततष्ठते ।

गुणिवृद्धशब्दाभ्माभ ्मत्र गुणिदृ्धी विधीमते, तत्र गुणिदृ्धी इक् स्थाने बित् When Guna or Vriddhi is enjoined, without mentioning specific sthani (i.e place, where Guna

/ vriddhi will take place), then it should be understood to take place on इक् letter.

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5

धगत ्-ककत ्- ङङल्न्नलभत्ते मे इग्रऺणे गुणिदृ्धी प्रापनुत् त ेन बित्. The Guna and Vriddhi which would have taken place on इक् letter will get prohibited due to

धगत ्ककत ्& ङङत.्

Guna of

इ/ ई is ए उ/ ऊ is ओ ऋ/ क is अय ् ऌ is अर ्



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A) सािमधातुकाधमधातुकमो् । 7/3/84

सािमधातुकाधमधातुकमो् । अनु - गुण्, अङ्गस्म ।

इगन्त् = इक् अन्ते मस्म स इगन्त् means a unit which contains इक् varnas at its end.

इगन्त अङ्ग means Anga containing इक् varnas at its end.

अथम् - सािमधातुके आधमधातुके च प्रत्ममे ऩयत इगन्तस्माङ्गस्म गुणो बितत।

The Final इक् of a इगन्त Anga will be replaced by its corresponding Gunas when followed by

either Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka pratyayas.

Example –

1. Consider बू रट् then बू ततऩ ् by3/1/68 ब ्ऊ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

ब ्ओ अ तत ब ्अि ्अ तत = बितत 2. Consider ल्ज रट् then ल्ज ततऩ ् by3/1/68 ज ्इ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

ज ्ए अ तत ज ्अम ्अ तत = जमतत

ब ूis इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/84 ऊ replaced by ओ.

Note by अमाददसल्न्ध् 6/1/78 ओ replaced by अि.्

Note by अमाददसल्न्ध् 6/1/78 ए replaced by अम.्

ल्ज is इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka.

So by sutra 7/3/84 इ replaced by ए.



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3. Consider स्भ ृरट् then स्भ ृततऩ ् by3/1/68 स्भ ्ऋ शऩ ्ततऩ ्

स्भ ्अय ्अ तत स्भयतत 4. Consider स्भ ृतव्म् स्भ ्ऋ तव्म्

स्भ ्अय ्तव्म् = स्भतमव्म् Similarly सािमधातुके - तयतत, नमतत, नमत ेetc।

आधमधातुके - कत्ताम, कतुमभ,् कतमव्म्, चतेा, स्तोता etc.

5. Consider स्भ ृdhatu and क्त (=त) pratyaya. क्त is ककत ्and Ardhadhatuka.

स्भ ृ+ क्त्

स्भ ृ+ त् = स्भतृ्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by

sutra 7/3/84 ऋ replaced by अय.्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and तव्म is Ardhadhatuka.

So by sutra 7/3/84 ऋ replaced by अय.्

स्भ ृis इगन्त Anga and क्त is ककत ्Ardhadhatuka. Since this is ककत,् Guna for ऋ by 7/3/84 gets prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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B) ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च । 7/3/86

ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म । च ।

अन0ु - सािमधातुकाधमधातुकमो्, गुण्, अङ्गस्म ।

अथम् - ऩुगन्तस्माङ्गस्म रघूऩधस्म च इक् सािमधातुके आधमधातुके च ऩयतो गुणो बितत ।

Upadha means penultimate see 1/1/65

Laghu means a ह्रस्ि (Short vowel) not followed by सॊमुक्ताऺय. See 1/4/10 & 1/4/11.

Anga whose Upadha is laghu इक् is called रघूऩध here.

इक् varna of ऩुगन्त anga will be replaced by its corresponding Gunas and also

इक् varna which is both upadha and laghu of an anga, (i.e इक् of रघूऩध-अङ्ग) will be

replaced by its corresponding Gunas when followed by either Sarvadhatuka or Ardhadhatuka pratyayas.

Example. 1. Consider धचतीीँ सञ्ज्ऻाने (=धचत)्dhatu 39, 1st gana.

धचत ् रट् then धचत ् ततऩ ् by3/1/68 च ्इ त ्शऩ ्ततऩ ्

च ्ए त ्अ तत चतेतत

Example. 2. Consider भुदॉ हिे (= भुद्) dhatu 16, 1st gana.

भुद् रट् then भुद् ते by3/1/68 भ ्उ द् शऩ ्त े

भ ्ओ द् अ ते भोदत े

धचत ्contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 इ replaced by ए.

भदु् contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 उ replaced by ओ.



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Example. 3. Consider ितृुॉ ितमने (= ितृ ्) dhatu 16, 1st gana.

ितृ ्रट् then ितृ ्त े by3/1/68 ि ्ऋ त ्शऩ ्त े

ि ्अय ्त ्अ त े ितमत े

Example. 4. Consider जीिॉ प्राणधायणे (=जीि ्) dhatu 562, 1st gana.

जीि ्रट् then जीि ्तत by3/1/68 ज ्ई ि ् शऩ ्तत

जीि ्अ तत जीितत

Example. 5. Consider लबऺ प्राणधायणे (=लबऺ्) dhatu 606, 1st gana. लबऺ् रट् then लबऺ् तत by3/1/68 ब ्इ ऺ् शऩ ्तत लबऺ् अ तत लबऺतत. Similarly लबद् + तव्मभ ्= बेत्तव्मभ,् बुज ्+ तव्मभ ्= बोक्तव्मभ.्

लबद् + तुभ ्= बेत्तुभ,् बुज ्+ तुभ ् = बोक्तुभ ्etc.

ितृ ्contain रघऩूधा इक् and शऩ ्is sarvadhatuka. So by sutra 7/3/86 ऋ replaced by अय.्

जीि ्contain ई, which is not रघऩूधा इक्. So no Guna by sutra 7/3/86.

लबऺ ्contains इ, which is followed by सॊमकु्ताऺय, so not रघऩूधा इक्, hence no Guna by sutra 7/3/86.



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17. Rules of Vriddhi;

Vriddhi is a technical term in Ashtadhyayi and is defined by sutra िवृद्धयादैच ्1-1-1 which means आ or ऐ or औ are called as Vriddhi र्दृ्धिः

This Vriddhi happens on any one of इक् letter by sutra इको गुणिदृ्धी 1/1/3

Here इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ/ क, ऌ

Vriddhi letter of इ/ ई is ऐ, उ/ ऊ is औ, ऋ/ क is आय ्& ऌ is आर.् ओ अ

Note – here Vriddhi of ऋ/ क and ऌ contains य ्& र ्along with Vriddhi letter आ, though य ्&

र ्are not listed in Vriddhi letters given in Sutra िवृद्धयादैच ्1-1-1, but by virtue of sutra उयण

यऩय् 1/1/51 both are used for Vriddhi of ऋ/ क and ऌ respectively.

अचो ल्ञ्ज्णतत 7/2/115

अच् । ल्ञ्ज्णतत । अनु - िवृद्ध्, अङ्गस्म । अथम् - अजन्तस्म अङ्गस्म िवृद्ध् बितत, धञतत णणतत च प्रत्ममे ऩयत् ।

अजन्त अङ्ग - Anga which contains अच ्at its end is अजन्त अङ्ग.

The final अच ्of अजन्त अङ्ग is replaced by its corresponding Vriddhi when followed by धञत ्

or णणत.्

अत उऩधामा् 7/2/116

अत् । उऩधामा् । note अत ्1 means ह्रस्ि अकाय

अन0ु - ल्ञ्ज्णतत, िवृद्ध्, अङ्गस्म ।

अथम् - अङ्गस्म उऩधामा् अकायस्म स्थाने िवृद्धबमितत, धञतत णणतत प्रत्ममे ऩयत् ।

The Short अकाय which is Upadha of anga, will be replaced by its corresponding Vriddhi (=

आ), when followed by धञत ्or णणत.्

1 See topic Taparakaranam in elementary samskrit - 1 by author.

Vriddhi of

अ is आ

इ/ ई or ए

is ऐ

उ/ ऊ or ओ

is औ

ऋ/ क is

आय ्

ऌ is

आर ्



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Example – consider dhatus बू & ऩच.्

ब ूis a अजन्त dhatu.

ऩच ्is a अत ्उऩधा dhatu, here ह्रस्ि अकाय is upadha.

णणच ्pratyaya = इ, here both ण ्& च ्are इत.् So this is णणत,् सनादद2 & Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम.

घञ ्pratyaya = अ, here both घ ्& ञ ्are इत.् So this is धञत ् , कृत ् and Ardhadhatuka.

Example - In causal sense णणच ्is added to a dhatu by sutra हेतुभतत च3 3/1/26 and we get a new dhatu by सनाद्मन्ता धाति् 3/1/32. 1) ब ूin causal sense णणच ्= बू + णणच ्= ब ्ऊ + इ

ब ्औ + इ ब ्आि ्+ इ = बावि

बावि is a derived dhatu by 3/1/32.

2) ऩच ्in causal sense णणच ्= ऩच ्+ णणच ्= ऩ ्अ च ्+ इ

ऩ ्आ च ्+ इ ऩाच ्+ इ = ऩाधच

ऩाधच is a derived dhatu by 3/1/32.

2 To know seebook Padam of author.

3 For detailed explaination see page -

Here ब ूअजन्त anga, followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so by sutra 7/2/115 ऊ of ब ूwill be replaced by its vriddhi औ

By अमादद सल्न्ध्6/1/78

औ replaced by आि ्

Here ऩच ्contains अत ्उऩधा & followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so

by sutra 7/2/116 अ of ऩच ्will be replaced by its vriddhi आ.





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Example of घञ.्

After a dhatu, घञ ्is added in sense of Bhava (=action) by sutra बाि ेघञ ्3/3/18.

The घञ ्pratyaya is धञत,् कृत ्4 and Ardhadhatuka. Since this is krut after adding this to

dhatu we get krudanta, so becomes a partipadikam by 1/2/465

Consider बू in bhave घञ.् 1) बू + घञ ् = बू + अ = ब ्ऊ + अ ब ्औ + इ ब ्आि ्+ अ = बाि बाि is a krudanta and a derived pratipadika by 1/2/46.

2) ऩठ् in bhave घञ ् is ऩठ् + घञ ् = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अ

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अ ऩा ठ् + अ = ऩाठ

ऩाठ is a krudanta and a derived pratipadika by 1/2/46.

Similarly बाग्, ऩाक्, त्माग्, माग् । णणतत - ऩाचमतत, ऩाचक्, ऩाठमतत, ऩाठक् ।

4 For details of krut pratyaya see Padam by author.

5 ibid

Here ब ूअजन्त anga, followed by अ a धञत ्pratyaya, so by sutra 7/2/115 ऊ of ब ूwill be replaced by its vriddhi औ



Here ऩच ्contains अत ्उऩधा & followed by इ a णणत ्pratyaya, so

by sutra 7/2/116 अ of ऩच ्will be replaced by its vriddhi आ.





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18) अव्मम - Indeclinable

An अव्मम is called as indeclinable in English.

An indeclinable is a word which is same in all 3lingas 3vachanas and 7 vibhaktis.

सदृशॊ त्रत्रिु लरङ्गेिु, सिामसु च विबल्क्तिु। िचनेि ुच सिेि ुमन्न व्मेतत तदव्ममभ॥्

Eg- च अवऩ ऩदठतभु ्कतुमभ ्ऩदठत्िा कृत्िा etc.



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19) -

8/3/59

- , , , , ।

- - , च ,

, ।

The (= )

• which comes after letters or letters

• which is not at end of a pada,

• which is either a substitute.@

• which is part of pratyaya

• Even if letters/ letters and is intervened by , or letters in

any combination.

Such a will get replaced by that is ( ).

Eg –

1. Consider dhatu which is by 6/1/64 now we have here.

In we have = . To this if upasarga is added,

here is a and is coming after letter, so will be

substituted by by this sutra. We get .

2. Consider dhatu , here remains and by 6/1/64 it

will become

In we have , here by sutra 7/3/78 becomes , so

= = . To this if upasarga is added , here is a

and is coming after letter, so will be substituted by by this sutra. We get



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3. Consider in 7th case plural of , here is a part of a pratyaya and followed by So will be substituted by by this sutra. We get = etc.

4. Similarly for in we have here is a part of a pratyaya and followed by So

will be substituted by by this sutra. We get = .

@ Please see sutra 6/1/64 in next page.

@ 6/1/64

The which is at beginning of a dhatu in upadesha is substituted by .

Or in other words the of a in dhatupata gets replaced by .

Eg1. 5th gana 1247= ( )

Here dhatu in upadesha is (= ) and contains , so gets substituted by due

to this rule. Hence dhatu is .

In the is a , so this will undergo by 8/3/59 if conditions

are suitable.

2. = 1132, 4thgana. Here also by this rule dhatu becomes .

3. 928 1stgana.

Here by this sutra of dhatu becomes , hence we get .

Now in , gets replaced by due to certain rules*, hence we get .

4. च 1052, 2nd gana.

Here by this sutra of dhatu becomes , hence we get .

Now in , gets replaced by due to certain rules*, hence we get .



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20)

8/1/1

Vartika - च

- च , च ।

Within a same padam, if immediately after either / / comes , then such a will be

replaced by .

Eg–1.Consider word will be by this sutra, because comes after and both are in a same padam.

2. Consider 1529 9th gana =

In we have will become by this sutra, because comes after and

both are in a same padam.

3. Consider 1254 5th gana =

In we have further we get will be , because comes after and

both are in a same padam.

4.Consider sixth plural

= क here is coming immediately after क, so will get

replaced by by sutra 8/4/1 with vartika.

So we have =

8/4/2

- , , , , ।



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Within a same padam, if doesn’t come immediately after either / / , but separated by

letters in any of the combination either singly or in any possible multiple

combination, even then such a will be replaced by .

8/4/37

If is , that is, if it is final varna of padam, then such a doesn’t become .

Eg.1. Consider second case plural

= , here is coming after and separated by letters and ( & ) which are part of - - , here would have got replaced by by sutra 8/4/2

but this is prohibited by sutra 8/4/37, because is a , so won’t get changed.

2.Consider third case singular

, here which is not a is coming after and separated by

letters and ( & ) which are part of - - , so will get replaced by by sutra 8/4/2. We get = .

3. Consider sixth plural

here is coming after , separated by letters and ( & )

which are part of - - , so will get replaced by by sutra 8/4/2. So we have

= .

Similarly , च , etc.



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6/1/65

The which is at beginning of a dhatu in upadesha is substituted by .

Or in other words the of a in dhatupata gets replaced by .

Eg 1 901,1st gana =

Here dhatu in upadesha is (= ) and contains , so gets substituted by

due to this rule. Hence dhatu is . So we have etc.

2. 1194, 4th gana = . Here also by this rule dhatu becomes

3. च 981,1stgana = . Here also by this rule it becomes .

8/1/14

A dhatu which is having at its beginning in upadesha(i.e in dhatupata) such a dhatu is

called .

We have already seen that of this - s will become by sutra 6/1/65. This alone will become by this sutra.

- – Anyone of / / is called nimmita, if this nimmita is in upasargas like

, then this is called Upasargastha-nimitta.

If of a - comes after either / / , then such a is replaced by . Both in

samasa and non-samasa.



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Here after nimmita may occur immediately or intervened by letters , , , , mentioned in sutra 8/4/2.

Eg –1.Consider dhatu च 981,1stgana = .

This is a , because contains in upadesha and this becomes by 6/1/65. So we have .

In we have , to this if we add upasarga we get

= .

Here upasarga contains nimmita , after this nimmita we have of a - , So this

will be substituted by by this sutra, so we get

= .

2.Similarly with i.e + becomes by this sutra.

3. 901,1st gana =

Here dhatu in upadesha is (= ) and contains , so .

This gets substituted by due to rule 6/1/65. Hence dhatu is . So we have

etc.

To this if we add upasarga i.e will be by this rule,

Similarly + = .

11/27/2017



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ॐ

Section 1

Chapter 1 Classification of Dhatus



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1.Classification of Dhatus.

1.1 Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

These charts gives classification of dhatus into ten different Ganas.

Each Gana is also called as either as 1st Gana or as भ्िाददगण् etc. This classification is valid only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग, and of no use in कभमणणप्रमोग or

बाि प्रमोग. This classification is useful for only सािमधातकुरकायs ( = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & विधधलरङ् )

and सािमधातकुप्रत्ममs ( शत,ृ शानच ्etc. ),

This classification is not useful for आधमधातकुरकायs or आधमधातकुप्रत्ममs..

Chart – 1a Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

भ्िाददगण्, 1010 = 52%

अदाददगण् 72 = 3.7%

जुहोत्माददगण्, 24 =1.2%

ददिाददगण्, 140= 7.2%

स्िाददगण्,

34= 1.7%

तुदाददगण्, 157= 80.8

रुधाददगण् 25= 1.3%

तनाददगण्= 10 = 0 .5%

िमाददगण्, 60=3.1%

चुयाददगण्, 410 = 21%

All Dhatus are classified into 10 Ganas, only for सािमधातकुरकायs and only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.



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Chart-1b. Classification of Dhatus into 10 Ganas

List of Sutras –

कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68

ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्3-1-69

स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् 3-1-73

तुदाददभ्म् श् 3-1-77

रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्3-1-78

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् 3-1-79

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3-1-81

अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72

जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2-4-75

धातुिः 1943

१ गणिः (1010) भ्र्ाददगणिः शऩ ् - 3.1.68 अ

२ गणिः (72) 1011 - 1082

अदाददगणिः शऩिः ऱुक् -3/1/78 & 2/4/72

_

३ गणिः (24) 1083 - 1106

जुहोत्याददगणिः शऩिः श्ऱु -3/1/78 & 2/4/75

_

४ गणिः (140) 1107 - 1246

ददर्ाददगणिः श्यन ्- 3.1.69 य

५ गणिः (34) 1247 - 1280

स्र्ाददगणिः श्न ु - 3.1.73 नु

६ गणिः (157) 1281 - 1437

तुदाददगणिः श - 3.1.77 अ

७ गणिः (25) 1438 - 1462

रुधाददगणिः श्नम ् - 3.1.78 न

८ गणिः (10) 1463 - 1472

तनाददगणिः उ - 3.1.79 उ

९ गणिः (60) 1473 - 1533

क्र्याददगणिः श्ना 3.1.81 ना

१० गणिः (410) 1534 - 1943

चुराददगणिः शऩ ्- 3.1.68 अ

गण विकयण प्रत्मम



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1.2 Classification of Dhatus into one single group of मक् (=म) vikarana

pratyaya.

This charts gives classification of dhatus of all ten different Ganas into one single group.

This classification is valid only in कभमणणप्रमोग / बािेप्रमोगand of no use in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.

This classification is useful for only सािमधातकुरकायs ( = रट् , रोट्, रङ्, & विधधरङ् ) and सािमधातकुप्रत्ममs (शानच ्etc. ).

This classification is not useful for आधमधातकुरकायs or आधमधातकुप्रत्ममs..

Sutra - सािमधातुके मक् 3-1-67

Chart 1.2a - All Dhatus belong to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya.

All 1943 Dhatus belong to one single

Group of मक् (=म) vikarana

pratyaya and all are Atmanepadi only.

Atmanepadi

All 1943 Dhatus belongs to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya and all are Atmanepadi only.

For all सािमधातकुरकायs only in कभमणण प्रमोग or बािे प्रमोग.



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Chart 1.2b - All Dhatus belong to one single Group of मक् (=म) vikarana pratyaya.

धातुिः

१ गणिः भ्र्ाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

२ गणिः अदाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

३ गणिः जुहोत्याददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

४ गणिः ददर्ाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

५ गणिः स्र्ाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

६ गणिः तुदाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

७ गणिः रुधाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

८ गणिः तनाददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

९ गणिः क्र्याददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

१० गणिः चुराददगणिः मक्- 3.1.67 म

गण विकयण

प्रत्मम



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1.3. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (parasmaipadi dhātuḥ), आत्भनेऩददधातु् (ātmanepadi dhātuḥ), उबमऩददधातु् (ubhayapadi dhātuḥ).

We all know that there are 18 ततङ् प्रत्ममs of which 1st nine pratyayas are called ऩयस्भऩैदप्रत्मम and later nine pratyayas are called as आत्भनेऩदप्रत्मम. The Atmane pada pratyayas are denoted by तङ् pratyahara (see page - fordetails). These pratyayas are added to Dhatus.

A dhatu which takes only ऩयस्भऩैदप्रत्मम is called ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (parasmaipadi dhātuḥ),

A dhatu which takes only आत्भनेऩदप्रत्मम is called आत्भनेऩददधातु् (ātmanepadi dhātuḥ),

Both ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्and आत्भनेऩदभ ्together are called उबमऩदभ ्or उबमऩदप्रत्मम. So Ubhayapadam is not a different third variety of pratyaya. A dhatu which takes उबमऩदप्रत्मम.is called उबमऩददधातु् (ubhayapadi dhātuḥ).

This classification is valid for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only, and of no use in कभमणणप्रमोग or बाि प्रमोग.

In कभमणणप्रमोग or बािेप्रमोग all 10 रकायs are आत्भनेऩददधात ु(ātmanepadi dhātu) only.

Note – 1.ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्= ऩयस्भऩैद-प्रत्मम् etc. ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत ऩयस्भऩैदी = ऩयस्भऩैददधातु् (ऩयस्भऩैदी is प्रथभा - विबल्क्त- एकिचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक ऩयस्भऩैददन ्) 2 .आत्भनेऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत आत्भनेऩदी (आत्भनेऩददन)् 3. उबमऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत उबमऩदी or (उबमऩददन)्.

धातsु are three types – parasmaipadi, ātmanepadi & ubhayapadi for all 10 रकायs only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग.

All धातsु are of one type i.e Atmanepadi only, for all 10 रकायs in कभमणणप्रमोग or बािेप्रमोगonly.



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Chart 1.3a.Classification of धातु् into three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

Chart 1.3b.Classification of धातsु into Three groups based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

धातु्

ऩयस्भैऩददधातु् आत्भनेऩददधातु् उबमऩददधातु्

ऩयस्भैऩदी आत्भनेऩदी उबमऩदी

धातsु are three types for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only.

धातsु are three types for all 10 रकायs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग only.



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Chart 3c.Classification of all धातsु into one single group as Atmanepadi based on ततङ् प्रत्मम.

बािकभमणो् 1/3/13

बािकभमणो् । अन0ु - आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - बािे कभमणण चाथ ेधातोयात्भनेऩदभ ्बितत ।

उदा0 - बािे-आस्मत ेदेिदत्तने, ग्रामत ेबिता, सपुमत ेबिता ।

कभमणण - देिदत्तने िेद् ऩठ्मत,े देिदत्तने परॊ खाद्मत,े किमत ेकटस्त्िमा, दह्रमत ेबायी भमा ।

आत्भनेऩदी

Atmanepadi

All धातुs are of one type (i.e Atmanepadi ) only, for all 10 रकायs in कभमणणप्रमोग or बािेप्रमोग only.



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What is Atmanepadi dhatu?

अनदुात्तङङत आत्भनेऩदभ ्। 1/3/12 (sutra of a आत्भनेऩददधात)ु

अनदुातङङत् । आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - अनदुाततेो ङङतश्च धातो् आत्भनेऩदॊ बितत ।

The dhatus which are Anudatta इत ्and ङङत ्in dhatupata, after these type of dhatus only

Atmanepada pratyaya will take place.

That is Anudatta इत ्and ङङत ्dhatus are Atmanepadi dhatus.

ितृुॉ ितमने (1stgana - 758), In ितृुॉ उॉ is Anudatta and Anunasika and is इत ्by sutra

उऩदेशजेननुालसक इत ्1/3/2 and becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so ितृ ्remains and

प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is ितमत.े

भदुॉ हि े(1st gana -16), In भदुॉ, अॉ Anudatta and Anunasika and is इत ्by 1/3/2 and becomes

lopa by 1/3/9, so भदु् remains and प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is भोदत.े

शीङ्- स्िपन े।(2nd gana - 1032) In शीङ्, ङ् is इत ्by हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 and becomes lopa by 1/3/9,

so शी remains and प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is शते.े

What is Ubhayapadi dhatu ?

स्िरयतधञत् कत्रमलबप्रामे किमापरे । 1/3/72 (sutra of उबमऩददधात)ु

स्िरयतधञत् । कत्रमलबप्रामे । किमापर े। अन ु- आत्भनेऩदभ ्।

अथम् - स्िरयततेो धञतश्च धातोयात्भनेऩदॊ बितत, किमापरॊ मदद कतामयभलबपे्रतत ।

The dhatus which are Svarita इत ्and धञत ्in dhatupata, after these type of dhatus Atmanepada

pratyaya will take place, if fruit of action (किमापरभ)् accrues to Karta (Agent.)

So on the other hand, if fruit of action doesn’t accrue to agent, that is if meant for others, then after

these dhatus Parasmaipada pratyaya will take place.



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So Svarita इत ्and धञत ्dhatus will take both Atmanepada and Parasmaipada pratyaya depending on

to whom fruit of action (किमापरभ)् is meant, if meant for karta it takes Atmanepada and if meant

for other than karta then it takes Parasmaipada pratayaya.

Since these dhatus are takimg both pratyayas, these are called Ubhayapadi dhatus(उबमऩददधात)ु.

Example 1. मजॉ देिऩजूासङ्गततकयण-दानेि ु। (1st Gana 1002)

In मजॉ, अॉो is Svarita and Anunasika and is इत ्by sutra उऩदेशजेननुालसक इत ्1/3/2 and

becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so मज ्remains and प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is

If किमापरभ ्of Yaga like Svarga etc. is meant for Karta, that is to say

he does yaga to get svarga for himself, then dhatu takes

Atmanepada pratyayas,then form will be मजत.े

अध्िमुम् मजत.े The priest Adhvaryu does yaga.

On the otherhand if किमापरभ ्of Yaga like Svarga etc. is meant for

Yajamana but not for himself, then dhatu takes Parasmaipada

pratyayas, then form will be मजतत. अध्िमुम् मजतत. The priest

Adhvaryu does yaga for sake of yajamana.

Example 2. णीञ ्प्राऩणे - to carry - 1stgana 901.

Here ञ ्is इत ्by हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 and becomes lopa by 1/3/9, so this is a धञत ्dhatu, नी remains and प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is

If किमापरभ ्accrue to karta then नमत े

Or else नमतत.

Similarly डुऩचि ्ऩाके - ऩच ्(1st gana 996), ऩचतत, ऩचत.े

डुकृञ ्कयणे - कृ (8th gana 1472), कयोतत, कुरुत ेetc.

Note – 1.ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्= ऩयस्भऩैद-प्रत्मम् etc.

ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत ऩयस्भऩैदी = ऩयस्भऩैददधातु्

(ऩयस्भऩैदी is प्रथभा - विबल्क्त- एकिचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक ऩयस्भऩैददन ्)



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2 .आत्भनेऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत आत्भनेऩदी or आत्भनेऩददधातु्

(आत्भनेऩदी is प्रथभा - विबल्क्त- एकिचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक आत्भनेऩददन)्

3. उबमऩदभ ्अस्म अल्स्त इतत उबमऩदी or उबमऩददधातु् .

(उबमऩदी is प्रथभा - विबल्क्त- एकिचन - रूऩ of प्राततऩददक उबमऩददन)्.

What is parasmaipadidhatu?

शिेात ्कतमरय ऩयस्भऩैदभ ्1/3/78 ((sutra of ऩयस्भऩैददधात)ु

आत्भनेऩद-तनलभत्त-हीनाद् धातो् कतमरय ऩयस्भऩैदॊ स्मात॥्

A dhatu which is devoid of signs that are meant to apply Atmanepada pratyayas after it, then after

such a dhatu parasmaipada pratyaya should be added in kartari prayoge.

In Panini maharishi’s Ashtadhyayi from sutras 1/3/12 to 1/3/77 various signs are given like Anudatta

इत ्and ङङत(्see 1/3/12)etc. due to which a dhatu gets Atmanepada pratyayas after it. In other

words dhatu will become an Atmanepadidhatu.

If dhatu is devoid of these signs then it is शिे (remaining),that is other than what is mentioned in

1/3/12 to 1/3/77. For these remaining dhatus in Kartari prayoga parasmaipada will be added. In

other words dhatus are parasmaipadidhatus.

Generally उदात्तते ्dhatus i.e. dhatus containing उदात्त इत ्will take parasmaipada pratyayas. Hence

उदात्तते ्are also called ऩयस्भऩैददधातु्

Example1. ऩठॉ ऩठ् व्मक्तामाभ ्िाधच 1st gana 330.

Here in ऩठॉ अॉ is उदात्त इत ्and Anunasika, so इत ्by sutra उऩदेशजेननुालसक इत ्1/3/2 and

becomes lopa by तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9, so ऩठ् remains. Since ऩठ् is उदात्त इत ्after this dhatu

parasmaipada pratyayas should be added in kartari prayoga. So प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in

रट् रकाय is ऩठतत.

2. ब ूसत्तामाभ,् here there is no इत,् so doesn’t have any signs for Atmanepada pratyayas, so

this dhatus will take parsmaipada pratyaya in kartari prayoga. Hence this is a parasmaipadi

dhatu. So प्रथभऩरुुि एकिचन form in रट् रकाय is बितत.



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3/1/67 सािमधातकेु मक् ।

सािमधातकेु । मक् । अन ु- बािकभमणो्, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - बािकभमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु प्रत्ममे ऩये धातो् मक् प्रत्ममो बितत ।

In karmani and Bhave मक् will be added after a dhatu if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya.

Examples. बािे - आस्मत ेबिता, शय्मत ेबिता । कभमणण - गम्प्मत ेग्राभ् ॥

Note – Here in मक् , क् इत ्varna, so म remains.

Here, there is no श ्as इत,् so it is अलशत,् hence Ardhadhatuka. And there is no क् as इत,् it is ककत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/68 कतमरय शऩ ्।

कत्तमरय । शऩ ्। अन ु- सािमधातकेु, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - कतृम िाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयतो धातो् शऩ ्प्रत्ममो बितत ।

शऩ ्will be added after a dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

This sutra applies for 1st /2nd /3rd & 10th gana dhatus.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhatu of 1st /2nd /3rd or 10th gana is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu शऩ ्will be added.

Note – शऩ ्= श ्अ ऩ ्= अ, here both श ्and ऩ ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in शऩ ्= अ.

In शऩ ्श ्is इत,् so it is लशत6् and and also ऩ ्is इत,् it is वऩत ्also.

6 For details of लशत ्and वऩत,् see pg – 16 and 47.



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उदा0 - बितत, ऩठतत । बित,ु ऩठत ु। अबित,् अऩठत ्। बिेत,् ऩठेत ्।

ब ूरट् ब ू ततऩ ् 3/1/68 ब ूशऩ ्ततऩ ् बितत

2-4-72 अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् ।

अन0ु- रक्ु ।

अथम् - अदाददगणधातभु्म उत्तयस्म शऩो रगु ्बितत ।

When शऩ ्comes after a Adadi gana (2nd conjugataioin) dhatu, then such a शऩ ्will become रक्ु(अदशमनभ)्

उदा0 - अल्त्त । हल्न्त । द्िेल्ष्ट ॥

अद् + रट् अद् + ततऩ ् 3/1/68 अद् शऩ ् तत 2-4-72 अद् तत अल्त्त

2/4/75 जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु्

अन ु- शऩ् ।

अथम् - जुहोत्माददभ्मो धातभु्म उत्तयस्म शऩ् श्रु् बितत।

When शऩ ्comes after a juhotyadi gana (3rd conjugataioin) dhatu, then such a शऩ ्will become श्रु (अदशमनभ)्.

शऩ ्= अ शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

वऩत ्So allows Guna and vriddhi

शऩ ्disappears due to रक्ु.



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उदा0 - त्रफबतत म । नेनेल्क्त ॥

हु + रट् हु+ ततऩ ् 3/1/68 हु शऩ ्ततऩ ् 2/4/75 हु तत जुहो तत = जुहोतत

Note - how हु + तत becomes जुहोतत, is beyond the scope of discussion of this book.

What is रुक् and श्रु ?

प्रत्ममस्म रुक् श्रु रुऩ्1/1/61 अनु; अदशमनभ ् प्रत्ममस्म मद् अदशमनभ ्रुक् श्रु रुऩ ्इतत एतेभ्म् बितत, तस्म अदशमनस्म रुक् श्रु रुऩ् इत्मता् सञ्ज्ऻा् बिल्न्त।

The Adarshanam of pratyayas by terms रुक् श्र ु& रुऩ ्will respectively called by रुक् श्रु & रुऩ.्

What is Adarshanam?

अदर्शनम,् अश्रवणम,् अनुच्चारनम्, अनुपलब्धिः, अभावो, वणशबवनार्िः इत्यनथाशन्तरम ्।

Adarshanam means inaudible/ unpronounced etc.

So रुक् / श्रु / रुऩ ्- means substitution of a blank - signifies disappearance.

When a letter or word-form which was previously apparent becomes latent i.e. neither

heard, nor pronounced, not written is said to be Adarshanam.

Samskrit Vyakaranam (Samskrit grammar) is a Sabda Shastram (science of words), so here when we say that the word (may be a single varna – alphabet - or a word) has disappeared, it simply means that particular word or sound is inaudible/ unheard, i.e. not perceptible to ears.

This inaudibleness of the word which was previously audible is technically called अदशमनभ.् Here since this Adarshanam is caused by terms रक्ु श्र ु& रऩु,् so Adarshanam will be called as रक्ु श्र ु& रऩु ्respectively.

शऩ ् disappears due to श्र.ु



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3/1/69 ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्।

ददिाददभ्म् । श्मन ्।अन ु- सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - ददिाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्मन ्प्रत्ममो बितत, कत्तमरय सािमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - दीव्मतत, सीव्मतत ।

श्मन ्will be added after a Divadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्मन ्will be added.

Note – श्मन ्= श ्म न ्= अ, here both श ्and न ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्मन ्= म alone remains.

In श्मन ्श ्is इत,् so it is लशत.् hence Sarvadhatuka, also न ्is इत,् it is तनत ्and since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अवऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/73 स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् ।

स्िाददभ्म् । श्नु् ।अन ु- सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - स्िाददभ्म् धातभु्म् श्नपु्रत्ममो बितत कतृमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

श्मन ्= म शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

अद्ऩत ् hence ङङत ्, so doesn't

allows Guna and vriddhi.



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श्न ुwill be added after a Svadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्न ुwill be added.

Note – श्न ु= श ्नु = नु, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्न ु= न ुalone remains.

In श्न ुश ्is इत,् so it is लशत,् hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अवऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

उदा0 - सनुोतत । लसनोतत ।

3/1/77 तदुाददभ्म् श् ।

तदुाददभ्म् । श् ।अन ु- सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - तदुाददभ्म् धातभु्म् श् प्रत्ममो बितत कतृमिाधचतन सािेधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - तदुतत । नदुतत ।

श will be added after a Tudadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श will be added.

श्न ु= न ुशशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113





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Note – श = श ्अ = अ, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श = अ alone remains.

In श, श ्is इत,् so it is लशत ्, hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अवऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

3/1/78 रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्।

रुधाददभ्म् । श्नभ ्। अन ु- सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - रुधाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्नभ ्प्रत्ममो बितत कतृमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - रुणवद्ध । लबनल्त्त ।

श्नभ ्will be added after a Rudadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is

signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a

dhatu श्नभ ्will be added.

In श्नभ ्= श ्न भ ्= न here both श ्and भ ्are इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and हरन्त्मभ ्

1/3/3 respectively and both becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्नभ ्= न alone

remains.

श = अ शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

अद्ऩत ् hence ङङत ्, so

doesn't allows Guna and vriddhi.



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In श्नभ,् श ्is इत,् so it is लशत.् Hence Sarvadhatuka,

also भ ्is इत,् so it is लभत ्agama, hence added to dhatu as per sutra 1/1/47.

Since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अवऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

Example. रुध ् रट् य ्उ ध ् तत by 3/1/78 & 1/1/47 य ्उ न ध ् तत = रुणवद्ध.

3/1/79 तणाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् ।

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् । उ् । अन ु- सािमधतकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, प्रश्च ।

अथम् - तनाददभ्मो धातभु्म् कृञश्च उ् प्रत्ममो बितत कतृमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - तनोतत, सनोतत । कयोतत ।

उ will be added after a Tanadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu उ will be added.

Note – Here in उ there is no इत ्varna. So complete उ remains.

Since here there is no श ्as इत,् so it is अलशत ्so Ardhadhatuka7 And there is no क् as इत,् it is अककत ्8also, hence allows Guna and Vriddhi.

7 Se e page 49 for Ardhadhatuka.

8 See page 51 &52 for अककत ्(= non ककत)्

श्नभ ्= न शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

अद्ऩत ् hence ङङत ्, so doesn't allows Guna

and vriddhi.



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3/1/81 क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना ।

क्र्माददभ्म् । श्ना रपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् ।

अन0ु - सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - डुिीञ ्इत्मेिभाददभ्मो धातभु्म् श्नाप्रत्ममो बितत कतृमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयत् ।

उदा0 - िीणातत, िीणीत् ।

श्ना will be added after a Kryadi gana dhatu, if it is followed by sarvadhatuka pratyaya which is signifying karta.

That is, in kartari prayoga, if a dhaatu is followed by a sarvadhatuka pratyaya, then after such a dhatu श्ना will be added.

Note – श्ना = श ्ना = ना, here श ्is इत ्by sutras रशक्ितवद्धत े1/3/8 and becomes lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in श्ना = ना alone remains.

In श्ना, श ्is इत,् so it is लशत ्, hence Sarvadhatuka, since there is no ऩ ्as इत,् it is अवऩत ्also, hence stops Guna and Vriddhi.

उ अशशत,् So आधमधातकु

by आधमधातुकभ ्शेि् 3/4/113

अककत/् अङित ् so allows Guna and vriddhi.



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श्ना = ना शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113





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Some important irregular dhatus. श्रुि् श्र ृच । 3/1/74 श्रुि् । श्र ृरपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् । च । अन ु- श्नु् सािमधातकेु, कत्तमरय, धातो् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च । अथम् - श्रु श्रिणे इतत अस्भाद् धातो् श्नपु्रत्ममो बितत, श्र ृआदेशश्च श्रधुातोबमितत। कतृमिाधचतन सािमधातकेु ऩयत्, उदा0 - श्रणृोतत, श्रणृुत् । Though श्र ुश्रिणे 1st Gana 928, but in kartari prayoga when followed by sarvdhatukas, instead of शऩ ्it gets श्नु् and also dhatu श्रु will be replaced by श.ृ श ृशणृोतत in kartari prayoga and sarvadhatukas only. In Ardhadhatukas श्र ुremains as it is. Eg.श्रोष्मतत. श्रु श्रिणे 1st Gana 928 श्रु becomes श ृin

sarvadhatuka lakaras and though 1st gana it takes श्न ुinstead of शऩ ्

श्रु remains श्र ुin all Ardhadhatuka lakaras and pratyaya.

7/3/77 इिगुलभमभाॊ छ् । अन0ु - लशतत, अङ्गस्म । अथम् - इि,ु गभ,ॢ मभ इत्मेतिेाभङ्गानाॊ लशतत ऩयतश्छकायादेशो बितत । Dhatus इि,ु गभ,ॢ मभ will be replaced become इच्छ् , गच्छ् & मच्छ् when followed by sarvadhatuka. Eg- इच्छछतत, गच्छछतत, मच्छछतत । 7/3/78 ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मतत मसतत मशदसदाॊ वऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्ठभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्। अन ु- लशतत, अङ्गस्म । ऩाघ्रा---सदाभ ्। वऩफ----सीदा् । अथम् - ऩा ऩाने, घ्रा गन्धोऩादान,े ध्भा शब्दाल्ग्नसॊमोगमो्, ष्ठा गतततनितृ्तौ, म्प्ना अभ्मास,े दाण,् दान,े दृलशय,् प्रेऺणे, ऋ गततप्राऩनमो्, स ृगतौ, शद्र ृशातने, िद ॢविशयणगत्मिसादनेि ुइत्मेतिेाॊ धातनूाॊ स्थाने मथािभॊ वऩफ, ल्जघ्र, धभ, ततष्ठ, भन, मच्छछ, ऩश्म,ऋच्छछ, धौ, शीम, सीद इत्मेत ेआदेशा बिल्न्त लशतत प्रत्ममे ऩयत् । The Dhatus ऩा ऩाने etc will be replaced by वऩफ etc when followed by a Sarvadhatuka.



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Eg - ऩा-वऩफतत । घ्रा-ल्जघ्रतत । ध्भा-धभतत । स्था-ततष्ठतत । म्प्ना-भनतत । दाण-्मच्छछतत । दृलश-ऩश्मतत । ऋ-ऋच्छछतत ।स-ृधाितत । शद-शीमत े। सद्-सीदतत ।

ऻाजनोजाम 7/3/79 ऻाजनो् । जा रपुतप्रथभान्ततनदेश् । अन ु- लशतत, अङ्गस्म । अथम् -ऻा, जनी प्रादबुामिे (दैिाददकस्म ग्रहणभ)् इत्मेतमो् स्थाने लशतत प्रत्ममे ऩयतो जा इत्ममभादेशो बितत । The dhatus ऻा and जनी will be replaced by जा when followed by Sarvadhatuka. Eg. - जानातत । जनी-जामत े।

िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत । 6\1\15

िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाभ ्। ककतत ।

अन0ु - सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - विधचस्िपमोममजादीनाॊ च सम्प्प्रसायणॊ बितत ककतत ऩयत् ।

The dhatus िच,् स्िऩ,् मज ्etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by ककत ्pratyayas.

उदा0 - िच ्- उक्त्, उक्तिान ्। स्िऩ ्- सपुत्, सपुतिान ्। मज ्-इष्ट् इष्टिान ्। िऩ ्- उपत्, उपतिान ्। िह् -

ऊढ्, ऊढिान ्। िस ्- उवित्, उवितिान ्। िेञ ्- उत्, उपतिान ्। व्मेञ ्- सॊिीत्, सॊिीतिान ्। ह्िेञ ्- हूत्, हूतिान ्। िद् - उददत्, उददतिान ्। टुओीँल्श्ि - शनू्, शनूिान।्

ग्रदहज्माितमव्मधधिल्ष्टविचततिशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबजृ्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

अन0ु - ककतत, सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्।

अथम् - ग्रह, उऩादाने, ज्मा िमोहानौ, िेञो ितमरयतत िमादेश्, व्मध ताडने, िश कान्तौ व्मच व्माजीकयणे,

ओव्रश्चूच्छछेदने, प्रच्छछ ऻोपसामाॊ, भ्रस्ज ऩाके, इत्मेतिेाॊ धातनूाॊ सप्रसायणॊ बितत, ङङतत ककतत च ऩयत् ।

The dhatus ग्रह, ज्मा etc. undergo samprasaranam when followed by either ककत ्or ङङत ्

pratyayas.

उदा0 - ग्रह - गहृीत्, गहृीतिान,् ङङतत - गहृ्णातत । ज्मा - जीन्, जीनिान,् ङङतत - ल्जनातत, । िम - ऊमतु् , ऊमु् । ङङदबािात ्ककदेिात्रोदादह्रमत े। व्मध - विद्ध्, विद्धिान ्। ङङतत - विध्मतत । िश - उलशत्, उलशतिान ्। ङङतत -



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उष्ट्, उशल्न्त । व्मधच -विधचत्, विधचतिान ्। ङङतत - विचतत । ओव्रश्च ू- िकृ्ण्, िकृ्णिान ्। ङङतत - िशृ्चतत।

प्रच्छछ - ऩषृ्ट्, ऩषृ्टिान ्। ङङतत – ऩचृ्छछतत । भ्रस्ज - बषृ्ट्, बषृ्टिान ्। ङङतत - बजृ्जतत।

Sutra- इिगुलभमभाॊ छ् ।7/3/77

इि ुइच्छछामाभ,् 6th gana 1351 = इि ् इि ्एविष्मतत इच्छ् इच्छछतत

गभ,ॢ गतौ, 1st Gana 982 = गभ ् गभ ्गलभष्मतत गच्छ् गच्छछतत

मभ उऩयभ,े 1st Gana 984 = मभ ् मभ ्मॊस्मतत मच्छ् मच्छछतत

Sutra ऻाजनोजाम 7/3/79

ऻा अिफोधन े 9th Gana 1507 = ऻा ऻा ऻास्मतत जा जानातत

जनी प्रादबुामिे 4th Gana 1149 = जन ् जन ् जतनष्मत े जा जामत े



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Sutra- ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मतत मसतत मशदसदाॊ वऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्ठभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्।7/3/78

Dhatu In Ardhatuka In sarvadhatuka

ऩा ऩाने 1st Gana 925 = ऩा ऩा ऩास्मतत वऩफ, वऩफतत

घ्रा गन्धोऩादाने 1st Gana 926 = घ्रा घ्रा घ्रास्मतत ल्जघ्र ल्जघ्रतत

ध्भा शब्दाल्ग्नसॊमोगमो् 1st Gana 927= ध्भा ध्भा ध्भास्मतत धभ धभतत

ष्ठा गतततनितृ्तौ 1st Gana 928 = स्था स्था स्थास्मतत ततष्ठ ततष्ठतत

म्प्ना अभ्मासे 1st Gana 929 = म्प्ना म्प्ना म्प्नास्मतत भन भनतत

दाण,् दान,े 1st Gana 930 = दा दा दास्मतत मच्छछ मच्छछतत

दृलशय,् प्रेऺणे 1st Gana 988 = दृश ् दृश ् द्रक्ष्मतत ऩश्म ऩश्मतत

ऋ गततप्राऩनमो्, 1st Gana 936 = ऋ ऋ अरयष्मतत ऋच्छछ ऋच्छछतत

स ृगतौ 1st Gana 935 = स ृ स ृ सरयष्मतत धौ धाितत

शद्र ृशातने 1st Gana 855 = शद् शद् शत्स्मतत शीम शीमतत

िद ॢविशयणगत्मिसादनेि ु 1st Gana 854 = सद् सद् सत्स्मतत सीद सीदतत



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Sutra िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत । 6\1\15

Dhatu

When followed by मक् in कभमणण/ बािे which is ककत ्

When followed by क्त / क्त्िा etc. ककत ्pratyayas.

िचॉ ऩरयबािणे 1063 2nd Gana = िच ् उच्छमत े उक्त्, उक्तिान ् उक्त्िा

धञष्िऩ ्शमे 1068, 2nd Gana = स्िऩ ् सपुमत े सपुत्, सपुतिान ्सऩुत्िा

मजॉ देिऩजूासङ्गततकयणदानेि ु1002, 1stGana = मज ्

इज्मत े इष्ट् इष्टिान ्इष्ट्िा

डुिऩ ्फीजसन्ताने 1003, 1st Gana = िऩ ् उपमत े उपत्, उपतिान ्उपत्िा

िहॉ प्राऩणे 1004, 1st Gana = िह् उह्मत े ऊढ् ऊढिान ्ऊढ्िा

िसॉ तनिास े1005, 1st gana = िस ् उष्मत े उवित्, उवितिान ्उवित्िा

िेञ ्तन्तसुन्ताने 1006, 1st gana = िे ऊमत े उत्, उपतिान ्उत्िा

व्मेञ ्सॊियणे िे 1007, 1st gana =व्म े िीमत े िीत्, िीतिान ्िीत्िा

ह्िेञ ्स्ऩधाममाभ ्शब्दे च 1008, 1st gana =ह्ि े हूमत े हूत्, हूतिान ् हूत्िा

िदॉ व्मक्तामाभ ् िाधच 1009, 1st gana = िद् उद्मत े उददत्, उददतिान ्उददत्िा

टुओीँल्श्ि गततिदृ्धमो् 1010, 1st gana = ल्श्ि शमूत े शनू्, शनूिान ्



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ग्रदहज्माितमव्मधधिल्ष्टविचततिशृ्चततऩचृ्छछततबञृ्ज्जतीनाॊ ङङतत च । 6/1/16

Dhatu When followed by ङङत ्

When followed by मक् / क्त etc. ककत ्pratyayas.

ग्रहॉ उऩादाने 1533, 9th gana = ग्रह् गहृ्णातत

श्ना is ङङत ्

गहृ्मत े/ गहृीत्, गहृीतिान ्

ज्मा िमोहानौ 1499, 9th gana = ज्मा ल्जनातत,

श्ना is ङङत ्. जीमत े/ जीन्, जीनिान ्

िम ऊमतु् , ऊमु्

ङङदबािात ्

ककदेिात्रोदादह्रमत े

व्मध ताडने 1181, 4th gana = व्मध ् विध्मतत

श्मन ्is ङङत ्

विध्मतत / विद्ध्, विद्धिान ्

िश कान्तौ 1080, 2nd gana = िश ् उष्ट्, उशल्न्त तस ्& अल्न्त are ङङत ्

उश्मत े/ उलशत्, उलशतिान ्

व्मधच व्माल्जकयणे 1293, 6th gana = व्मच ् विचतत

श is ङङत ्

विधचत्, विधचतिान ्

ओव्रश्चूॉ छेदन े1292, 6th gana = व्रश्च ् िशृ्चतत,

श is ङङत ्

िशृ्च्छमत े/ िकृ्ण्, िकृ्णिान ्

प्रच्छछ ऻीपसामाभ ्1413, 6th gana = प्रच्छ् ऩचृ्छछतत,

श is ङङत.् ऩचृ्छ्मत े/ऩषृ्ट्, ऩषृ्टिान ्

भ्रस्ज ऩाके 1284 6th gana = भ्रस्ज ् बजृ्जतत, श is ङङत.् बजृ्ज्मत े/बषृ्ट्, बषृ्टिान ्



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1.4. Classification of Dhatus into Three groups based on इडागम (= इट्-आगभ).

Dhatus are classified into three types based on status of इट् - आगभ as

1) सेट् धातु. 2) अतनट् धातु & 3) िेट् धातु.

This classification is useful only आधमधातुक रकायs (=लरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ्,रङु्, रङृ्)

and आधमधातुक प्रत्ममs in कत्तमरयप्रमोग, कभमणणप्रमोग & बािेप्रमोग.

What is इट्-आगभ

इट् is an आगभ (Augmentive). Here ट् is इत,् so only इ remains.

Since ट् is इत ्this is a दटत ् आगभ.

Agama is an augment which is added to a prescribed pratyaya in a prescribed

way.

If an Agama is दटत ्, then it is added at the beginning of a prescribed pratyaya as

per sutra आद्मन्तौ टककतौ 1/ 1/46 .

Since इट्(=इ) is a दटत ् आगभ it is added at the beginning of a prescribed

pratyaya.

This इडागभ is enjoined by sutra आधमधातुकस्मेड् िरादे् 7-2-35 for सेट् धातुs

(= आधमधातुकस्म इट् िरादे् ) इडागभ is added for िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Hence by sutras 7/2/35 and 1/1/46, इट् agama (=इ) is added at the beginning of

a र्ऱादद-आधवधातुक प्रत्यय of a सेट् धातु.

For अतनट् धातु, इट् - आगभ is prohibited for a a र्ऱादद-आधवधातुक प्रत्यय by sutra

एकाच उऩदेशे ऽनुदात्तात॥् 7/2/10.

If a dhatu is Anudatta(अनुदात्त) and contains only one Svara varna(एकाच)्, then

after such a dhatu िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम will not get इडागभ. Hence these

dhatus are called as अतनट् धातु.

Note – for details of seṭ, aniṭ and veṭ dhātu classifications see page-



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Dhatus are of classified into three types based on status of इट् - आगभ.

They are

A) सेट् धातु – Dhatus that allow इट् - आगभ are called सेट् धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. B) अतनट् धातु - Dhatus that does not allow इट् - आगभ are called अतनट् धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is not added at beginning of a िरादद-

आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. C) िेट् धातु - Dhatus that allow इट् - आगभ optionally are called िेट्धातु. Here इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added optionally at beginning of a

िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम.

Hence by sutras 7/2/35 and 1/1/46, इट् agama (=इ) is added at the beginning

of a िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम.

For a Non िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम there won’t be इट् agama (=इ).

So even in आधमधातुक रकायs or आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

Only for र्ऱादद-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs, dhatus are of three types viz. सेट्,

अतनट्, र्ेट्.

Whereas for Non-र्ऱादद-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs (i.e. अजादद or यकारादद

आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs) dhatus are of only one Single group.



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Charts 1.4

Chart 1.4a

Chart 1.4b

धातु्

सेट् धातु् अतनट् धातु् िेट् धातु्

only for र्ऱादद- आधवधातुक ऱकारs or आधवधातुक प्रत्यय, dhatus are of three types viz. सेट्, अतनट्, र्ेट्.

सेट् अतनट् िेट्.

सेट्

अतनट्

only for िरादद- आधमधातकु रकायs or िरादद- आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs, dhatus are of

three types viz. सेट्, अतनट्, िेट्.

िेट्

अतनट्

सेट्



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Charts 1. 4c

For Non-र्ऱादद-आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs (i.e. अजादद or यकारादद आधवधातुक प्रत्ययs)

dhatus are of only one Single group.

धातु्

धातु्

For Non-िरादद-आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs (i.e. अजादद or मकायादद आधमधातकु प्रत्ममs),

dhatus are of only one Single group.



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List of सेट्, अतनट् and िेट् dhatus.

Note – Some important terms.

1.एकाच ्- A dhatu which contains only one (एक) Svara (अच=्vowel).

2.अनेकाच ्- A Dhatu which contains, more than one (अनेक) Svara(अच=्vowel) are called

अनेकाच ्dhatus.

3.अजन्त-धातु् -A dhatu which contains अच ्(svara) and its end is called अजन्त dhatu.

Eg. ब ूdhatu, here final letter of a dhatu is अच ्letter ऊ, so this is अजन्त.

4.हरन्त-धातु् - A dhatu which contains ह्र ्(vyanjana) and its end is called हरन्त dhatu.

Eg. ऩच ् dhatu, here final letter of a dhatu is ह्र ्letter च,् so this is हरन्त.

In Panini’s Ashtadhyayi इडागभ is prohibited to Anit dhatus by sutra

एकाच उऩदेश ेऽनदुात्तात॥् ७,२.१०॥

उऩदेश ेमो धातयेुकाजनदुात्तश्च तत आधमधातकुस्मेण्दन।

(उऩदेश,ेम् धातु् एकाच ्अनदुात्त् च, तत् [=तस्भात ्धातो् ] िरादे् आधमधातकुस्म इट् आगभो न बितत।)

A dhatu, which is both एकाच ्and अनुदात्त् in dhatupata, will prohibits इट् -आगभ for a िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Hence these Dhatus are called अतनट्.

Some rules to know सेट and अतनट् dhatus.

1. All अनेकाच ्dhatus are सेट only. -

Eg ; 1.जाग ृ– To be awake 2.ल्जऻास - Desire to know. 3 ऩादठ – to teach.

2. Among एकाच ्dhatus all three ie. सेट्, अतनट् and िेट् are there.

The एकाच ्dhatus are divided as अजन्त and हरन्त.

A) Among एकाच ्अजन्त dhatus following list of dhatus given in karika below are सेट् dhatus



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ऊददॄन्तै् - मौतत-रु-क्ष्णु-शीङ्-स्न-ुन-ुऺ-ुल्श्ि-डीङ्-धश्रलब्।

िङृ्-िञृ ्भ्माॊ विना एकाच् अजन्तिे ुतनहता् स्भतृा् ॥

1 ऊदन्त मथा - ब ूसत्तामाभ ्(भ्िा0 ऩयस्भ0ै) दीघम-ऊकायान्त धातु्

2 कदन्त मथा - कॄ विऺेऩ े(तदुा0 ऩयस्भ0ै) दीघम-ककायान्त धातु्

3 मौतत - म ुलभश्रणाऽलभश्रणमो् (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

4 रु शब्दे (शब्द कयना, अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै), रुङ् गततयेिणमो् (भ्िा0 आत्भने0)

5 क्ष्ण ुतजेस े(अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

6 शीङ् स्िपन े(अदा0 आत्भने0)

7 स्न ु- ष्ण ुप्रस्रिणे (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

8 न ु- ण ुस्ततुौ (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

9 ऺ ु- दुऺ ुशब्दे (अदा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

10 ल्श्ि - टु ओीँ ल्श्ि गततिदृ्ध्मो् (भ्िा0 ऩयस्भ0ै)

11 डीङ् विहामसा गतौ (भ्िा0 ददिा0 आत्भने0)

12 धश्रञ ्सेमामाभ ्(भ्िा0 उबम0)

13 िङृ् सम्प्बक्तौ (क्र्मा0 आत्भने0)

14 िञृ ्ियणे (स्िा0 उबम0)

All these एकाच ्अजन्त dhatus are सेट्. Other than these are अतनट् ie. They are एकाच ्अनदुात्त् धातु् , so इट् -आगभ will get prohibited by sutra 7/2/10.



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B) Among एकाच ्हरन्त dhatus following list of one hundred and three (103)dhatus given below are

अनदुात्त् धातु् . so इट् -आगभ will get prohibited by sutra 7/2/10. Hence they are called as अतनट्

dhatus.

1. ककारान्त धात ु– 1. शक् - शक्र ृशक्तौ 2. चकारान्त धात ु– 6. । (1) ऩच ्- डुऩचँष ्ऩाके । (2) मचु ्- मचुऱृँ मोऺणे । (3) ररच ्- ररचचर ्द्र्रेचन े। (4) र्च ्- र्च ऩररभाषणे । (6) शसच ्- द्षचँ ऺरणे । 3.छकायान्त – 1 - प्रच्छछ ऻीपसामाभ ्। 4.जकारान्त –15. (1) त्मज हानौ । (2) तनल्जय ्- णणल्जय ्शौचऩोिणमो् । (3) बजॉ सेिामाभ ्। (4) बञ्ज्ज ्- बञ्ज्जोँ आभदमने । (5) बजु ्- बजु ऩारनाऽभ्मिहायमो् । (6) भ्रस्जॉ ऩाके । (7) भस्ज ्- दभुस्जोँ शदु्धौ । (8) मजॉ देिऩजूा - सङ्गततकयण-दानेि ु। (9) मजु ्- मलु्जय ्मोग े। (10) रुज ्- रुजोँ बङ्ग े। (11) यञ्ज्जॉ यागे । (12) विल्जय ्ऩथृग्बािे । (13) स्िञ्ज्ज ्- ष्िञ्ज्जॉँ॒ ऩरयष्िङ्गे । (14) सञ्ज्ज ्- िञ्ज्ज सङ्ग े। (15) सजृ विसगे । 5. दकारान्तों 16. (1) अद बऺणे । (2) ऺुद् - ऺुददय ्सम्प्ऩेिणे । (3) णखद् - णखदॉँ॒ दैन्मे । (4) तछद् - तछददय ्द्िधैीकयणे । (5) तदुॉ व्मथन े। (6) नदु् - णुद प्रेयणे ।



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(7) ऩद्म - ऩदॉँ॒ गतौ । (8) लबद् - लबददय ्विदायणे । (9) विद्म - श्मन ्विकयण । (10) विनद् - श्नभ-्विकयण, विद् - विदॉँ॒ विचायणे । (11) विन्द् - नभुागभ विद् धात ु- विद्रृॉ राबे । (12) शद् - शद्रृॉ शातने । (13) सद् - िद्रृॉ विशयण-गत्मिसादनेि ु। (14) ल्स्िद्म - श्मन ्विकयण ल्स्िद् धात ु- धञल्ष्िदाॉ गात्रप्रऺयणे । (15) स्कन्द् - स्कल्न्दय ्गततशोिणमो् । (16) हदॉ ऩयुीिोत्सगे ।

6.धकारान्त 11. (1) िुध िोधे । (2) ऺुध फभुुऺ ामाभ ्। (3) फधु्म -श्मन ्विकयण फधु ्धात ु-फधुॉँ॒ अिगभने । (4) फन्ध फन्धने । (5) मिुॉँ॒ सम्प्प्रहाये । (6) रुध ्- रुविॉँ॒य ्आियणे । (7) याध ्- याध सॊलसद्धौ । (8) व्मि ताडने । (9) शधु शौच े। (10) साध सॊलसद्धौ । (11) लसध्म - श्मन ्विकयण - लसध ्धात ु- विधु सॊयाद्धौ ।

7.नकारान्त 2. (1) भन्म - श्मन ्विकयण -भन ्धात ु- भनॉँ॒ ऻाने । (2) हन दहॊसागत्मो् ।

8.ऩकारान्त 13. (1) आऩ ्- अपरृॉ व्मापतौ । (2) क्षऺऩ प्रेयणे । (3) छुऩ स्ऩश े। (4) तऩ ्- तऩ सन्ताऩ े। (5) ततऩ ्- ततऩृॉँ॒ ऺयणे । (6) तपृम - श्मन ्विकयण - तऩृ ्धात ु- तऩृ प्रीणने । (7) दृपम- श्मन ्विकयण - दृऩ ्धात ु- दृऩ हिमभोहनमो् । (8) लरऩॉ उऩदेहे ।



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(9) रऩु ्- रपुर ृछेदन े। (10) िऩ ्- डुिऩॉ फीजसन्ताने । (11) शऩ ्- शऩॉ अिोश े। (12) स्िऩ ्- धञष्िऩ ्शमे । (13) सऩृ ्- सपृरृॉ गतौ । भकारान्त 3. (1) मब भथैुने । (2) यबॉँ॒ याबस्म े। (3) रब ्- डुरबॉि ्प्रापतौ । मकारान्त 4. (1) गभ - गम्प्रृॉ गतौ । (2) नभ ्- णभ प्रह्ित्िे शब्दे च । (3) मभ ्- मभुॉ उऩयभ े। (4) यभ ्- यभुॉ िीडामाभ ्। शकारान्त 10. (1) िुश आह्िाने योदने च । (2) दॊश दशन े। (3) ददश अततसऻमन े। (4) दृश ्- दृलशय ्प्रेऺणे । (5) भशृ श्राभशमने । (6) रुश दहॊसामाभ ्

(7) रुश रयश दहॊसामाभ ्। (8) लरशॉ अलऩीबािे । (9) विश प्रिेशने । (10)स्ऩशृ सॊस्ऩश े। िकायान्त 11. (1) कृि विरेखन े। (2) ल्त्ििॉ दीपतौ । (3) तिु प्रीती । (4) द्वििॉ श्रप्रीतौ । (5) दिु िकृैत्मे । (6) ऩषु्म - श्मन ्विकयण - ऩिु ्धात ु- ऩिु ऩषु्टौ । (7) वऩि ्- वऩष्रृॉ सञ्ज्चूणमने ।



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(8) विि ्- विष्रृॉ व्मापतौ । (9) लशि ्- लशि दहॊसामाभ ्। (10) शिु शोिणे । (11) ल्श्रष्म - श्मन ्विकयण - ल्श्रि ्धात ु- ल्श्रि श्रालरङ्गने । सकायान्त 2. (1) धस ्- धस्रृॉ अदन े। (2) िसतत - बौिाददक िस ्धात ु- िस तनिास े। हकायान्त 8. (1) दह बस्भीकयणे । (2) ददहॉ उऩचमे । (3) दहुॉ प्रऩयूणे । (4) नह - णहॉ फन्धने । (5) लभह सेचने । (6) रुह फीजजन्भतन प्रादबुामिे च । (7) लरहॉ आस्िादन े। (8) िहॉ प्राऩणे । (1+6+1+15+16+11+2+13+3+4+10+11+2+8 =103) So these 103 एकाच ्हरन्त अनदुात्त् dhatus will not allow इट् -आगभ by sutra 7/2/10. Other than these are सेट् dhatus eg. खाद्, ऩठ्, लरख ्



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1.5. Classification of Dhatus into Two groups based on कभम.

Chart 1.5.

This is based on the sutra र् कभमणण च बािे चाकभमकेभ्म् 3-4-69

रकाया् सकभमकेभ्म् धातभु्म् कत्तमरय, कभमणण च अकभमकेभ्म् धातभु्म् कभमणण, बािे च बिल्न्त।

The Lakaras indicate karta and karma of a सकभमक dhatu and karta and Bhava of an अकभमक dhatu. Generally in a ततङन्तभ ्, dhatu denotes Kriya (action), whereas the ततङ् प्रत्मम denotes

I. कत्ताम in कत्तमरयप्रमोग् of both सकभमक and अकभमक dhatus.

II. कभम in कभमणणप्रमोग् of सकभमक dhatus only. III. बाि itself in बािेप्रमोग् of अकभमक dhatus only.

धातु

सकभमकधातु

कत्तमरयप्रमोग् कभमणणप्रमोग्

अकभमकधात ु

कत्तमरयप्रमोग् बािपे्रमोग्

This classification is for all 10रकायs, useful only in कभमणण प्रमोग् and बािेप्रमोग्. कभमणण प्रमोग् for सकभमकधातsु बािेप्रमोग् for अकभमकधातsु.



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1. सकभमकधातु are those dhatus which will have a कभम (object of किमा) separately in

second case (द्वितीमा विबल्क्त्)

In a sentence. Eg. याभ् ग्राभॊ गच्छछतत . Here ग्राभॊ is object कभम of Verb गच्छछतत.

So गभ ्धातु is सकभमक. Pratyaya तत indicates karta.

2. अकभमकधातु are those dhatus which will not have a कभम (object of किमा) separately in

second case (द्वितीमा विबल्क्त्).

In a sentence. Eg. याभ् बितत । Here there is no object कभम of Verb बितत.

So बूधातु is अकभमक.

3. कत्तमरयप्रमोग – Active voice – This is in the case of both सकभमकधातु & अकभमकधातु, here कताम will be in प्रथभाविबल्क्त् & कभम in द्वितीमाविबल्क्त्.

Eg. याभ् यािणॊ हल्न्त । Here in kriyapadam हल्न्त, Pratyaya तत indicates karta.

4. कभमणणप्रमोग – Passive voice – This is only in the case of सकभमकधातु, here कताम will be

in ततृीमाविबल्क्त् & कभम in प्रथभाविबल्क्त्.

Eg.याभेण यािण् हन्मते।

Here in kriyapadam हन्मत,े pratyaya त ेindicates karma.

All other karaka will remain unchanged.

5. बािेप्रमोग – (Impersonal form)This is only in the case of अकभमकधातु.

Here कताम will be in ततृीमाविबल्क्त् and since there is no कभम there won’t be first

case.

Eg. याभेण बूमते, गोविन्देन स्थीमते In this बािेप्रमोग always the dhatu will be in प्रथभऩुरुि एकिचन only.

The word बाि् here means किमा/व्माऩाय् (Activity)

So बािेप्रमोग indicates only धात्िथम् i.e. activity.



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1.6. Summary of Classification of Dhatus and their uses.

Chart 1.6

धातु्

गण knowledge

like भ्िादद्, अदादद् etc.

useful for सािमधातुक रकाय (रट्, रोट्, रङ्, विधधलरङ्) and सािमधातुकप्रत्ममs - शत ृ/ शानच-्

only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग्

इट् knowledge

ie. सेट्, अतनट् & िेट्

useful for all आधमधातुक रकाय (लरट्, रुट्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ्, रुङ्, रङृ्) and for आधमधातुकप्रत्मम like तव्म

etc. both in कत्तमरय and कभमणणप्रमोग्

ऩयस्भैऩदी, आत्भनेऩदी,

उबमऩदी

useful only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग् for all 10 lakaras

and शत ृ/ शानच ्प्रत्ममा्

All धातुs are आत्भनेऩदी only in

कभमणण and बािेप्रमोग

सकभमक अकभमक useful for कभमणण प्रमोग /बािेप्रमोग

for all 10 lakaras



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Example 1 : ब ूसत्तामाभ ्

Example 2 : मज देिऩजूासङ्गततकयणदानेि ु

धातु् ब ू

भ्िाददगण useful forरट्, रोट्, रङ्, विधधलरङ् -सािमधातुकरकाया् in

kartari prayoga only.

सेट्

useful for लरट्, रुट्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ्, रुङ्,रङृ् -

आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartare and karmani prayoga.

अकभमक useful for bhava

prayogah

ऩयस्भैऩदी useful for all 10

lakaras in kartari prayoga only.

in karmani/ bhave, all dhatus are Atmanepadi only, in all 10 lakaras.

So this is also Atmanipadi .

धातु् मज ्



अतनट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartari and karmani prayoga.

सकभमक useful for karmani

prayogah

उबमऩदी useful for all 10






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Example 3 : जाग ृतनद्राऺमे

Example 4: डुरबि ्प्रापतौ

धातु् जाग ृ

अदाददगण useful forरट्, रोट्, रङ्, विधधलरङ् -सािमधातुकरकाया् in


सेट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartari and karmani prayoga.

अकभमक useful for bhava

prayogah

ऩयस्भैऩदी useful for all 10




धातु् रब ्



अतनट्


आधमधातुकरकाया् both in kartare and karmani prayoga.

सकभमक useful for karmani

prayogah

आत्भनेऩदी useful for all 10

lakaras in kartare prayoga only.





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List of sutras used.

सािमधातुके मक् 3-1-67

कतमरय शऩ ् 3-1-68

ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्3-1-69 स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् 3-1-73 तुदाददभ्म् श् 3-1-77

रुधाददभ्म् श्नभ ्3-1-78

तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् 3-1-79

क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3-1-81

अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72

जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2-4-75 आधमधातुकस्मेड् िरादे् 7-2-35

आद्मन्तौ टककतौ 1/ 1/46 . एकाच उऩदेश ेऽनुदात्तात॥् रसक_४७७ = ऩा_७,२.१०॥2246



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ॐ Section 2

Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi



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Note – 1.लशत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains श ्as इत ्िणम is called लशत ्pratyaya.

2.वऩत ्- A pratyaya which contains ऩ ्as इत ्िणम is called वऩत.्

3.अवऩत ्- A pratyaya which doesn’t contain ऩ ्as इत ्िणम is called अवऩत.्

अवऩत ्means वऩत ्लबन्न = Nonवऩत.्

4.ककत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains क् as इत ्िणम is called ककत ्pratyaya.

5.ङङत ्pratyaya - A pratyaya which contains ङ् as इत ्िणम is called ङङत ्pratyaya.

Classification of Pratyayas of Third chapter of Ashtadhyayi –

2.1 Classification as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam

These pratyayas are broadly classified as Sarvadhatukam and Ardhadhutakam bassed on sutras

ततङ्लशत्सािमधातकुभ ्3/4/113 and आधमधातकुॊ शिे् 3/4/114.

Chart 2.1

2.2 - Classification Sarvadhatuka pratyayas.

ततङ्लशत्सािमधातकुभ ्3/4/113 pratyayas

अष्टाध्मामी ततृीमाध्मामे प्रत्ममs

सािमधातुकभ ्

By sutra

ततङ्लशत्सािमधातुकभ ्3/4/113

see chart 2

आधमधातुकभ ्

By sutra

see chart 3



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By this sutra ततङ्9 and लशत ्are called Sarvadhatukam.

a) ततङ् pratyayas that is रट्, रोट्, रङ्, विधधलरङ् are called Sarvadhatukam. So these 4 lakaras are also called as सािमधातकुरकायs.

b) लशत ्pratyaya – This is also called सािमधातकुभ.् Eg. शत ृpratyaya. - Here श ्is इत ्िणम by sutra रशक्ितवद्धत1े0 1/3/8, so it is a लशत ्pratyaya. Hence Sarvadhatuka. Note – सािमधातकुभ ्= सािमधातकुप्रत्ममs + सािमधातकुरकायs. Any one will include other also. All are used as synonymously.Chart 2.2

Chart 2.2a – Classification of Sardhatuka pratyayas as वऩत ्and अवऩत.्

The Sarvadhatuka pratyayas are further classified as वऩत ्and अवऩत,् this classification is useful for Guna operations. This based on following sutras.

सािमधातकुभवऩत ्1/2/4 A अवऩत ्Sarvadhatuka pratyaya is considered as ङङत.्

9 For details of ततङ् see book padam tin prakaranam.

10 For this sutra see book Padam - it prakaranam.

सािमधातुक - प्रत्मम् ततङ्लशत्सािमधातुकभ ्3/4/113

ततङ्

रट्, रोट्,

रङ्, विधधलरङ्

लशत ्

शत ृ& शानच ्



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ल्क्क्ङतत च 1-1-5. The ककत,् धगत ्and ङङत ्pratyayas will stop Guna and Vridhhi of इक11 letters in a dhatu12.

So all Sarvadhatuka अवऩत ्which are ङङत ्by 1/2/4, will stop Guna and Vriddhi by 1/1/5.

Whereas all Sarvadhatuka वऩत ्will not stop Guna and Vriddhi.

1. Example of a वऩत ्pratyaya. Consider pratyaya ततऩ ्this is a ततङ् pratyaya of रट्. In ततऩ,् ऩ ्is a इत ्िणम by sutra हरन्त्मभ ्1/3/313 and इत ्letter ऩ ्gets lopa by sutra तस्म रोऩ् 1/3/9. So in ततऩ,् तत alone remains. So ततऩ(्=तत) is Sarvadhatuka by 3/4/113 and also a वऩत ्pratyaya.

11

इक् means इ/ ई, उ/ ऊ, ऋ / क, ऌ. 12

To be more precise it should be अङ्ग, but for easy understanding we are using dhatu directly. 13

For details of it and this sutra see Padam it prakarana.

सािमधातुक - प्रत्मम्

वऩत ्

ततऩ ्(= तत) etc.

This is वऩत ्, so allows Guna.

अवऩत ्(= non वऩत)्

तस ्(त्),शत ृ& शानच ्etc.

These are nonवऩत ्,so no Guna.

अवऩत ् will become ङङत ्and stops guna.



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Consider sutra सिमधातकुाधामतकुमो् 7/3/84 which says if an अङ्ग (Anga) contains इक् letter at its end and followed by a Sarvadhatukam or Ardhatukam, then such a इक् letter will replaced by its suitable Guna. A) इण ्गतौ here dhatu is इ in the sense of motion. It’s prathama purusha

ekavachana roopam is as follows

इ + ततऩ ् 7/3/84 guna ए तत एतत B) जाग ृ ततऩ ् 7/3/84 guna जागय ् तत जागतत म

2. All अवऩत ्(= non वऩत)् pratyayas will not allow Guna to take place, even if there is a provision.

Here first अवऩत ्pratyayas will become ङङत ्by sutra सािमधातकुभवऩत ्1/2/4, being ङङत ्it will stop guna by sutra ल्क्क्ङतत च 1-1-5. So अवऩत ्pratyayas will not allow Guna to happen. Eg. 1. जाग ृ+ तस ् जाग ृ त् जागतृ्

Since this is a वऩत ्pratyaya this won’t stop guna

of sutra 7/3/84, so इ gets replaced by ए.



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2. Here also no guna.

इ + तस ् इ + त् इत्

Since this is a अवऩत,् so will not allow Guna.



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2.3 – Classification of Ardhadhatuka pratyayas as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas and Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas.

Ardhadhatukam is defined by sutra आधमधातकुॊ शिे् 3/4/114. A pratyaya which is not a Sarvadhatuka is called Ardhatuka.

a) Lakaras लरट्, रटु्, रटृ्, आशीलरमङ् रङु्, रङृ् are Ardhatukas, so they are also called as Ardhadhatuka Lakaras.

b) All pratyayas which are Non लशत ्will be Ardhadhatukas. eg. तव्म, क्त्िा, तभुनु ्etc.

Chart 2.3

आधमधातकुभ ्

लरट्, रटु्, रटृ्,

आशीलरमङ्, रङु्, रङृ्

आधमधातकुरकाय

non लशत ्

ककत ्/ ङङत ्

No Guna or Vridhhi

नी + क्त = नीतभ ्

Non ककत ्/Nonङङत ्

Others

will cause Guna

eg.तव्म, तभुनु ्etc.

नी+तव्म = नेतव्मभ ्

धञत ्/ णणत ्

Will cause Vriddhi

ऩच ्+ घञ ् = ऩाक् नी + ण्दिरु ्= नामक्



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2.3a. Classification of Non लशत ्Ardhadhatuka as ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas 1. Again these Non लशत ्Ardhadhatuka are classified as ककत ्/ ङङत ्

pratyayas and Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्pratyayas. 2. This classification helps us to understand Guna & Vriddhi.

The ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyayas will not allow Guna and vridhi to take place, i.e. they will stop Guna Vriddhi by sutra ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

eg. नी dhatu and क्त pratyaya, since pratyaya is Ardhadhatuka and is ककत ्there won’t be guna for dhatu.

chart 2.3a.

नी + क्त नी + त नी त नीतभ ्

Non लशत ्आधमधातुकभ ्

ककत ्/ ङङत ्

No Guna or Vridhhi




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2.3b. classification of Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत ्into धञत ्/ णणत ्and other pratyayas.

i. The धञत ्/ णणत ्pratyayas will allow Vriddhi to take place if there is a provision.

Eg. 1. ब ू+ घञ ्= बौ अ = बाि ्अ = बाि , here घञ(्=अ) is धञत,् so vriddhi of dhatu’s ऊ. Vriddhi of ऊ is औ. Eg.2. नी + ण्दिरु ्= नी + अक = न ्ई +अक = न+ैअक = नाम ्अक = नामक् . Here ण्दिरु ्(=अक) is णणत.् So Vriddhi of dhatu’s ई, Vriddhi of ई is ऐ.

ii. Other pratyayas will allow only guna to take place, if there is a provision.

Eg.1. नी + तव्म = ने+ तव्म = नेतव्मभ.् Here तव्म is Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत,् so other Ardhadhatuka pratyaya, so guna. Guna of ई is ए . Eg.2. श्र ु+ तभुन ्= श्रु + तभु ्= श्रो + तभु ्= श्रोतभु ्. Here तभुन ्is Non ककत ्/ Non ङङत.् so other Ardhadhatuka pratyaya, so Guna. Guna of उ is ओ.



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Chart 2.3b.

Non लशत ्आधमधातुकभ ्

Non ककत ्/Nonङङत ्

Others

will cause Guna

eg.तव्म, तुभुन ्etc.

नी+तव्म = नेतव्मभ ्

धञत ्/ णणत ्

Will cause Vriddhi

ऩच ्+ घञ ् = ऩाक् नी + ण्दिुर ्= नामक्



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2. 3c. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातकुभ ्as ककत ्and ङङत ्to stop Guna गणु / Vriddhi िवृद्ध of इक् िणमs and also सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्(sutra 1/1/45) of मण ्िणमs of a धातु् or an अङ्गभ ्

.

Chart 2.3c.

ककत ्/ ङित ्- आधमधातकु प्रत्मम.

ककत ्

stops Guna and Vriddhi


सम्प्प्रसायणभ ्- Samprasaranam िऩ ्क्त्िा =उऩ ्त्िा

=उपत्िा

ङित ्stops Guna and Vriddhi and other functions

like ई आदेश etc.

अध्मगा स ्त = अध्मगीष्ट by 6/4/66. This is

beyond scope of this book, just

given for sake of example.



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2.3d - Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ्as िरादद and अिरादद for sake of इट्

आगभ –

Note-

1. र्ऱ ् is a प्रत्माहाय which contains all Vyanjanas expect मकाय.

so िर ्= हर ्- म ् = व्मञ्ज्जन – मकाय.

2. र्ऱादद आधवधातुक प्रत्यय If िर-्िणम is at beginning of a आधमधातुक प्रत्मम then it

is called िरादद आधमधातुक प्रत्मम. Eg. तव्म, तुभुन ्etc.

3. इट् is an आगभ (Augmentive) which is added at the beginning of a prescribed

pratyaya. In इट् only इ remains, because ट् is इत्.

I. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a

िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a सेट् धातु. II. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is not added at beginning of a

िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a अतनट् धातु. III. इट् - आगभ (Augmentive) is added at beginning of a

िरादद-आधमधातुक प्रत्मम if dhatu is a िेट् धातु.



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Chart 2.3d. Classification of Ardhadhatuka आधमधातुकभ ् as िरादद and अिरादद for sake of

इट् आगभ –

आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

िरादद आधमधातुक प्रत्मम

इट् - आगभ for सेट् धातु

eg. तव्म- प्रत्मम बू + तव्मभ ्

= बू + इतव्मभ ्

= बवितव्मभ.्

Non-िरादद-आधमधातुक-प्रत्मम (=मकायाददप्रत्मम

& अजादद प्रत्मम)

NO इट् - आगभ for सेट् धातु

Eg. मत ्प्रत्मम ब+ूमत ्= बि+्म = बव्मभ.्

eg. अनीमय ्प्रत्मम. ब+ूअनीमय ्= बि ्अनीम =

बिनीमभ ्



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2.4. Summary of Classification of pratyayas and their uses.

Chart 1.6

प्रत्मम

knowledge of

सािमधातुक

useful for सािमधातुक रकाय (रट्, रोट्, रङ्, विधधलरङ्) and सािमधातुकप्रत्ममs - शत ृ/ शानच-्

only in कत्तमरयप्रमोग्

knowledge of

आधमधातुक.

useful for इट् - आगभ ,

for all सेट्, अतनट्,िेट् dhatus, both in कत्तमरय and कभमणणप्रमोग्

knowledge of ऩयस्भैऩद, आत्भनेऩद for all 10 lakaras

and शत ृ/शानच ्प्रत्ममा्

सकभमक अकभमक useful for कभमणण प्रमोग /बािेप्रमोग .

knowledge of ककत ् Guna prohibition and Samprasaranam

knowledge of ङङत ् Guna prohibition

knowledge of वऩत ् Allows Guna in sarvadhatuka.

knowledge of अवऩत ् stops Guna in sarvaddhatuka.

धञत ्/ णणत ् Allows Vriddhi



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धातुऩाठस्थाधातु् 1/3/2

धातु्

+ ततङ्

ततङन्तभ ्

किमाऩदभ ्/ ऩदभ ्

Ready for use in a sentence.

+ कृत ्

कृदन्तभ ्

प्राततऩददकभ ्

+ सुँऩ ्

सुफन्तभ ्

ऩदभ/् नाभऩदभ ्

Ready for use in a sentence.

+ सनाददप्रत्मम

सनाद्मन्त्

धातु् 3/1/32



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11/27/2017

11/27/2017

प्राततऩददकभ ्

अव्मुत्ऩन्न प्राततऩददकभ ्

सफुन्तभ ्

कृदन्तभ ्

तद्धतान्तम ्

Some pratyayas

like काम्प्मच,् क्मच ् etc. are

added to

subanta to get

new Dhatu by

Two or more Subantas, syntactically

connected, will undergo samasa

and become a single pratipadika

तवद्धतप्रत्ममा् Add

सुऩ ्

व्मतु्ऩन्न

अव्मतु्ऩन्न



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ॐ

Section 3

Few कृत ्प्रत्ययs



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तव्म/ अनीम

तव्मत्तव्मानीमय् 3-1-96

अन0ु - धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् तव्मत ्तव्म अनीमय ्इत्मेत ेप्रत्ममा् बिल्न्त ।

The pratyayas तव्मत,् तव्म and अनीमय ्come after verbal roots, in the sense of कभमणण (passive) and

बािे (impersonal).

उदा0 - कँ॒ त्तमँ॒ व्मोभ ्। कँ॒ त्तमव्मोभ ्। कँ॒ यँ॒णीमभ ्।

याभेण ऩसु्तकाणण ऩदठतव्मातन / ऩठनीमातन

In तव्मत,् त ्is इत,् so तव्म remains.

In तव्म no इत,् so तव्म remains.

In अनीमय,् य ्is इत,् so अनीम remains.

Not e - तव्मत ्/ तव्म = तव्म, though these two are same for all practical purpose, but difference in इत ्varna त ्is useful only in svara prakriya.

तव्मत ्/ तव्म = तव्म

अलशत ्, so Ardhatuka by 3/1/114

अककत ्/अङङत ्- hence allows guna by 7/3/84 and 86.

िराददप्रत्मम - so इट् आगभ by 7/2/35

for सेट् dhatus.

सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is a must

All these three are अलशत,् so Ardhadhatuka by sutra 3/1/114.

All these three are अककत/्अङङत ्(= nonककत ्/ nonङङत)्, so won’t stop guna. So guna takes place for

dhatus by sutra 7/3/84 and 7/3/86.

The तव्मत ्& तव्म contains त ्at beginning, which is a िर ्letter, so both are िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम.

So takes इट् आगभ for सेट् dhatus, by sutra 7/2/35.



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Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after ल्ज.

ल्ज + तव्म जेतव्म

Example – 2.Consider ल्ज dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after ल्ज.

ल्ज + अनीम जे अनीम

जे अनीम जम ्अनीम = जमनीम

Example – 3.Consider ब ूdhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of बािे after बू.

अनीमय ्(अनीम)



अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

Though तव्म is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तव्म is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.

अनीम is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ए becomes अम ्



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ब ू+ तव्म बो इतव्म

बो इतव्म बि ्इतव्म = बवितव्म

Example – 4.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after बू. ब ू+ अनीम बो अनीम

बो अनीम बि ्अनीम = बिनीम. Example – 5.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ तव्म स्भय ्+ तव्म = स्भतमव्म

Example – 6.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ अनीम स्भय ्अनीम = स्भयणीम14

14

Here न ्becomes ण ् due to presence of य ्by sutra 8/4/2.

तव्म is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम and is अककत/्अङङत.् So by 7/2/35 इट् agama and by 7/3/84 guna.

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78 ओ becomes अि ्

अनीम is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna..

Though तव्म is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तव्म is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna , so by 7/3/84 guna.

अनीम is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत.् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna.

अमादद सल्न्ध 6/1/78

ओ becomes अि ्



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Example – 7.Consider लरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of कभमणण after लरख.् लरख ्+ तव्म रेख ्इतव्म = रेणखतव्म. Example – 8.Consider लरख ्dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after लरख.्

लरख ्+ अनीम रेख ्अनीम = रेखनीम

Example –9.Consider भदु् dhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense of बािे after भदु्. भदु् + तव्म भोद् इतव्म = भोददतव्म Example –10. Consider भदु् dhatu, When by 3-1-96, अनीम is added after भदु्.

भुद् + अनीम भोद् अनीम = भोदनीम

Similarly कृ कतमव्मभ/् कयणीम ऩठ् ऩदठतव्मभ,् ऩठनीमभ ् ऩच ् ऩक्तव्मभ ्/ ऩचनीमभ ्


अनीम is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् so allows guna, so by 7/3/86 guna.


अनीम is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, अनीम is अककत/्अङङत,् so allows guna, so by 7/3/86 guna.



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All तव्म-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द and अनीमय-्प्रत्ममान्तशब्दs in ऩुल्लरङ्ग will be like याभशब्द, in स्त्रीलरङ्ग will be like यभाशब्द, in नऩुॊसकलरङ्ग will be like परशब्द.

कृ = कतमव्म्/कतमव्मा/कतमव्मभ ्and कयणीम्/कयणीमा / कयणीमभ ्.

ब ू= बवितव्म् / बवितव्मा /बवितव्मभ ्and बिनीम् / बिनीमा / बिनीमभ.्



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ण्दिुर ्& तचृ ्

ण्दिुलतचृौ 3/1/133

धातुभ्म् णुिलतचृौ प्रत्ममौ बित् कत्रमथे

The pratyaya ण्दिुर ्and तचृ ्are placed after all dhatus in the sense of karta(agent).

उदा0 - कायक्, हायक्, ऩाठक् । कताम, हताम, ऩदठता ।

Consider ण्दिुर,् here both ण ्and र ्are इत ्by 1/3/7 and 1/3/8 िु remains and this ि ुbecomes अक by sutra 7/1/1.

So ण्दिुर ्= िु = अक. This is अलशत ्so sarvadhatuka by 3/1/114, णणत ्allows vriddhi, अिराददप्रत्मम so no इट् आगभ by 7/2/35, hence knowledge of सेट् अतनट् and िेट् is of no use.

तचृ ्= त.ृ Here च ्is इत ्by 1/3/3.

This is अलशत ्so Ardhatuka, Also अककत ्/अङङत ्hence doesn’t stops guna, that is allows guna of sutras 7/3/84 & 86. Also िराददप्रत्मम, so इट् आगभ by 7/2/35 for सेट् dhatus, hence knowledge of सेट् अतनट् and िेट् is a must.

मिुोयनाकौ 7/1/1

म ुि ुइतत एतमो् िभाद् अन अक इत्मेतौ आदेशौ बित्

म ुwill be replaced by अन and ि ुwill be replaced by अक.

Eg –1.Consider लमटु्, here र ्and ट् are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7,म ुremains and becomes अन. So लमटु् = अन.

2. Consider ण्दिरु,् here both ण ्and र ्are इत ्by 1/3/7 & 8, ि ुremains and becomes अक. So ण्दिरु ्= अक.



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Example – 1.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-133, ण्दिरु ्is added in

sense of कतमरय after स्भ.ृ

स्भ ृ+ ण्दिरु ् by 7/1/1 स्भ ृ+ अक = स्भ ्ऋ + अक

स्भ ्आय ्+ अक = स्भायक Example – 2.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-133, तचृ ्is added

in sense of कतमरय after स्भ.ृ

ण्दिुर ् = अक

अलशत ्so Ardhatuka by 3/1/114

णणत ् - hence Vriddhi by 7/2/115 and 116.

अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ.

सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

तचृ ्= त ृ






ण्दिुर ्is अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

णणत ्- so vriddhi by 7/2/115. Vriddhi of ऋ is आय.्



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स्भ ृ+ त ृunder this condition though त ृis a िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but being अतनट्, there won’t be इट् agama by 7/2/35.

स्भ ृ+ त ृ स्भय ्+ त ृ = स्भतृम

Example – 3.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-133, ण्दिरु ्is added in sense

of कतमरय.

ऩठ् + ण्दिरु ् by 7/1/1 ऩठ् + अक = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अक

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अक = ऩाठक Example – 4.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-1-133, तचृ ्is added in

sense of कतमरय

ऩठ् + त ृunder this condition though त ृis a िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, dhatu being सेट्, there will be इट् agama by 7/2/35. ऩठ् + इ त ृ= ऩठ् + इत ृ

ऩठ् + इत ृ ऩदठत ृ

Similarly ऩाचक / ऩक्त ृ. नी dhatu नामक/ नेत ृ. कृ dhatu कायक/ कतृम लरख ्dhatu रेखक/रेणखत ृ

All ण्दिरु ्-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द in ऩलु्लरङ्ग will be like याभशब्द. so ऩाचक् नामक् कायक् रेखक् etc.

अककत/्अङङत ्Ardhadhatuka, allows guna. So by 7/3/84 guna. So ऋ = अय ्

ण्दिुर ्is अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

णणत ्so उऩधा vriddhi by 7/2/116. Vriddhi of अ is आ.

No इक् letters in dhatu so no guna provision.



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In स्त्रीलरङ्ग they will get इका at the end and become as ऩाधचका नातमका रेणखका कारयका and forms will be like यभाशब्द,

In नऩुॊसकलरङ्ग forms will be like परशब्द. so ऩाचकभ ्नामकभ ् कायकभ ्रेखकभ ्

All तचृ ्-प्रत्ममान्तशब्द in ऩुल्लरङ्ग are ऋकायान्तशब्द ऩक्त ृनेत ृकतृम रेणखत.ृ

In स्त्रीलरङ्ग they will get at the end and become as ऩक्त्री, नेत्री कत्री and forms will be like नदीशब्द.

In नऩुॊसकलरङ्ग also forms will be ऋकायान्तशब्द ऩक्त ृनेत ृकतृम रेणखत.ृ



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क्त / क्तितुॉ pratyayas

1-1-26 क्तक्तित ूतनष्ठा .

अथम् - क्तक्तित ूप्रत्ममौ तनष्ठासॊऻकौ बित् ।

उदा0 - ऩदठत्, ऩदठतिान ्। धचत् धचतिान ्। स्ततु् स्ततुिान ्। लबन्न् लबन्निान ्। ऩक्ि् ऩक्ििान ्।

The affixes क्त and क्तितुॉ are called Nishtha. क्तितुॉ तित ्

Here in क्त - क् is इत ्by 1/3/8, so क्त = त. In क्तितुॉ both क् and उॉ are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/2 respectively. So क्तितुॉ = तित.्

3-2-102 तनष्ठा अन0ु - बतू,े धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् बतू ेकार ेतनष्ठाप्रत्मम् ऩयश्च बितत । क्तक्तित ूतनष्ठा (1/1/26) इत्मनेध तनष्ठा सॊऻा कृता तौ तनष्ठासॊऻकौ प्रत्ममौ बतू ेकारे बित् ।

The pratyayas called तनष्ठा come after a dhatu, employed with the sense of past tense.

उदा0 - लबन्न्, लबन्निान ्। बकु्त्, बकु्तिान ्। कृत्, कृतिान ्।

The तनष्ठा pratyays viz. क्त and क्तितुॉ are used in sense of past tense and are called as past

participle in English.

क्त is used in कभमणण (passive) and बािे (impersonal).

Where as क्तितुॉ is used in sense of कतमरय (active).

Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तितुॉ in कतमरय after ल्ज.

क्त / क्तितुॉ


ककत ्- hence stops guna by

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.



सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is a must.



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ल्ज + क्त ल्ज + त = ल्जत

Similarly ल्ज + क्तितुॉ ल्ज + तित ्= ल्जतित ्

Example – 2.Consider लरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तितुॉ in कतमरय after लरख ्. लरख ्+ क्त लरख ्इत = लरणखत Similarly लरख ्+ क्तितुॉ लरख ्+ इतित ्= लरणखतित ्

Though क्त/क्तितुॉ is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. क्त्िा is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

क्त/क्तितुॉ is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. क्त/क्तितुॉ is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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Example – 3.Consider िच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-2-102, क्त is added in sense of कभमणण or क्तितुॉ in कतमरय after िच.्

िच ्+ क्त िच1्5 + त

उ च ्त उ क् त = उक्त

Similarly िच ्+ क्तितुॉ = उ क् तित ्= उक्तित.्

ल्ज dhatu - ल्जत्/ ल्जतभ ्/ ल्जता. ल्जतित ्/ ल्जतिती / ल्जतित ् लरख ्dhatu – लरणखत्/ लरणखतभ/् लरणखता. लरणखतित ्/ लरणखतिती / लरणखतित ्

ऩठ् dhatu – ऩदठत् / ऩदठता / ऩदठतभ ्. ऩदठतित ्/ ऩदठतिती / ऩदठतित ् िच ्dhatu - उक्त् / उक्तभ ्/ उक्ता. उक्तित ्/ उक्तिती / उक्तित.्

Example sentences –

यभमा ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदठतभ ्

याभेण ऩुस्तकातन ऩदठतातन

याभ् ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदठतिान ्

यभा ऩुस्तकभ ्ऩदठतिती

15

For details of samprasaram see 1/1/46, 6/1/15 and 6/1/108 page 9 and 10.


By िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 samprasaranam takes place ि becomes उ

Here च ्becomes क्



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तुभुन ्pratyaya

तुभुन्ण्दिुरौ किमामाॊ किमाथाममाभ ्3-3-10

किमाथाम किमा - An action intended for the future action.

उऩऩद - conjunction

किमाथाममाभ ्किमामाभ ्उऩऩदे बविष्मत्मथे धातो् तुभुन ्ण्दिुर ्इत्मेतौ प्रत्ममौ बित् ।

The तभुनु ् and ण्दिरु ्pratyaya are added to a dhatu in the sense of future, which is used in conjuction

with an action intended for the future action.

Example - ऩदठतभु ्गच्छछतत He is going for the purpose of reading.

Here गच्छछतत is a किमाथाम किमा, which is intended for reading and which is in conjunction (उऩऩद) with the dhatu ऩठ्. So तभुनु ्is added to ऩठ्, we get ऩदठतभु.्

In तभुुॉन ्pratyaya उॉ and न ् are इत ्by 1/3/2 and 1/3/3. So तभु ्remains.

तुभुॉन ्= तुभ ्








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Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु ्is added.

ल्ज + तभुुॉन ् जे + तभु ्= जेतभु ्

Example – 2.Consider लरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु.् लरख ्+ तभु ् रेख ्इतुभ ्= रेणखतुभ ् Example – 3. Consider िच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-10, तभुुॉन ्= तभु ्is added.

िच ्+ तभुुॉन ् िक् + तभु ्= िक्तभु ्

Similarly स्भतुमभ ्कतुमभ ्बवितभु ्ऩदठतभु ्श्रोतभु ्ऩातभु ्दातभु ्etc.

All तभुनु-्प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are अव्ममs (indeclinables).

So in all three lingas, in all 7 vibhaktis and 3vachanas, they will have the same form.

An अव्मम is called as indeclinable in English.

An indeclinable is a word which is same in all 3lingas 3vachanas and 7 vibhaktis.

Though तुभुॉन ्is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. तुभुॉन ्is अककत ्/अङङत,् so allows guna by 7/3/84.

तुभुॉन ्is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. तुभुॉन ्is अककत ्/अङङत,् so allows guna by 7/3/86.

Though तुभुॉन ्is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. Here च ्becomes क्



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क्त्िा pratyaya

सभानकतृमकमो् ऩिूमकारे 3-4-21

सभानकतृमकमो् धात्िथममो् ऩिूमकारे विद्मभानाद् धातो् क्त्िा स्मात ्।

Pratyaya क्त्िा is added after a dhatu which denotes purva kriya (prior action) relative

to some subsequent action provided when karta of both kriyas (action) are same.

When a same karta does two kriyas in sequence, the purva kriya gets त्िा prtayaya.

Here in क्त्िा - क् is इत ्by 1/3/8, so क्त्िा = त्िा.

Example – 1.Consider ल्ज dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-4-21, क्त्िा is added after ल्ज.

ल्ज + क्त्िा ल्ज + त्िा = ल्जत्िा

क्त्िा = त्िा


ककत ्- hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.



सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is a must.

Though क्त्िा is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, but no इट् agama, because dhatu is अतनट्. क्त्िा is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.



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Example – 2.Consider लरख ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-4-21 क्त्िा is added after लरख ्. लरख ्+ क्त्िा लरख ्इ त्िा = लरणखत्िा

Example – 3.Consider िच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-4-21 क्त्िा is added after िच.्

िच ्+ क्त्िा िच1्6 + त्िा

उ च ्त्िा उ क् त्िा = उक्त्िा

Similarly कतुमभ ्कृत्िा श्रुत्िा स्भतृ्िा ऩदठत्िा etc.

All क्त्िा -प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are अव्ममs (indeclinables).

16


क्त्िा is िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, So by 7/2/35 इट् agama. क्त्िा is ककत ्, so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.


By िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 samprasaranam takes place ि becomes उ




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घञ ्pratyaya

बािे 3-3-18

अन0ु - घञ,् धातो् प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - बािे - धात्िथम िाच्छमे धातोघमञ ्प्रत्ममो बितत ।

उदा0 - ऩाक्, त्माग्, याग् । बाि Bhava means धात्िथम means mere action.

The affix घञ ्comes after a root when mere action is denoted.

Here in घञ ्(= घ ्अ ञ)् घ ्& ञ ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7 so घञ ्= अ.

Example – 1.Consider ऩठ् dhatu, which is सकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-18, घञ ्is added in sense of

बािे.

ऩठ् + घञ ् ऩठ् + अ = ऩ ्अ ठ् + अ

ऩ ्आ ठ् + अ = ऩाठ = ऩाठ्

घञ=् अ

अलशत ्so Ardhatuka by 3/1/114

धञत ् - hence Vriddhi by 7/2/115 and 116.

अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ.

सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

ण्दिुर ्is अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use. धञत ्so उऩधा vriddhi by 7/2/116. Vriddhi of अ is आ.



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Example – 2.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-3-18, घञ ्is added in sense of बािे. ब ू+ घञ ् ब ्औ अ

ब ्औ अ ब ्आि ्अ = बाि ्अ = बाि = बाि्

Similarly नश ्- नाश्, फधु ्- फोध् .

मज ्- माग् मजु ् -मोग् ऩच ्ऩाक् त्मज ् - त्माग्17

All घञ ्-प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are like याभशब्द.

17

observe here all चिगम varnas beomes corresponding किगम varnas.

घञ ्is अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use. घञ ्is धञत,् so vriddhi by 7/2/115, vriddhi of ऊ = औ



Note – Apart from बािे, घञ ्is also added in many other senses also.



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लमुट् pratyaya

3-3-115 लमटु् च

अन0ु - नऩुॊसके बािे, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - नऩुॊसकलरङ्गे बािे लमटु् प्रत्ममो बितत । The pratyaya लमटु् is added to the root, when mere action is denoted in the neuter gender.

Consider लमटु्, here र ्and ट् are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/7, मु remains and by sutra 7/1/1 it becomes अन. So लमटु् = अन.

उदा0 - हसनॊ छात्रस्म शोबनभ ्। शमनभ,् आसनभ ्।

Example – 1.Consider ब ूdhatu, When by 3-3-115, लमटु् is added after बू. ब ू+ लमुट् बो अन

बो अन बि ्अन = बिन = बिनभ ्

Example – 2.Consider स्भ ृdhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-1-96, तव्म is added in sense

of कभमणण after स्भ.ृ

लमुट् = अन



अिराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ. सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge is of no use.

लमुट् is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, लमुट् is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna. Also by 7/1/1 लमुट् = अन

लमुट् is a non िरादद Ardhadhatuka प्रत्मम, hence no इट् agama, लमुट् is अककत/्अङङत,् allows guna, so by 7/3/84 guna. Also by 7/1/1 लमुट् = अन





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स्भ ृ+ लमटु् स्भय ्+ अन = स्भयणभ1्8

Similarly हसनभ ्ऩठनभ ्गभनभ ् नमनभ ् मजनभ ् ऩचनभ ्कयणभ ् etc. All लमटु् -प्रत्ममान्त-शब्दs are in नऩुॊसकलरङ्ग and will be like परशब्द.

18

Here न ्becomes ण ् due to presence of य ्by sutra 8/4/2.

Note – Apart from बािे, लमटु् is also added in many other senses. Like कयण instrument, अधधकयण locative etc.



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ल्क्तन ्pratyaya

3-3-94 ल्स्त्रमाॊ ल्क्तन ्

अन0ु - अकत्तमरय च कायके सॊऻामाभ,् बािे, धातो्, प्रत्मम्, ऩयश्च ।

अथम् - धातो् स्त्रीलरङ्ग ेकतृमलबन्ने कायके सॊऻामाॊ बािे च ल्क्तन ्प्रत्ममो बितत ।

To express an action &etc. by a word, The pratyaya ल्क्तन ्is added to a dhatu in sense of बाि or any

other karakas other than karta and is denoted in feminine gender.

Consider ल्क्तन ्pratyaya , क् and न ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/3. So ल्क्तन ्= तत.

उदा0 - कृतत्, धचतत्, भतत् ।

Note – ल्क्तन ्pratyaya a िराददप्रत्मम would have got इट् आगभ for सेट् dhatus by7/2/35, but इट् is prohibited by sutra

तततुत्रतथलससुसयकसेिु च॥7/2/9॥

एिाॊ दशानाॊ कृत्प्रत्ममानाभ ् इड् न बितत ।

These ten िराददप्रत्ममs तत- त-ु त्र etc. will not get इट् आगभ, even when followed by सेट् dhatu.

Because of this sutra तत etc won’t get इट्, even if dhatu is सेट्. Otherwise these pratyayas would

have got इट् आगभ by आधमधातकुस्मेड् िरादे् 7/2/35.

So for 10 pratyayas तत- तु- त्र etc. all dhatus are अतनट् only, due to 7/2/9.



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Example – 1.Consider ब ूdhatu, which is अकभमक and सेट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्= तत is added after बू. Though बू is सेट् and ल्क्तन ्is िराददप्रत्मम, yet इट् आगभ by 7/2/35 will not happen, because 7/2/9 prohibits. ब ू+ ल्क्तन ् ब ू+ ल्क्तन ् ब ू+ तत बूतत = बूतत्

ल्क्तन ्= तत


ककत ्- hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5 and does samprasarana by 6/1/15.

Though िराददप्रत्मम - no इट् आगभ by

7/2/35 even for सेट् dhatus. because इट् is prohibited by 7/2/9.

so सेट् अतनट् िेट् knowledge of no use.

All are अतनट् only.

Since ककत ्- stops guna of

7/3/84 by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5

7/2/35 is prohibited

by 7/2/9, so no इट्



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Example – 2.Consider नी dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्is added after नी.

नी + ल्क्तन ् नी+तत. = नीतत = नीतत्

Example – 3.Consider िच ्dhatu, which is सकभमक and अतनट्. When by 3-3-94, ल्क्तन ्is added after िच.्

िच ्+ ल्क्तन ् उ च1्9 + तत

उ च ्तत उ क् तत = उल्क्त्

Similarly स्भ ृस्भतृत् कृ कृतत् ितृ ्िलृ्त्त् शक् शल्क्त्

भुच ्भुल्क्त् मुज ्मुल्क्त् बज ्बल्क्त् here all चिगम letters have become corresponding किगम

फुध ्फुवद्ध् रब ्रल्ब्ध्

19


ल्क्तन ्is ककत,् so stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

By िधचस्िवऩमजादीनाॊ ककतत 6/1/15 and सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108. samprasaranam takes place ि becomes उ.




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0

Section -5 Lat, lot, vidhilin & lrut Lakara’s & examples



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We all know, to get a we have to add both like etc and to a .

+ + = Here we will study pratyayas for all sarvadhatuka lakaras and for all ganas. Also we derive pratyayas along with s which will be gana specific and are very useful and easy for application, when these pratyayas are added to specified gana dhatus we get .

onsider genera pratyayas given in sutra ततपतल्स्झलसपथस्थलभब्िस्भस्ताताॊझथासाथाॊध्िलभड्िदहभदहङ् (ऩाणणतन सतू्र 3/4/78)20 these are general pratyayas for all lakaras and also for all ganas. These pratyayas will undergo modifications in various ways as per lakaras and ganas here we are going study in case of sarvadhatuka lakaras and also . In sarvadhatuka lakaras these pratyayas will come after

1. in case of 1st 4th 6th 10th gana dhatus and derived dhatus ( ), because of vikarana pratyayas . So all these dhatus common set of pratyayas – see table

2. in case of 5th and 8th ganadhatus, due to vikarana pratyayas & . Many common operations based on this will takes in both these ganas.

3. in 9th Gana due to vikarana pratyaya , so will have its own unique operation.

4. 2nd and 3rd ganas doesn’t have any vikaranas for a pratica purpose, so pratyayas will change as per type of dhatus.

20

For details see book Padam sutra 3/4/78 and table 05



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5. 7th gana is having vikarana which is an gama type, so as per dhatus pratyayas will change.

ऩयस्भऩैद प्रत्ममा्

विबल्क्त् एकिचनभ ् द्वििचनभ ् फहुिचनभ ्

प्रथभऩुरुि् ततऩ ्= तत

1/3/3 & 1/3/9

तस ्

1/3/4

भध्मभऩुरुि् लसऩ ्= शस 1/3/3 & 1/3/9

थस ्

1/3/4 थ

ऩुरुि् लभऩ ्= शम 1/3/3 & 1/3/9

र्स ्

1/3/4

मस ्1/3/4

आत्भनेऩद प्रत्ममा्

विबल्क्त् एकिचनभ ् द्वििचनभ ् फहुिचनभ ्

प्रथभऩुरुि् त

आताम ्1/3/4

भध्मभऩुरुि् थास ्1/3/4

आथाम ्1/3/4

ध्र्म ्1/3/4

ऩुरुि् इट् = इ

1/3/3 & 1/3/9 र्दह भदहङ् मदह 1/3/3 & 1/3/9



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substitutes. The pratyayas णझ/ झ takes various forms either completely or partially for different lakaras and ganas. All these variants are dicussed below for lakaras and finally given in tables. 3-4-108 - । In parasmaipada , pratyaya is replaced by . In is by च 1/3/7, so (= ) remains. Eg - च 3/4/109 च - - : : : च - , , - - - - । The - of a - when followed by either च / or then such is replaced by . In 3rd gana in sarvadhatuka lakara when dhatus gets reduplicated we get Abhyastam, when follows such an Abhyastam it will be replaced by . Though this is , yet causes guna by sutra च 7/3/83.

जुशस 7/3/83, अजादद जुस ्causes guna of anga’s final इक् letter. Under normal condition जुस ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत,् so ङङत ्by 1/2/4,

hence stops guna of इक् letters of anga by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5, but by this sutra जुस ्causes guna of इक् letter of anga. जुस ्is present in both रङ् रकाय of and रोट् रकाय, but this applies only in अजादद जुस ्which is in only रङ् रकाय not in रोट् रकाय which is not a अजादद जुस.् The जुस ्of रङ् रकाय of Abhyasta dhatus (All 3rd gana dhatus and special 7 dhatus - जऺ ्etc. called Abhyasta of 2 gana) etc, causes guna of final इक् letter of anga. – see also 3 gana dhatus.



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3-4-105 - ॥ In Atmanepada , pratyaya is replaced by . In , is not ,due to sutra 1/3/4. Eg – 7-1-3 - । The of a pratyaya will be replaced by So becomes अल्न्त, becomes अन्त ुand becomes अन ् Eg - 7-1-4 - । The of a pratyaya will be replaced by when followed by an anga called . So = , hence becomes . By उब ेअभ्मस्तभ ्6/1/521 and जक्षऺत्मादम् िट्22 6/1/6, all 3rd gana dhatus when doubled and seven dhatus etc. of 2nd gana are called . Consider ब ृin prathama purusha bahuvachana णझ.23 So we have ब ृ+ णझ will become त्रफब ृ+ णझ here by 7/1/4 णझ will be Hence त्रफब ृ+ णझ = त्रफब ृ+ = त्रफभ्रतत, In ब ृin prathama purusha bahuvachana will be . - , । , । 24, । 25, 7-1-5 - । The of a pratyaya will be replaced by when followed by a non- anga in Atmanepada.

21

For details see 2nd

conjugation dhatu. 22

For details see 2nd

conjugation dhatu. 23

For details see 3rd

conjugation ब ृdhatu. 24

Though this is a 2nd

gana yet is called by sutra 6/1/6 25

Though this is a 2nd

gana yet is called by sutra 6/1/6 see 2nd gana dhatus for details



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So = , hence becomes . In atmanepada, we get (= non- ) anga in 5th gana, 7th gana, 8th gana and 9th gana, because all these are having non- gana vikarana pratayayas. Also we get in 2nd gana and 3rd gana because there are no gana vikarana pratyayas. Consider 5th gana - च by 7/1/5 we get च = च 26 Consider 8th gana - by 7/1/5 we get here many rules will apply and finally we get = = 27. Consider 7th gana - by 7/1/5 we get here many rules will apply and finally we get 28 Consider 2nd gana - by 7/1/5 we get = - च , च , च । , , । , , ।

26

See 5th

conjugation example च dhatu for details. 27

See 8th

conjugation example dhatu for details. 28

See 7th

conjugation example dhatu for details.



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substitutes for

substitutes for /

- For all dhatus i.e.

& , substitutes for by 7/1/3.

for =

for =

for for गणs गणs

=

1 to 10 ganas except 3rd gana and special dhatus called Abhyasta of 2gana* by 7/1/3

1,4,6,10 By 7/1/3

=

3rd gana and special dhatus called Abhyasta of 2 gana* by 7/1/4

Non vikarana pratyaya ganas - 2,3,5,7,8,9 ganas by 7-1-5

= In parasmaipada only. Though this is , yet causes guna by sutra च 7/4/83

3rd gana and special dhatus called Abhyasta of 2nd gana, by sutra च 3/4/109.

for for

in all गणs = by sutra 3/4/108

= by sutra 3/4/105



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substitutes. When दह pratyaya comes after अत् = ह्रस्ि

अकायान्त अङ्ग असॊमोगऩूिम उ = ह्रस्ि उकाय not preceded by

सॊमुक्ताऺय

and - of 3rd gana.

coming after

हरन्तधातु of 9th

gana only.

रोट् भध्मभऩरुुि एकिचन – दह

becomes

रुक् अदशमनभ ् by अतो हे् 6-4-105

रुक् अदशमनभ ्by उतश्च प्रत्ममादसॊमोगऩिूामत ् 6-

4-106

श्ना becomes शान

by हर् श्न् शानज्झौ 3-1-83

and then

रक्ु of by

अतो हे् 6-4-105

Because

is

Application area

1,4,6,10 and all derived dhatus. That is in case of

शफन्त, श्मनन्त, शान्त angas.

अजन्तधातुs of 5th gana

and 8th gana dhatus.

dhatu, dhatus of 2nd , 3rd and 7th gana,

हरन्तधातुs of 9th

gana.

In all other places pratyaya doesn’t undergo any change and

remains as only.



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List of Sutras

अतो हे् 6-4-105

अदन्तात ्अङ्गात ्ऩयस्म "दह" प्रत्ममस्म रक्ु बितत । disappears ( ) by term when followd by . Eg. etc. see page 11

उतश्च प्रत्ममादसॊमोगऩिूामत ् 6-4-106

असॊमोगऩिूम् म् उकाय्, तदन्तात ्प्रत्ममात ्ऩयस्म दह-प्रत्ममस्म रक्ु बितत । If of a pratyaya is

final of an then after such a if pratyaya comes. Then such will get disappeared (अदशमनभ)् by term रुक्, see 47.

Eg. च etc.

6/4/101 - : : : - । The is replaced by , when followed immediately by or a .

The above condition happens only in case of s of 2nd, 3rd and 7th gana, because only in these ganas comes immediately after dhatus, where as in all other ganas between dhatu and there is gana vikarana pratyaya like etc.

In case of dhatu though not a , yet becomes , due to its consideration in sutra. Eg - 1) – 3rd gana

+ = by 6/4/101 = .

2) - 2nd gana. is a dhatu + = by 6/4/101 =



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3) 7th gana = 29 by 6/4/101 = 4) 7th gana = by 6/4/101 = 30 = 5) 3rd gana = by 6/4/101 = = 31 =

हर् श्न् शानज्झौ 3-1-83

हरन्तात ्ऩयस्म श्ना-प्रत्ममस्म दह-प्रत्ममे ऩये शानच ्(=आन) आदेश् बितत । The following a letter is converted to च when followed by the . When comes after a then will get replaced by च when followed by . च = here and च are by sutra 1/3/8 and 1/3/3. Eg – consider dhatu 9th gana. This is a here by हर् श्न् शानज्झौ 3-1-83

च = ( ) since is , so will become by अतो हे् 6-4-105. See page 61. = etc.

29

becomes when vikarana is added, details are beyond scope of our discussion. See also in 7th gana dhatus. 30

becomes , details are beyond scope of our discussion.See also in 7th gana dhatus

31 becomes and becomes details are beyond scope of our

discussion.See also in 3rd gana dhatus



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/ Agama in lakaras. In lakaras and , dhatu is augmented with agama and dhatu is augmented with agama respectively, In case of agama vriddhi is also carried out, all these are discussed below. 6-4-71 , च . When pratyayas follows an anga, then such an anga gets agama. Since for agama is by sutra 6-4-72 , so this sutra will be for . We get , if dhatu is like all these are dhatus. In agama . is by 1/3/3, so = and is a agama, hence gets added at beginning of anga by 1/1/46. The meaning of sutra will be Eg–1. Consider बू in , we have बू + = बू + , like in also, we get + + , and becomes = = Here pratyaya is and is a , so by sutra 6-4-71 this anga gets agama. Hence we get = Similarly we get . etc.

A हरादद dhatu in रुङ् रङ् रङृ् pratyayas, gets an agama at its beginning.



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6-4-72 , च When pratyayas follows a anga, then such an anga gets agama. We get if dhatu is like 234 1st gana. 002, 1st gana. 1065 2nd gana = 1260 5th gana = 1045 2nd gana = 610, 1st gana = all these are dhatus. In agaman . is by 1/3/3, so = . Also it is a agama, hence gets added at beginning of anga by 1/1/46. The meaning of sutra will be Whenever this takes place for a dhatu, naturally will be followed by च letters, under this condition, vriddhi will happen by sutra च 6/1/90 च When (= ) is followed by च letters, both will be replaced by an appropriate single letter, that is anyone of the / / ऐ/ औ.

A अजादद dhatu in रुङ् रङ् रङृ् pratyayas, gets an agama at its beginning.



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Eg–1 Consider Atmanepadi dhatu in . We have + = + , like in , we get + + and becomes = =

Here pratyaya is and is a , So by sutra 6-4-72 anga gets agama. Hence we get , here is followed by च letter , so by sutra च 6/1/88 both will be replaced by single vriddhi,. The vriddhi of + is ऐ. by 6/1/90 becomes ऐ , so also ऐ ऐ etc. Eg–2 Consider Atmanepadi dhatu in We have + = + , like in , we get + + and becomes =

Here pratyaya is and is a , So by sutra 6-4-72 anga gets agama. Hence we get , here is followed by च letter , so by sutra च 6/1/90 both will be replaced by single vriddhi. The vriddhi of + is ऐ. by 6/1/90 becomes ऐ , so also ऐ ऐ etc. Eg–3 Consider parsmaipadi dhatu in we have + = + , like in , we get + + and becomes ओ = ओ Here pratyaya is and ओ is a , So by sutra 6-4-72 anga gets agama.

आट्(=आ) अच ् िवृद्ध = आ/ आय ्/

ऐ/ औ



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Hence we get ओ , here is followed by च letter ओ, so by sutra च 6/1/90 both will be replaced by single vriddhi. The vriddhi of + ओ is औ. ओ , by 6/1/90 becomes औ , so also औ औ etc. Eg–4 Consider parsmaipadi dhatu , 6th gana 1351 = in we have + , here gets substituted by इच्छ्, due to इिुगलभमभाॊ छ् 7/3/77 so + = इच्छ् + , now like in , we get + + and becomes = Here pratyaya is and is a , So by sutra 6-4-72 anga gets agama. Hence we get , here is followed by च letter , so by sutra च 6/1/88 both will be replaced by single vriddhi. The vriddhi of + is ऐ. by 6/1/88 becomes ऐ , so also ऐ ऐ etc. Eg–5 Consider parsmaipadi dhatu , 1st Gana 936 = in we have + , here gets substituted by , due to ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मततमसततमशदसदाॊ वऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्ठभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्7/3/78 so + = + , now like in , we get + + and becomes = Here pratyaya is and is a , So by sutra 6-4-72 anga gets . Hence we get . Here is followed by च letter , so by sutra च 6/1/88 both will be replaced by single vriddhi,. The vriddhi of + is . by 6/1/88 becomes , so also etc.



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These are general pratyayas for all sarvadhatuka lakaras of all ganas. Derived with help of basic pratyayas of 3/4/78 and also many other sutras which we are not studying, but directly assumed, from which we get pratyayas of all four lakaras

General Parasmaipada pratyayas for sarvadhatuka lakaras of all Ganas.

रट् रकाय

तत त्

लस थ् थ

लभ ि् भ्

रोट् रकाय

त ु ताभ ्

तभ ् त

आतन आि आभ

रङ् रकाय

त ् ताभ ्

स ् तभ ् त

अभ ् ि भ

&

These pratyayas allows guna of Anga.

Because these are Sarvadhatuka pratyayas.

These are Sarvadhatuka are pratyayas by sutra सािमधातकुभवऩत ्1/2/4, hence

stops guna of an Anga by 1/1/5. Allows samprasaranam of an Anga. Eg sutra 6/1/16

& 3-4-108. In parasmaipada , pratyaya is replaced by . In is by च 1/3/7, so (= ) remains. So becomes + then becomes + =



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General Atmanepada pratyayas for sarvadhatuka lakaras of all Ganas.


त े

स े थे ध्िे

िहे भहे


ताभ ् ताभ ्

स्ि थाभ ् ध्िभ ्

ऐ आिहै आभहै


ईत ईमाताभ ् ईयन ्

ईथा् ईमाथाभ ् ईध्िभ ्

ईम ईिदह ईभदह

& 3-4-105 In Atmanepada , pratyaya is replaced by . In , is not , due to sutra 1/3/4. So becomes ई + then becomes ई + = ईयन ्



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Classification of General

General Parasmaipada General Atmanepada

ऐ

अजादद वऩत ्सािमधातुक प्रत्मम

हरादद वऩत ्

सािमधातकु प्रत्मम



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Classification of General

/ / -

/ / -

General Parasmaipada General Atmanepada

तत त् अल्न्त

लस थ् थ


त े अते

से थे ध्िे

िहे भहे

तु ताभ ्

तभ ् त







अभ ् ि भ




त्

अल्न्त

मञादद सािमधातकु प्रत्मम

झरादद अवऩत ्सािमधातुक प्रत्मम



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Now we are going to get modified pratyayas from general pratyayas for ganas 1st 4th 6th 10th and also for derived dhatus. In all these ganas the vikarana pratyayas are all s, so when these are added to dhatus, will get s, hence in all these ganas many common operations takes place resulting in a common set of pratyayas. General parasmaipada pratyayas which are useful for 1st 4th 6th 10th

ganas and derived dhatus. These pratyayas are all followed by ग


तत त् अल्न्त*

लस थ् थ



तु ताभ ् अन्तु*

@ तभ ् त



त ् ताभ ् अन*्


अभ ् ि भ

इत#् इताभ ् इमु्

इ् इतभ ् इत

इमभ ् इि इभ

* Here by 7-1-3, the of a pratyaya will be replaced by

So becomes अल्न्त, becomes अन्तु and becomes under this condition will become lopa, so अन ्

remains, hence = अन ् # In entire vidhi lin becomes , because it is followed by , due to sutra 7/2/80 and 6/1/64. @ Here disappears ( ) by term , because it is followed by by sutra 6/4/105.



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General Atmanepada pratyayas which are useful for 1st 4th 6th 10th

ganas and derived dhatus. These pratyayas are all followed by ग


त े इत े अन्ते*

स े इथ े ध्िे

ए िहे भहे


ताभ ् इताभ ् अन्ताभ*्

स्ि इथाभ ् ध्िभ ्



*




*Here also by 7-1-3 we get these forms.



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5.1 गण / गण / First conjugation

Here we are going to study of

In कतमरयप्रमोग शऩ ्is of which is obtained by sutra 3/1/68.

In शऩ ्– श ्is इत ्by 1/3/8, so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by

3/4/113. ऩ ्is इत ्by 1/3/3, so वऩत,् hence doesn’t stops

Guna/Vriddhi.

Consider धातु बू सत्तामाभ,् 1st gana. 001. Parasmaipadi

In ब ूthere is no इत ्िणम, so बू remains. In रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

ब ू+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्come after बू धातु।

So this will be - बू + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

In शऩ ्- श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् hence allows

guna.

In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् so ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

Now it will be बू + अ + तत,

Here from शऩ ्point of view बू is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (बू + शऩ)् is अङ्ग


द्ऩत ् so allows Guna and vriddhi.



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Now in अङ्ग बू - िणम ऊ is present at its end, so this अन्त्म ऊकाय undergoes guna by sutra

7/3/84-सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, and ऊ gets replaced by ओ. So we get (ब ्+ओ) + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्= बो + अ+ तत

Here ओ is followed by अ, so by rule एचोऽ मिामाि् 6/1/78, ओ will be replaced by अि,् so we

get बि ्+ अ + तत = बि ्+ अतत = बितत etc.

Consider धचत ्धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

धचत ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्come after धचत ्धातु ।

So it will be - धचत ्+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

In शऩ ् श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् hence allows guna.

In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

Now it will be धचत ्+ अ + तत,

Here from शऩ ्point of view धचत ्is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (धचत ्+ शऩ)् is अङ्ग

Now अङ्ग - धचत ्contains इ which is उऩधा by1/1/65 and also रघु by 1/4/10. So धचत ्is a रघूऩध अङ्ग, so guna takes place by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 and इ becomes ए .

धचत ्शऩ ्ततऩ ् by 7/3/86 = चते ्+ अ + तत = चते ्+ अतत = चतेतत

Consider जीि ्धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

जीि ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्come after जीि ्धातु ।

So it will be - जीि ्+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

In शऩ ् श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् hence allows guna.


Now it will be जीि ्+ अ + तत,

Here from शऩ ्point of view जीि ्is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (जीि+् ततऩ)् is अङ्ग

Here अङ्ग जीि ्contains ई, which is उऩधा by1/1/65 and also गुरु by 1/4/12.

So जीि ्गुरूऩध Anga and is not a रघूऩध अङ्ग, so guna will not takes place for ई by

sutra 7/3/86, hence we get जीि ्+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्= जीि ्+ अ +तत = जीि ्+ अतत = जीितत



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Consider लबऺ् धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

लबऺ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्come after लबऺ धतु ।

So it will be - लबऺ् + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्

In शऩ ्श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् hence allows guna

In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

Now it will be लबऺ् + अ + तत,

Here from शऩ ्point of view लबऺ् is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (लबऺ्+ शऩ)् is अङ्ग

Here अङ्ग लबऺ् contains इ, followed by सॊमुक्ताऺय ऺ्, so इ though ह्रस्ि is गुरु, by sutra 1/4/11 and उऩधा also. So Anga लबऺ् is a गुरूऩध Anga, hence not a रधऩूध अङ्ग, so guna will not take place for इ by 7/3/86.

Hence लबऺ् + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्= लबऺ् अतत = लबऺतत. Consider dhatu च 1st gana, 933, parasmaipadi.

+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्= , like earlier example,

here there is a provision for guna by sutra 7/3/84, because this is a containing at its end. So undergoes Guna becomes , = = etc. Consider शुचॉ (=शुच)् शोके, 183,1st gana, parasmaipadidhatu.

शुच ्+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्= शुच ् , like earlier example, here also is , so undergoes Guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 becomes ओ. शुच ् becomes च = च etc. Similarly (= ) 858, 1st gana, Parasmaipadidhatu etc.

Consider 16,1st gana, Atmanepadi + + = + + , like earlier example, here also is , so undergoes Guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 becomes ओ. = etc.



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002, 1st gana, Atmanepadi = + + = = etc. In this case there are no letters, so no provision of Guna. 605, 1st gana, Atmanepadi= + + = = etc. In this case though is there, but not laghu upadha because followed by samyukta varna , so no provision for guna. 756, 1st gana, Atmanepadi= + + = here upadha is a , so undergoes guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 and becomes , hence we get = etc. 756, 1st gana, Atmanepadi = + + = here upadha is a , so undergoes guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 and becomes , hence we get = etc. 600, 1st gana parasmaipadi = + + = = etc. In this case there are no letters, so no provision of Guna. 610, 1st gana, Atmanepadi = + + = . In this case is so , hence not a laghu upadha, so no provision for guna. We get = etc. 696, 1st gana, parasmaipadi = + + = + + Here is , so undergoes Guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 becomes ओ. ओ = ओ .



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600, 1st gana, parasmaipadi = + + = + + , here there is no provision for guna, because there is no letter, hence we get + + = etc. 32 968, 1st gana, Atmanepada = + + = + + , here there is a provision for guna by sutra 7/3/84, because this is a containing at its end. So + + = by we get = etc. 975, 1st gana, Atmanepada = + + , here there is no provision for guna, because there is no letter, hence we get + + = . 982, 1st gana, parasmaipadi = + + = + + , here by sutra इिगुलभमभाॊ छ् 7/3/77 will be replaced by , so we get + + = etc.

988, 1st gana, parasmaipadi = + + = + + , here by sutra ऩाघ्राध्भास्थाम्प्नादाण्ददृश्मतत मसतत मशदसदाॊ

वऩफल्जघ्रधभततष्ठभनमच्छछऩश्मच्छछमधौशीमसीदा्7/3/78 will be replaced by in sarvadhatuka lakaras and pratyayas, so we get + + = = 33 = = etc. Similarly 925 1st gana, parasmaipadi = + + , here by 7/3/78 becomes in sarvadharuka lakaras, so we have + + = etc. 928, 1st gana, parasmaipadi = Note – How becomes ? All which are at beginning of a dhatu i.e will become and due to , becomes , so we get . 32

Also see 1135 of 4th gana. 33

Here + will be only, not , same thing happens in , etc.



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+ + , here by 7/3/78 becomes in sarvadharuka lakaras, so we have + + = etc. च 996,1st gana, ubhayapadi = च च + + = च + + , here there is no provision for guna, because there is no letter, hence we get च + + = च etc. Similarly च + + = च etc. 901, 1st gana, ubhayapadi = = Note – how becomes . All which are at beginning of a dhatu i.e. will become , so will we get . As explaiied earlier this being a dhatu, the final of dhatu undergoes Guna by sutra 7/3/84 and then , so we get / etc.



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1. pratyayas along with ण for गण, गण and

s.

We all know in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग along with sutra 3/1/68, शऩ ्comes after बू धातु।

बू + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् under this condition as we all know a) Here from शऩ ्point of view बू is अङ्ग. b) From ततऩ ्point of view (बू + शऩ)् is अङ्ग.

So for ततऩ ्there is always 34- that is , (in other

words it is non 35 ) hence question of guna by सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्–7/3/84 doesn’t arise at a . so there won’t be guna by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 due to various reasons. Hence there won’t be guna for - by ततऩ ्and also by similar सािमधातुक वऩत ्pratyayas like etc. and in case of non वऩत ्like , etc. there is no question of guna at all.

Whereas from शऩ ्point of view dhatu itself is an anga and undergoes guna.

These rules apply for च 10th gana and also, because of same शऩ ् .

34

= here becomes 35

= here becomes

So we can safely assume that for भ्र्ाददगण, चुराददगण and सनाद्यन्त धातsु. ततङ् pratyayas like तत शस शम तस ्त ेetc. will not cause guna. But ततङ् pratyayas along with द्र्करण प्रत्यय like अतत अतिः अत ेअन्त े

will cause guna to dhatus.



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Tables of pratyayas along with ण for sarvadhatuka lakaras of गण, गण and s.

Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for 1st gana,10thgana and dhatus in ग.

All these pratyayas will cause guna to a dhatu, due to .

रट् रकाय -

#

* * *

रोट् रकाय -

#

&

रङ् रकाय -

#

* *

-

@

# Here special sandhi rules will happen by sutra 6/1/94 which we won’t discuss.

*Here becomes by sutra 7/3/101 which we won’t discuss

@ Here sandhi rules + = + becomes by rule 6/1/87 also called guna sandhi.

& Here disappears ( ) by term when followd by by sutra 6/4/105.


द्ऩत ् so allows Guna and vriddhi.



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for 1st gana, 10th gana and dhatus in ग.

All these pratyayas will cause guna to a dhatu, due to .

रट् रकाय - @ #

@

# * *


@ अन्ताभ ्#

स्ि @ ध्िभ ्

ऐ


@ #

: @

@ * *

- @

:






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गण / गण / sixth conjugation

Consider तुद् धातु of 6th gana - in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

तुद् + रट् under this condition by sutra तुदाददभ्म् श् श come after तुद् धातु।

So this will be - तुद् + श + ततऩ ्

In श श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्

1/2/4 it is ङङत ्, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4


Now it will be तुद् + अ + तत,

Here from श point of view तुद् is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (तुद् + श) is अङ्ग

Now अङ्ग तुद् contains उ which is उऩधा and as well as रघु , so is a रघूऩध अङ्ग.

But श is ङङत,् so guna of ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 is prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5. So no

guna.

तुद् +अ + तत = तुद् + अतत = तुदतत.

Consider लरख ्धातु of 6th gana - in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग लरख ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra

तुदाददभ्म् श् श come after लरख ्धातु।

So this will be - लरख ्+ श + ततऩ ्

In श श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्

1/2/4 it is ङङत.् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4

In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and since वऩत,् so doesn't stops

guna.

Now it will be लरख ्+ अ + तत,

Here from श point of view लरख ्is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (लरख ्+ श) is अङ्ग

Now in अङ्ग - लरख ्contains इ which is उऩधा and also रघ ु, so is a रघूऩध अङ्ग.

Since श is ङङत,् guna of ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 is prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5. So no

guna.

लरख ्+अ + तत = लरख ्+ अतत = लरखतत



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Samprasarna type-

Consider dhatu प्रच्छछ ऻीपसामाभ ्1413, 6th gana = प्रच्छ् in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

प्रच्छ् + रट् under this condition by तुदाददभ्म् श् श come after प्रच्छ् धातु। So this will be - प्रच्छ् + श + ततऩ ् In श, श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत.् In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and since वऩत,् so doesn't stops guna. We have प्रच्छ् + श ++ तत Here from श point of view प्रच्छ् is अङ्ग, From तत point of view (प्रच्छ् + श) is अङ्ग Now अङ्ग प्रच्छ् - is a non इगन्त अङ्ग. No provision for guna. But प्रच्छ् is followed by श, which is a ङङत,् so by 6/1/16 म ्of प्रच्छ् undergoes samprasaranam and samprasaranam of य ्= ऋ by 1/1/46. प्रच्छ् + श + तत = ऩ ्य ्अ च ्् श तत = ऩ ्ऋ अ च ्् श तत Now this ऋ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, rather by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both ऋ & अ becomes one single ऋ.

ऩ ्ऋ अ च ्् श तत = ऩ ्ऋ च ्् अ तत = ऩचृ्छछतत,

ऩचृ्छछत् etc.



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2. pratyayas along with ण for गण s.

s in ear ier case, here a so, there won’t be guna by pratyayas, due to (in other words non ) from stand point of view. Hence question of guna by सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्–7/3/84 doesn’t arise at a and a so there won’t be guna by ऩुगन्तरघऩूधस्म च 7/3/86 due to various reasons.

From point of view, dhatu itself is an anga and doesn’t undergo guna, because is by 1/2/4, hence stops guna.

श = अ शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113



So we can safely assume that for तदुाददगण धातsु. ततङ् pratyayas like तत शस शम तस ्त ेetc. will not cause guna. so ततङ् pratyayas along with - द्र्करण प्रत्यय like अतत अतिः अत े

अन्त े will not cause guna to dhatus.



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Tables of pratyayas along with ण for गण s.

Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for गण (6thgana) dhatus in ग.

All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu, due to .


36#

37* * *


#


#

* *

-

38

36

#

Here special sandhi rules will happen by sutra 6/1/94 which we won’t discuss.

37 * Here special sandhi rules will happen by sutra 7/3/101 which we won’t discuss

38 Here sandhi rules + = + becomes by rule 6/1/87 also called guna sandhi.



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for गण (6thgana) dhatus in ग.



@

# * *


@ अन्ताभ ्#


ऐ


@ #

: @

@ * *

- @

:






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गण / गण / Fourth conjugation

Consider डीङ् = डी विहामस गतौ 1135 of 4th gana - in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

डी + रट् under this condition by sutra ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्, श्मन ्come after डी धातु।

So this will be - डी + श्मन ्+ ते. In श्मन ्(= म) श ्and न ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/3, only म remains. So श्मन ्= म.

Since लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4

it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

ते is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत.् Since त ेis अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is

ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

Now it will be डी + म + ते, Here from श्मन ्point of view डी is अङ्ग,

from त ेpoint of view (डी + श्मन)् is अङ्ग

now in अङ्ग डी - िणम ई is present at its end, so this अन्त्म ईकाय, which would have

undergone guna by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, but gets prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च

1/1/5, because श्मन ्is ङङत.् So no guna.

डी + म + त े= डी + म त े= डीमत े

Note – Consider डीङ् in 1st gana which is also an atmanepadidhatu.

डी + शऩ ्+ त े by 7/3/84 = ड े+अ+ ते by 6/1/78 = डम ्अते = डमत े

The form of डी of 4th gana is डीमत.े

The form of डी of 1st gana is डमत े



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Consider शुधचय ्ऩूततबाि े- 1165 of 4th gana - in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

शुच ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्, श्मन ्come after शुच ्धातु।

So this will be - शुच ्+ श्मन ्+ त.े

In श्मन ्(= म) श ्and न ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/3.

So लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,्

hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

ते is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत.् Since त ेis अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. Now it will be शुच ्+ म + ते, Here from श्मन ्point of view शुच ्is अङ्ग,

From ते point of view (शुच ्+ श्मन)् is अङ्ग

Now in अङ्ग शुच ्- िणम contains उ which is उऩधा and as well as रघ ु, so is a रघूऩध अङ्ग.

But श्मन ्is ङङत,् so guna of ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 gets prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5.

So no guna.

शुच ्+ म + ते = शुच ्+ म त े= शुच्छमत े

Note – Consider शुचॉ (=शुच ्) शोके, 183,1st gana, which is parasmaipadidhatu.

शुच ्शऩ ्तत by 7/3/86 = शुच ्शऩ ्तत = शोच ्अतत = शोचतत.

Note - The form of शुच ्of 4th gana, 1165 is शुच्छमत.े

The form of शुच,् of 1st gana, 183 is शोचतत.

Samprasarna type-

Consider व्मध ताडने 1181, 4th gana = व्मध ्in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

व्मध ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra ददिाददभ्म् श्मन ्, श्मन ्come after व्मध ्धातु।

So this will be - व्मध ्+ श्मन ्+ तत.

In श्मन ्(= म) श ्and न ्are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3/3.

So लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is

ङङत,्



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In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and since वऩत,् so doesn't stops

guna.

We have व्मध ्+ म + तत

Here from श्मन ्point of view व्मध ्is अङ्ग,

from तत point of view (व्मध ्+ श्मन)् is अङ्ग

Now अङ्ग व्मध ्- is a non इगन्त अङ्ग. No provision for guna. But व्मध ्is followed by श्मन,् which is a ङङत,् so by 6/1/16 म ्of व्मध ्undergoes samprasaranam and samprasaranam of म ्= इ by 1/1/46. व्मध ्+ म + तत = ि ्म ्अ ध ्म तत = ि ्इ अ ध ्म तत Now this इ is followed by अ, so though possibility of मण ्सल्न्ध is there, but will not happen, rather by सॊप्रसायणाच्छच 6/1/108 both इ & अ becomes one single इ.

ि ्इ अ ध ्म तत = ि ्इ ध ्म तत = वि ध ्म तत Here by sutras अनधच च 8-4-47 and झराॊ जश ्झलश 8-4-53, which we were not going to discuss. वि ध ्म तत becomes वि द् ध ्म तत = विद्ध्मतत

Similarly

विद सत्तामाभ ्-1171. 4th gana - विद्मते फुध अिगभने - 1172. 4th gana - फुध्मत े

मुज सभाधौ - 1177. 4th gana – मुज्मत े

िुध िोधे - 1189. 4th gana – िुध्मतत etc.



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3. pratyayas along with ण for गण s.

s in ear ier case, here a so, there won’t be guna by pratyayas, due to (in other words non ) from stand point of view. Hence question of guna by सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्–7/3/84 doesn’t arise at a and a so there won’t be guna by ऩुगन्तरघऩूधस्म च 7/3/86 due to various reasons.

From point of view, dhatu itself is an anga and doesn’t undergoes guna, because is by 1/2/4, hence stops guna.

श्मन ्= म शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113



So we can safely assume that for ददर्ाददगण धातsु. ततङ् pratyayas like तत शस शम तस ्त ेetc. will not cause guna. so ततङ् pratyayas along with श्यन ्- द्र्करण प्रत्यय like यतत यतिः

यत,े येत ेetc.will not cause guna to dhatus.



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Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for गण (4thgana) dhatus in ग.

All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu, due to . रट् रकाय -

39#

40* * *


#


#

* *

-

41

39

#

Here special sandhi rules will happen by sutra 6/1/94 which we won’t discuss.

40 * Here special sandhi rules will happen by sutra 7/3/101 which we won’t discuss

41 Here sandhi rules + = + + becomes + = by rule 6/1/87 also called guna

sandhi.



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for गण (4thgana) dhatus in ग.



@

# * *


@ मन्ताभ ्#



@ #

: @

@ * *

- @

:



@ Here sandhi rules + = + + becomes + = by rule 6/1/87 also called

guna sandhi.



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General Parasmaipada pratyayas for 5th and 8th ganas.

General Atmanepada pratyayas for 5th and 8th ganas.


लस थ् थ


त े अते


िहे भहे


तभ ् त







अभ ् ि भ




श्नु = नु शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113

अद्ऩत ् hence ङङत ्, so

doesn't allows Guna and vriddhi.

उ अशशत,् So आधमधातकु





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Some special rules applicable in - and – . Here comes after .

Now we are studying 5th gana and 8th gana whose vikarana pratyayas are respectively and , when these are added to dhatus we get s, so many common rules of apply to both of these gana dhatus as shown below.

In Atmanepada in both 5th and 8th झ ्will replaced by अत ्in as per sutras आत्भनेऩदेष्िनत् 7/1/5, so we get respectively अत ेअताभ ्अत in all three lakaras.

Before starting discussion let us understand the words , and अजादद प्रत्मम.

–

is a bahuvrihi samasa word and adjective, made up of two words and , here samyoga means samyukta akshara – conjunct consonant, purva means preceding.

So means a varna which is preceded by samyukta akshara.

Eg – Consider dhatu of 5th gana. We have = = ( ) Here ( ) is a and final of is preceded by samyuktakshara - -( ), so this is called or ( )

सॊमोगऩिूम् उकाय्



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Similarly means a varna which is not preceded by samyukta akshara.

Eg - Consider च dhatu of 5th gana. We have च = च = च Here in ( च ) ( च ) is a and final of is not preceded by samyuktakshara ( ), so this is called or

( च )

अजादद-प्रत्मम –

अजादद is a bahuvrihi samasa word and adjective, made up of two words अच ्and आदद, here अच ्means svaras आदद means beginning, So अजादद means a pratyaya containing अच ्varnas at its beginnig.

Eg – consider pratyaya अल्न्त of रट् this is a अजादद-प्रत्मम

Similarly रट् prathama purusha dvivachana Atmanepada आत ेis a अजादद-प्रत्मम etc.

We have shown all अजादद-प्रत्मम in above tables by highlighting as shown. अल्न्त etc.

सॊमोगऩिूम् उकाय्



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I) Consider pratyayas

1) च 6-4-107 When pratyaya or is preceded by a and the final of is not preceded by a then under this condition will become Lopa optionally by sutra

च 6-4-107.

In other words, if pratyaya or is preceded by a the final of a which is then such a will become Lopa optionally.

This applies both for 5th and 8th as both of them are .

2) ॥ ६/४/१०८॥ When pratyaya or is preceded by final of of ( ) dhatu, which is also a , then will become Lopa compulsorily. So we get । । This sutra is an exception to 6/4/107

We get which is and final of in A) 5th gana- - because of vikarana pratyaya and if dhatu is . B) 8TH gana – - because of vikarana pratyaya for all dhatus.

So in these two ganas when the dhatus are as per above said conditions then 1) of ( ) will become lopa optionally, hence we get two forms as either or . 2) which is a vikarana pratyaya of 8th gana will become lopa optionally, so we have two forms both --/ . 3) For ( ) of 8th gana, lopa of is compulsory by 6/4/108. Example –1. consider च dhatu of 5th gana in रट् in . Then we have च = च = च च is a and dhatu च is a dhatu, so by sutra 6-4-107, will become lopa optionally, so we get च = धचनिु्/ धचन्ि्

ि भ



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Similarly in रट् in च = च we get two forms by virtue of 6/4/107 = धचन ु / च Similarly in in / , We get च / च and च / च

Also this applies in Atmanepada hence we get च / च , च / च , च / च and च / च . 2. Consider parasmaipada dhatu of 5th gana. This is a , so 6/4/107 will

not apply, hence lopa of will not takes place. So is = , similarly , , . 3. Consider Atmanepada dhatu of 5th gana. This is a , so 6/4/107 will

not apply, hence lopa of will not takes place. So we have . 4. consider ubhayapadi of 8th gana. We have is a and dhatu is a , So 6/4/107 will apply, hence lopa of will takes place optionally. Hence we get / , similarly / , / / , / , / , / .

धच न ्उ िस ्

धच न ्उ िस ् धचनुि्

धच न ्िस ् धचन्ि्

रोऩश्चास्मान्मतयस्माॊ म्प्िो् 6-4-107.



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5. Consider ubhayapadi ( ) of 8th gana. We have is a and dhatu becomes of becomes by different rules which we are not discussing here, so we get . Here final of is not preceded by a . So by 6/4/108 lopa of will takes place compulsorily.

II) Consider अजादद-pratyayas of four lakaras. a) We already know that for a dhatu of 5th gana, when is added, we get a final of a which is , when this is followed by a अजादद-pratyaya then this is replaced by िकाय(=ि)् compulsorily as per sutra 6/4/87. Eg - च = च अल्न्त = ( च ) अल्न्त here च is a dhatu and अल्न्त is अजादद-pratyaya. of a is , and followed by अल्न्त a अजादद-pratyaya. So gets replaced by ि ्by sutra 6/4/87. Hence we get च ि ् अल्न्त = धचन्िल्न्त. Similarly च झ े= च अत े= धचन्ित.े धचन्िात ेधचन्िाथे धचन्िीत etc. b) In case of 8th gana for all dhatus, when is added, we get a final of a which is , when this is followed by a अजादद-pratyaya then this is replaced by िकाय(=ि)् compulsorily as per sutra 6/4/87. Eg - तन ्उ अल्न्त = तन्िल्न्त similarly तन्िते तन्िाते तन्िाथे तन्िीत etc. Note - in 8th gana all are of a is always , so always becomes ि ्.

c) On the otherhand if dhatu of 5th gana is non dhatu i.e. हरन्त dhatu, then for a such a dhatu, when is added, we get a final of a which is , when this is followed by a अजादद-pratyaya then this is replaced by उि ्compulsorily, as per sutra अधचश्नुधातुभ्रुिाॊ य्िोरयमङुिङौ 6/4/77 Eg - आऩ ् = आऩ ् अल्न्त = (आऩ ् ) अल्न्त here आऩ ्is a dhatu and अल्न्त is अजादद-pratyaya.



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of a is , and followed by अल्न्त a अजादद-pratyaya. So gets replaced by ि ्by sutra 6/4/87. Hence we get आऩ ् ि ्अल्न्त = आपनुिल्न्त. Similarly अश ्नु अत े= अश्नुिाते अश्नुिते अश्नुिाथे अश्नुिीत etc.

III) Consider madhyama purusha ekavachana रोट् रकाय pratyaya =

a) We already know that for a dhatu of 5th gana, when is added, we get a final of a which is . After this type if pratyaya comes. Then such will get disappeared (अदशमनभ)् by term रुक्, as per sutra उतश्च प्रत्ममादसॊमोगऩूिामत ्6/4/106. Eg- च = ( च ) = च Here is preceded by so gets रुक्. so च . Similarly लसनु श्रणुृ िणुृ etc. b) As mentioned earlier, in 8th gana all of a is always , so always becomes disappeared (अदशमनभ)् by term रुक्. eg - तन ्उ दह = तनु, also तणृ ्उ दह = तणुृ, कुरु etc.

c) We already know that for non dhatu i.e. dhatu, of 5th gana, when is added, we get a final of a which is . After this type if pratyaya comes. Then such will remain as it is. Eg - आऩ ् = आऩ ् = (आऩ ् ) = आपनुदह. Special note on डुकृञ ्कयणे कृ धातु् Consider कृ - धातु, in in parasmaipada

In vidhi ling parasmaipada pratyayas begin with मकाय, hence all vidhi ling parasmaipada pratyayas are मकायादद प्रत्मम or simply मादद प्रत्मम, also they are all सािमधातकु ङङत ्pratyayas as

mentioned earlier.

We have कृ + उ + as usual here ardhatuka pratyaya उ causes guna by 7/3/84 so कृ becomes कय,् hence it is + उ + . pratyaya is सािमधातकु ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

So we have (कय ्उ) + = क् अ य ्उ



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Under this condition, by rule अत उत ्सािमधातकेु 6/1/110 अ of (क् अ य)् will get replaced by उ in all ङङत ्

सािमधातकु प्रत्ममs .

So क् अ य ्उ by 6/1/110 becomes क् उ य ्उ = कुय ्उ Under this condition following rule will apply

मे च 6/ 4 /109 The उ which comes after dhatu will undergo lopa compulsorily when followed by a

मकायादद प्रत्मम .

कुय ्उ here by above rule उ becomes lopa, so we get कुय ् =

Similarly कुमामताभ ्कुमुम् etc.



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Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for गण (5thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu, due to .


/

/ /


/

/


/

/ /

-

Both forms will apply for dhatu. Only / will apply for

Only blue highlighted form will apply for dhatu. Non highlighted form will apply for .

Similarly this should be understood in other places also.

/

/

/



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for गण (5thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu, due to .

रट् रकाय - / /

/

/ / /

रोट् रकाय - /

/

/

ध्िभ ्

रङ् रकाय - / /

: /

/ / /

-

/

/

/

: / :

/

/

/

/

/

Both forms will apply for dhatu. Only / will apply for

Only blue highlighted form will apply for dhatu. Non highlighted form will apply for .

Similarly this should be understood in other places also.

/ /

/



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Cosider dhatu िुङ् अधधििे 1247 5th gana, ubhayapadidhatu. िुङ् = स ु

consider सुधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in parasmaipada.

स ु+ रट् under this condition by sutra स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् 3173 श्न ुcome after स ुधातु।

so this will be - सु + श्नु + ततऩ ्

In श्न ुश ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113. So श्न ु= न ु

and it is अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च

1/2/4.


Now it will be सु + नु + तत,

Here from श्न ुpoint of view सु is अङ्ग,

from ततऩ ्point of view (सु + नु) is अङ्ग.

Now in अङ्ग सु - िणम उ is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग. The अन्त्म उकाय

would have undergone guna by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, but gets prohibited by

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5, because श्नु is ङङत.्

Where as in अङ्ग (सु + न)ु - िणम उ is present at its end, hence this is also a इगन्त अङ्ग from

ततऩ ्point of view, so this अन्त्म उकाय undergoes guna by sutra 7/3/84

सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, because ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक and वऩत,्

So उ of न ुgets replaced by ओ, so we get सु नो तत = सुनोतत

Consider सुधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

स ु+ श्न ु+ तस ्= सु नु त्, Here त् is सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,्


So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga , so (सु + नु) + त् = सुनुत् etc.



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Consider सुधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

स ु+ श्न ु+ त े= सु नु ते, ते is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत.् Since त ेis अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga. So (सु + नु) + त े= सुनतु ेetc

Cosider dhatu धच चमने 1251, 5th gana, ubhayapadidhatu.

consider धचधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in parasmaipada.

धच + रट् under this condition by sutra स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् 3173 श्न ुcome after धच धातु।

so this will be - धच + श्नु + ततऩ ्

In श्न ुश ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113. So श्न ु= न ु

and it is अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च

1/2/4.


Now it will be धच + न ु+ तत,

Here from श्न ुpoint of view धच is अङ्ग,

from ततऩ ्point of view (धच + नु) is अङ्ग.

Now in अङ्ग धच - िणम इ is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग. The अन्त्म इकाय


ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5, because श्नु is ङङत.्

Where as in अङ्ग (धच + नु) - िणम उ is present at its end, hence this is also a इगन्त अङ्ग from

ततऩ ्point of view, so this अन्त्म उकाय undergoes guna by sutra 7/3/84

सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, because ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक and वऩत,्

So उ of न ुgets replaced by ओ, so we get धच नो तत = धचनोतत



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Consider धचधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

धच + श्न ु+ तस ्= धच न ुत्, Here त् is सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,्


So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga , so (धच + नु) + त् = धचनुत् etc.

Consider धचधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

धच + श्न ु+ ते = धच नु त,े

ते is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत.् Since त ेis अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga. So (धच + नु) + त े= धचनुते etc

Similarly आपॢ (=आऩ)् व्मापतौ 1260, Parasmaipadi, आपनोतत

शकॢ (= शक्) शक्तौ, 1261, Parasmaipadi, शक्नोतत अशू व्मापतौ सङ्घात ेच 1264, Atmanepadi, अश्नुते



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Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for गण (8thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will cause guna to a dhatu, due to .


ओतत उत् िल्न्त

ओवि उथ् उथ

ओलभ ि् /उि् भ् /उभ्


ओत ु उताभ ् िन्त ु

उ उतभ ् उत

अिातन अिाि अिाभ


ओत ् उताभ ् िन ्

ओ् उतभ ् उत

अिभ ् ि/ भ/उभ

-

उमात ् उमाताभ ् उमु्

उमा् उमातभ ् उमात

उमाभ ् उमाि उमाभ

Here becomes lopa by च 6/ 4 /109 for only. We should use माताभ ्etc.

ि् /उि् भ् /उभ्

Both forms will apply for all dhatus.

For we have only / because उ undergoes compulsory lopa by 6/4/108



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for गण (8thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will cause guna to a dhatu, due to .

रट् रकाय - उत े िाते ित े

उि े िाथ े उध्ि े

िे िहे/ उिहे भहे/ उभहे


उ

उ उध्िभ ्

अ अ अ

रङ् रकाय - उ

उ : उ

ि / उ भ /उ

-

:

िहे/ उिहे भहे/ उभहे

Both forms will apply for all dhatus.

For we have only िहे / भहे because उ undergoes compulsory lopa by 6/4/108.



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Cosider dhatu तनु विस्ताये 1463, 8th gana, ubhayapadidhatu. तनु = तन ्

consider तन ्– धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada.

तन ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra स्िाददभ्म् श्नु् 3173 श्नु come after तन ्धातु।

so this will be - तन ्+ उ + ततऩ ्

उ is अलशत,् hence आधमधातुक by 3/4/114 and it is अककत ्& अङङत,् hence doesn't stops guna.


Now it will be तन ्+ उ + तत,

Here from उ point of view तन ्is अङ्ग,

from ततऩ ्point of view (तन ्+ उ) is अङ्ग.

Now in अङ्ग तन ्- is a non इगन्त अङ्ग. No provision for guna.

Where as in अङ्ग (तन ्+ उ) - िणम उ is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग from ततऩ ्

point of view, so this अन्त्म उकाय undergoes guna by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, because ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक and वऩत,्

So उ gets replaced by ओ, so we get तन ्ओ तत = तनोतत

Consider तन ्– धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

तन ्+ उ + तस ्= तन ्उ त्, Here त् is सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and also अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,्


So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga , so (तन ्उ) + त् = तनुत् etc.

Consider तन ्- धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

तन ्+ उ + ते Here त ेis सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत.् Since त ेis अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. So unlike ततऩ ्it won’t allow guna for anga.

So (तन ्+ उ) + ते = तनतुे etc



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Consider dhatu डुकृञ ्कयणे 1472, 8th gana, ubhayapadidhatu. डुकृञ ्= कृ

In डुकृञ ्both डु and ञ ्are इत ्by sutras 1/3/5 and 1/3/3, only कृ remains. So डुकृञ ्= कृ.

Consider कृ – धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada.

कृ + रट् under this condition by sutra तनाददकृञ्ज्भ्म् उ् 3/1/79, उ come after कृ धातु।

so it will be - कृ + उ + ततऩ ्

उ is अलशत,् hence आधमधातुक by 3/4/114 and it is अककत ्& अङङत,् hence doesn't stops guna.


Now it will be कृ + उ + तत,

Here from उ point of view कृ is अङ्ग,

from ततऩ ्point of view (कृ + उ) is अङ्ग.

Now in अङ्ग कृ - िणम ऋकाय is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग. This अन्त्म

ऋकाय undergoes guna by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो् because of pratyaya उ which is Ardhadhatuka and also non-ककत ्& non-ङङत.् So ऋकाय gets replaced by its guna अय ्

So कृ + उ + तत becomes कय ्+ उ + तत

Now in अङ्ग (कय ्+ उ) - िणम उ is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग from ततऩ ्

point of view, so this अन्त्म उकाय undergoes guna by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, because ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक and वऩत,्

So उ gets replaced by ओ, so we get कय ्ओ तत = कयोतत

Consider कृ – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

कृ + उ + तस ्= कृ उ त्,

Here ardhatuka pratyaya उ causes guna by 7/3/84 so कृ becomes कय ्

Pratyaya त् is सािमधातुक ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.



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So we have (कय ्उ) + त् = क् अ य ्उ त् Now we have कय ्उ त्. Under this condition, by rule अत उत ्सािमधातुके 6/1/110 अ of (क् अ य)् will get replaced by उ in all ङङत ्सािमधातुक प्रत्ममs like त् त े etc.

क् अ य ्उ त् by 6/1/110 becomes क् उ य ्उ त् = कुय ्उत् = कुरुत्

Consider कृ - धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

कृ + उ + ते Here ardhatuka pratyaya उ causes guna by 7/3/84 so कृ becomes कय ्

Pratyaya त् is सािमधातुक ङङत,् hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

Also by अत उत ्सािमधातुके 6/1/110 कय ्becomes कुय.् So कुय ्+ उ + त े= कुरुते etc

Consider कृ - धातु, in in parasmaipada.

In vidhi ling parasmaipada pratyayas begin with मकाय, hence all vidhi ling parasmaipada pratyayas are मकायादद प्रत्मम or simply मादद प्रत्मम, also they are all सािमधातकु ङङत ्pratyayas as

mentioned earlier.

We have कृ + उ + as usual here ardhatuka pratyaya उ causes guna by 7/3/84 so कृ becomes कय,् hence it is + उ + . Under this condition as mentioned earlier, pratyaya is सािमधातकु ङङत,् hence stops guna by

ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

So we have (कय ्उ) + = क् अ य ्उ .Under this condition, by rule अत उत ्सािमधातकेु 6/1/110 अ of (क् अ य)् will get replaced by उ in all

ङङत ्सािमधातकु प्रत्ममs . So

क् अ य ्उ by 6/1/110 becomes क् उ य ्उ = कुय ्उ Under this condition following rule will apply

मे च 6/ 4 /109 The उ which comes after dhatu will undergo lopa compulsorily when followed by a

मकायादद प्रत्मम .

कुय ्उ here by above rule उ becomes lopa, so we get कुय ् =

similarly in all vidhi ling parasmaipada this sutra apllies, so we get कुमामताभ ्कुमुम् etc.



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General Parasmaipada pratyayas for 9th gana.

General Atmanepada pratyayas for 9th gana.


लस थ् थ


त े अते


िहे भहे


तभ ् त







अभ ् ि भ




/ / -

/ / -

त्

अल्न्त



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6/4/112 The ( ) of pratyaya and Abhyasta will get lopa, when followed by / sarvadhatuka pratyaya. Here we are concerned with only, whereas Abhyasta is dealt in 3rd conjugation. 6/4/113 The ( ) of pratyaya and Abhyasta barring class dhatus, will become ( ), when followed by sarvadhatuka / pratyaya. In above two sutras we are concerned with only, whereas Abhyasta is dealt in 3rd conjugation.

हर् श्न् शानज्झौ 3-1-83

When comes after a then will get replaced by च when followed by . च = here and च are by sutra 1/3/8 and 1/3/3.

श्ना = ना शशत,् So सािमधातुक by 3/4/113


allows Guna and Vriddhi.

We can safely conclude from two sutras about आकाय( ) of pratyaya श्ना.

i) The of श्ना will get lopa, when followed by अजादद sarvadhatuka ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyaya.

ii) The of श्ना will become , when followed by हरादद sarvadhatuka ककत ्/ ङङत ्pratyaya.



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etc. Note – since is , so will become by अतो हे् 6-4-105.

Consider all these table of along with is given four sarvadhatuka lakaras.

Parasmaipada pratyayas along with ण for गण (9thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu due to .



/ @


-

@ Here For like add . Eg. For like add . Eg.



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for गण (9thgana) dhatus in ग. All these pratyayas will not cause guna to a dhatu due to .



ध्िभ ्


:

- :



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डुिीञ ्द्रव्मवितनभमे 1473 9th gana – ubhayapadidhatu. डुिीञ ्= िी

In डुिीञ ्both डु and ञ ्are इत ्by sutras 1/3/5 and 1/3/3, only िी remains. So डुिीञ ्= िी.

Consider धातु डुिीञ ्in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

िी + रट् under this condition by sutra क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3/1/80 श्ना comes after िी धातु।

So this will be - िी + श्ना + ततऩ ्

In श्ना - श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and it is अवऩत,् so by सािमधातुकभ ्

अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत ्, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. श्ना = ना In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

Now it will be िी + श्ना + तत,

Here from श point of view िी is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (िी + श्ना) is अङ्ग

Now in अङ्ग िी - िणम ई is present at its end, hence this is a इगन्त अङ्ग. The अन्त्म ईकाय


ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5, because श्ना is ङङत.्

Where as in अङ्ग (िी + श्ना) - िणम आ is present at its end, hence this is a non इगन्त अङ्ग

from ततऩ ्point of view, hence no provision of guna.

So िी + श्ना + तत = िी + ना + तत, here न ्of ना becomes ण ्by sutra अट्कुपिाङ्नमु्प्व्मिामेवऩ42॥ 8/2/4. so we get

िी + णा + तत = िीणातत. Similarly िीणालस, िीणालभ

Consider िी – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

िी + श्ना + तस ्= िी ना त्,

Here no guna, both by Sardhatuka pratyaya श्ना and by pratyaya त्.

So we have (िी श्ना) + त् = िी न ्आ त् Now we have िी न ्आ त्. Under this condition, by rule ई हलमघो् 6/4/113

42

For details sec paribhasa sutras



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आ of श्ना will get replaced by ई in all ङङत ्सािमधातुक प्रत्ममs like त् ते etc. िी न ्आ त् by 6/4/113 becomes िी न ्ई त्, here also न ्becomes ण ्as mentioned earlier. So we get िी ण ्ई त् = िीणीत् Consider िी – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha bahuvachana

िी + श्ना + = िी ना = िी न ्आ Under this condition, by rule 6/4/112 आ of श्ना will become lopa. िी = and by 8|4|2 So we get .

Consider िी - धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

िी + श्ना + ते Here no guna, both by Sardhatuka pratyaya श्ना and by pratyaya त.े

So we have (िी श्ना) + त े = िी न ्आ ते Under this condition, by rule ई हलमघो् 6/4/113 आ of श्ना will get replaced by ई and न ्becomes ण ्by अट्कुपिाङ्नमु्प्व्मिामेवऩ॥ 8/2/4

So we get िी ण ्ई ते = िीणीते

ग्रह उऩादाने 1533, 9th gana – ubhayapadidhatu. In ग्रह, ग्रह् remains.

Consider धातु ग्रह् in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग.

ग्रह् + रट् under this condition by sutra क्र्माददभ्म् श्ना 3/1/80, श्ना comes after ग्रह् धातु।

So this will be - ग्रह् + श्ना + ततऩ ्

In श्ना - श ्is इत ्so लशत,् hence सािमधातुक by 3/4/113 and it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्

अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is ङङत ्, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4. श्ना = ना In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् So ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

Now it will be ग्रह् + श्ना + तत,

Here from श point of view ग्रह् is अङ्ग

From ततऩ ्point of view (ग्रह् + श्ना) is अङ्ग

Now in अङ्ग ग्रह् - is a non इगन्त अङ्ग. No provision for guna.

अङ्ग ग्रह् is followed by श्ना is ङङत ्, so by 6/1/16 य ्of ग्रह् undergoes samprasaranam and samprasaranam of य ्= ऋ by 1/1/46.



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So we get ग ्ऋ अ ह् + श्ना + तत. Under this condition ऋ अ


So we get ग ्ऋ ह् + श्ना + तत = गहृ् + श्ना + तत

Where as in अङ्ग (गहृ् + श्ना) - िणम आ is present at its end, hence this is a non इगन्त अङ्ग

from ततऩ ्point of view, hence no provision of guna.

So गहृ + श्ना + तत = गहृ+ ना + तत, here न ्of ना becomes ण ्by sutra अट्कुपिाङ्नमु्प्व्मिामेवऩ43॥ 8/2/4. So we get

गहृ् + णा + तत = गहृ्णातत. Similarly गहृ्णालस, गहृ्णालभ

Consider ग्रह् – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ्

ग्रह् + श्ना + तस ्= ग्रह् ना त् Like in earlier case , here also ग्रह् becomes गहृ् by sutras 6/1/16, 1/1/46 & 6/1/108

So we have (गहृ् श्ना) + त् = गहृ् न ्आ त् Now we have गहृ् न ्आ त्. Under this condition, by rule ई हलमघो् 6/4/113 आ of श्ना will get replaced by ई in all ङङत ्सािमधातुक प्रत्ममs like त् ते etc.

गहृ् न ्आ त् by 6/4/113 becomes गहृ् न ्ई त्, here also न ्becomes ण ्as mentioned earlier. So we get गहृ् ण ्ई त् = गहृ्णीत्

Consider ग्रह् – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha bahuvachana ग्रह् + श्ना + = ग्रह् ना

Like in earlier case , here also ग्रह् becomes गहृ् by sutras 6/1/16, 1/1/46 & 6/1/108

So we have (गहृ् श्ना) + = गहृ् न ्आ Under this condition, by rule 6/4/112 आ of श्ना will become lopa. गहृ् न ् = and by 8|4|2 43

For details see paribhasa sutras.



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Consider ग्रह् – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in madhyama purusha ekavachana ग्रह् + श्ना + = ग्रह् ना


So we have गहृ् + श्ना + under this condition by 3/1/83 we get + च + = + + by अतो हे् 6-4-105 . is , hence we get = + = , now as usual by 8|4|2. So we get

Consider ग्रह् - धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in Atmanepada.

ग्रह् + श्ना + त े


So we have (गहृ् श्ना) + ते = गहृ् न ्आ ते Under this condition, by rule ई हलमघो् 6/4/113

आ of श्ना will get replaced by ई and न ्becomes ण ्by अट्कुपिाङ्नमु्प्व्मिामेवऩ॥ 8/2/4

So we get गहृ् ण ्ई ते = गहृ्णीत ेetc.



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2nd and 3rd ganas

Note – In रट्

Among 9 pratyayas of parasmaipada, Only 3 pratyayas - ततऩ ्लसऩ ्लभऩ ्- are वऩत ्, hence allows Guna. Remaining 6 pratyayas – त् etc. are अवऩत ्so ङङत ्by 1/2/4.

Among 9 pratyayas of Atmanepada, All 9 are अवऩत ्so ङङत ्by 1/2/4.

Consider dhatu विदॉ ऻाने 2nd gana, 1064 parasmaipadi. In विदॉ अॉ is इत ्by 1/3/2, so विद् remains, hence विदॉ = विद् Consider विद् धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

विद् + रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्comes after विद् धातु ।

So it will be - विद् + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्Now शऩ ्will become रुक्44 (= अदशमनभ)् by अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72.

So we have विद् + ततऩ ्


Now अङ्ग विद् contains इ which is उऩधा by1/1/65 and also रघु by 1/4/10. So विद् is a रघूऩध अङ्ग, so guna takes place by ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86 and इ becomes ए .

विद् + ततऩ ्= िेद् + तत , under this condition द् of िेद् becomes त4्5

So we get िेद् + तत = िेत ्तत = िेल्त्त.

Similarly िेल्त्स, िेति.

Consider विद् – धातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग in prathama Purusha dvivachana तस ् 44

रुक् = अदशमनभ ्– A type of disappearance- See sutra 1/1/61 45

See book sandhi rules 2



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विद् + रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68, शऩ ्comes after विद् धातु ।

So it will be - विद् + शऩ ्+ तस ्Now शऩ ्will become रुक्(= अदशमनभ)् by अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72.

So we have विद् + तस ् In तस ्is अवऩत,् So तस ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत,् so ङङत ्by 1/2/4, hence stops

guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5,

Here, though अङ्ग विद् contains इ which is उऩधा by1/1/65 and also रघ ुby 1/4/10. So विद् a रघूऩध अङ्ग, would have undergone guna by sutra ऩुगन्तरघूऩधस्म च 7/3/86, but

gets prohibited by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/1/5, because तस ्is ङङत.्

विद् + तस ्= विद् + तस ्under this condition द् of विद् becomes त4्6

So we get वित ्+ त् = वित ्त् = वित्त्. Similarly वित्थ् वित्थ विद्ि् विि्

Similarly consider विद् in prathama purusha bahuvachana. As explained earlier it will be विद् + णझ47 = विद् अल्न्त = विदल्न्त

46

See book sandhi rules 2 47

See sutra झोन्त् 7/1/3



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आसॉ उऩिेशने 1021, 2nd gana, Atmanepadi = आस ्

In आसॉ अॉ is इत ्by 1/3/2, so आस ्remains, hence आसॉ = आस ् आस ्+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्comes after आस ्धातु ।

So it will be - आस ्+ शऩ ्+ त ेNow शऩ ्will become रुक् (= अदशमनभ)् by अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72.

So we have आस ्+ त े= आस्ते

In prathama purusha dvivachana आत ेis

आस ्+ आत े= आसात ेetc. + by 7-1-5 becomes , so + = आस्ते आसात ेआसते आस्से आसाथे आध्ि4े8 आसे आस्िहे आस्भहे Consider Dhatu जाग ृतनद्राऺमे 2nd gana Here there is no इत,् entire dhatu जाग ृremains as it is. Observe जाग ृ= ज ्आ ग ्ऋ, contains more than one अच,् so अनेकाच ्धातु. Consider जाग ृधातु, in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग

जाग ृ+ रट् under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 शऩ ्comes after जाग ृधातु ।

So it will be - जाग ृ+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ्Now शऩ ्will become रुक्(= अदशमनभ)् by अददप्रबतृतभ्म् शऩ् 2-4-72.

So we have जाग ृ+ ततऩ ्


Now in अङ्ग जाग ृ- िणम ऋ is present at its end, so this अन्त्म ऋकाय undergoes guna by

sutra 7/3/84-सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो्, and ऋ gets replaced by अय.् So we get जागय ्तत = जागततम. Similarly जागविम49, जागलभम

48

Here स ्of आस ्becomes Lopa by धध च 8/2/25. Details are beyond the scope of this book. 49

Observe स ्becomes ि ्by आदेश प्रत्मममो्8/3/59



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In prathama purusha dvivachana तस ्etc. As mentioned earlier शऩ ्will be added and becomes रुक्. So we have जाग ृ+ त् = जागतृ्. Similarly जागथृ् जागथृ जागिृ् जागभृ्

Consider जाग ृin prathama purusha bahuvachana णझ. As mentioned earlier शऩ ्will be added and becomes रुक्. So we have जाग ृ+ णझ Under this condition णझ is sarvadhatuka अवऩत,् so ङङत,् hence wont allow guna, but will be repalced by अतत50. This happens because जाग ृis a dhatu called अभ्मस्त by sutra जक्षऺत्मादम् िट् 6/1/6 and for a Abhyasta dhatu, झ ्will become अत ्by अदभ्मस्तात ्7/1/4, so णझ will be अतत, hence जाग ृ+ णझ = जाग+ृअतत now by मण ्sandhi ऋ becomes य,् so we get जाग्रतत. जागततम जागतृ् जाग्रतत जागविम जागथृ् जागथृ जागलभम जागिृ् जागभृ् Consider , in च

+ under this condition by sutra 3/1/68 comes after ।

So it will be - + +

Now will become (= ) by 2-4-72.

So we have + Here by sutra च 3/4/109 will be ( ) + = + = + = + Now though is yet by च 7/3/83, causes guna of anga’s letter . Hence we get + and as usual agama also takes place, so we get 51

50

Normally for all other parasmaipada dhatus of 2nd

gana, णझ is अल्न्त by sutra झोन्त् 7/1/3 51

Details of this form is not discussed.



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Under certain conditions dhatus are reduplicated (=doubled), this topic of reduplication is called द्वित्ि प्रकयणभ ्(dvitva prakaranam) in Ashtadhyayi. This dvitvam (reduplication) is dealt in two places,

First in sixth adhyaya first pada from sutra 6/1/1 to 6/1/12, this is called िाष्ट द्वित्ि प्रकयण. Now we are studying this.

In eight adhyaya, which we are not dealing now. ऩूिोभ्मास् 6/1/4 मे च द्िे विदहतेल्स्भन ्प्रकयणे तमो् म् ऩूिम् स् अभ्मास-सञ्ज्ऻक् बितत | Where reduplication is done, the first of two is called अभ्मास Abhyasa. Eg - ऩऩाच वऩऩदठिा जुहोतत त्रफबेतत उिाच |

ऩच ्in लरट् becomes ऩऩाच, here ऩ which is first of two, hence called as Abhyasa.

हु in रट् becomes जुहोतत, here जु which is first of two, hence called as Abhyasa.

For ऩठ् when सन ्is added, it becomes वऩऩदठिा, here वऩ which is first of two, hence called as Abhyasa.

िच ्in लरट् becomes उिाच, here उ which is first of two, hence called as Abhyaysa.

उबे अभ्मस्तभ ्6/1/5 मे द्ि ेविदहते त ेउबे सभुददते अभ्मस्तसञ्ज्ऻे बित् Where reduplication is done, both are collectively called Abhyasta. Eg. डुदाञ ्दाने 3rd gana,1091, ubhayapadi. दा remains. In दा ततऩ ्dhatu gets doubled and other rules get applied finally we get ददा तत (= ददातत), here ददा is Abhyasta and द is Abhyasa.

Note - Abhyasa and Abhyasta have many rules of which we are discussing just Abhyasta which is required in parasmaipada prathama purusha bahuvachana of and For dhatus of 3rd conjugation in all Sarvdhatuka lakaras, because

these dhatus undergo द्वित्ि (reduplication) by 6/1/10.



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For a set of 7 dhatus of 2nd conjugation – जऺ् जाग ृetc, which are ca ed bhyasta by 6/1/6, though they don’t undergo द्वित्ि (reduplication).

जक्षऺत्मादम् िट् 6/1/6 The dhatus 1071 जऺ बऺहसनमो् , 1072 जाग ृतनद्राऺमे,1073 दरयद्रा दगुमतौ, 1074 चकास ृ

दीपतौ, 1075 दीधीङ् दील्पतदेिनमो्, 1076 िेिीङ् िेततना तुलमे of 2nd gana are called as Abhyasta. These dhatus doesn’t undergo द्वित्ि (reduplication) yet are called as Abhyasta for the sake of grammatical operations.

Under below given conditions द्वित्ि (reduplication) of dhatus takes place as per sixth adhyaya sutras

I. लरदटधातोयनभ्मासस्म 6/1/8 In लरट् eg - ऩऩाठ II. सन्मङो् 6/1/9 In सन ्& मङ् eg – वऩऩदठितत & ऩाऩठ्मत ेrespectively. III. श्रौ 6/1/10 when followed by श्र.ु Eg - ददातत

In 3rd conjugation sarvadhatuka lakara kartari prayoga, when शऩ ्undergoes श्रु (= अदशमनभ)् by 2/4/75, under this condition dhatu preceeding श्रु will undergo द्वित्ि by 6/1/10.

Consider dhatu डुबञृ ्कयणे 1087, 3rd gana, ubhayapadidhatu. डुबञृ ्= ब ृ

In डुबञृ ्both डु and ञ ्are इत ्by sutras 1/3/5 and 1/3/3, only ब ृremains. So डुबञृ ्= ब.ृ

Consider ब ृ– धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada.

ब ृ+ रट् under this condition by sutra कतमरय शऩ ्3/1/68, शऩ ्comes after ब ृधातु।

So it will be - ब ृ+ शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् Now शऩ ्will become श्रु (= अदशमनभ)् by जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2/4/75. So it will be - ब ृ+ + ततऩ ् Under this condition dhatu preceeding श्र ुwill undergo द्वित्ि by श्रौ 6/1/10. So we get त्रफबृ52+तत, here from ततऩ ्point of view (त्रफब)ृ is इगन्त अङ्ग and a ऋकायान्त अङ्ग. 52

We are not discussing rules of dvitva as it is beyond the scope of this book. Here, just assume.



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In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् also ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

So by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो् this अन्त्म ऋकाय of anga undergoes guna and get replaced by अय.् त्रफब+ृतत becomes त्रफबय ्तत = त्रफबततम similarly त्रफबविम53 त्रफबलभम. Consider ब ृतस,् as explained earlier शऩ ्comes after dhatu and undergoes श्रु, due to श्रौ 6/1/10 dhatu undergoes द्वित्ि. So we get त्रफब ृतस,् under this condition तस ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत,् so ङङत ्by 1/2/4, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च

1/1/5. So no guna for अन्त्म ऋकाय of anga.

Hence we get त्रफब ृतस ्= त्रफबतृ्, similarly त्रफबथृ् त्रफबथृ त्रफबिृ् त्रफबभृ्

Consider ब ृin prathama purusha bahuvachana णझ. As mentioned earlier शऩ ्will be added and becomes श्रु and dhatu undergoes dvitvam due to श्रौ 6/1/10. So we have त्रफब ृ+ णझ Under this condition णझ which is sardhatuka अवऩत,् so ङङत,् hence won’t a ow guna, but will be repalced by अतत. This happens because त्रफब ृis अभ्मस्त by sutra उबे अभ्मस्तभ ्6/1/5 and for a Abhyasta झ ्will become अत ्by अदभ्मस्तात ्7/1/4, so णझ will be अतत, hence त्रफब ृ+ णझ = त्रफब ृ+अतत now by मण ्sandhi ऋ becomes य,् so we get त्रफभ्रतत. त्रफबततम त्रफबतृ् त्रफभ्रतत त्रफबविम त्रफबथृ् त्रफबथृ त्रफबलभम त्रफबिृ् त्रफबभृ् Consider ब ृ in , as explained earlier शऩ ्comes after dhatu and undergoes श्रु, due to श्रौ 6/1/10 dhatu undergoes द्वित्ि. So we get त्रफब ृ , under this condition by sutra च 3/4/109 will be ( ) त्रफब ृ+ = त्रफब ृ+ = त्रफब ृ+ = त्रफब ृ+

53

स ्of लस becomes ि ्by आदेशप्रत्ममो्8/3/59



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Now though is yet by च 7/3/83, causes guna of anga’s letter . Hence we get + and as usual agama also takes place, so we get In Atmanepade, all pratyayas are sarvadhatuka अवऩत,् so ङङत,् hence won’t allow guna. But dvitva prakriya remains same. ब ृते त्रफब ृते त्रफबतृे. Similarly त्रफभ्राते त्रफभ्रत े त्रफबिृे त्रफभ्राथे त्रफबधृ्िे त्रफभ्रे त्रफबिृहे त्रफबभृहे त्रफबतृे त्रफभ्राते त्रफभ्रते त्रफबिृे त्रफभ्राथे त्रफबधृ्िे त्रफभ्रे त्रफबिृहे त्रफबभृहे हु दानादानमो् 1083, 3rd gana, parasmaipadi. Consider हु – धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada.

+ रट् under this condition by sutra कतमरय शऩ ्3/1/68, शऩ ्comes after हु धातु।

So it will be - + शऩ ्+ ततऩ ् Now शऩ ्will become श्रु (= अदशमनभ)् by जुहोत्माददभ्म् श्रु् 2/4/75. So it will be - हु + + ततऩ ् Under this condition dhatu preceeding श्र ुwill undergo द्वित्ि by श्रौ 6/1/10. So we get + तत, here from ततऩ ्point of view ( ) is इगन्त अङ्ग and a कायान्त अङ्ग. In ततऩ ्- ऩ ्is इत ्so वऩत,् also ततऩ ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and वऩत,् hence doesn't stops guna.

So by sutra 7/3/84 सािमधातुकाधामधातुकमो् this अन्त्म काय of anga undergoes guna and get replaced by ओ. + तत becomes + तत = तत, 54, . Consider तस,् as explained earlier शऩ ्comes after dhatu and undergoes श्रु, due to श्रौ 6/1/10 dhatu undergoes द्वित्ि. So we get तस,् under this condition

54

स ्of लस becomes ि ्by आदेशप्रत्ममो्8/3/59



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तस ्is सािमधातुक by 3/1/113 and अवऩत,् so ङङत ्by 1/2/4, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च

1/1/5. So no guna for अन्त्म काय of anga.

Hence we get तस ्= त्, similarly थ् थ ि् भ्

Consider in prathama purusha bahuvachana णझ. As mentioned earlier dhatu undergoes dvitvam etc. So we have + णझ Under this condition णझ which is sardhatuka अवऩत,् so ङङत,् hence won’t a ow guna, but will be repalced by अतत. This happens because is अभ्मस्त by sutra उबे अभ्मस्तभ ्6/1/5 and for a Abhyasta झ ्will become अत ्by अदभ्मस्तात ्7/1/4, so णझ will be अतत, hence + णझ = +अतत now becomes 55, so we get .

तत त् थ् थ ि् भ् similarly (= ) ,1091 3rd gana - etc. (= ) 1092, 3rd gana – etc.

55

becomes by sutra 6/4/87



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1438, 7thgana, ubhayapadi. = In both and are इत ्by sutras 1/3/2 and 1/3/3, only remains. So =

Consider – धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada, So we have - + ततऩ ्under this condition by sutra 3-1-78 , is a agama comes

after final svara of धातु।

In – both श ्and are इत ्by 1/3/8 and 1/3 /3, so लशत ्and . Hence = न

This is , it is सािमधातुक by 3/4/113, also it is अवऩत ्, so by सािमधातुकभ ्अवऩत ्1/2/4 it is

ङङत ्, hence stops guna by ल्क्क्ङतत च 1/2/4.

This is , hence an Agama by sutra च 1/1/4756 and is added

after final svara (अन्त्म् अच)् of a prescribed Anga.

In + ततऩ,् (= ) is an Anga containing only one अच ्letter , so this itself is a final svara. (= ) being a agama comes after .So we get

+ ततऩ ्= न + ततऩ ्= न तत = = 57 =

Similarly + will be न = .

+ will be न = .

Consider – धातु in तस,् here also as explained earlier, on account of sutras 3-1-78 and च 1/1/47, agama comes after

final svara of धातु + तस ्becomes न त्, is , under these conditions of of becomes lopa by 58 6/4/111 and also as explained earlier s 8/2/40 and 8/4/53, so we get न त् by 6/4/111 and by 8/2/40 & 8/4/53 .

56

For details see sutram 1/1/47 at paribhasa and rules. 57

These complex sandhis will happen due to sutras s 8/2/40 and 8/4/53, here we are not discussing these rules. 58

The of of pratyaya becomes lopa when followed by or pratyaya.



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Under these conditions by sutra 8-4-65, the which is preceding will optionally becomes lopa. Hence we get two forms as रुन्द्ध्59 and रुन्ध् for our level we use only one form रुन्ध्.

रुन्द्ध् रुन्ध्

Similarly + = रुन्द्ध्/ , + = / , + = + =

Consider – धातु in here also as explained earlier, we get न . Under this condition by sutra 7/1/2, becomes , so will be . Hence न will be न . Now by 6/4/111 of becomes lopa because is . Hence we get न will be = रुन्ध् Similarly in atamanepada also = / = , =

59

Here doesn’t become by sutra s 8-4-2, due to technical reason which is beyond

the scope of this discussion.

by sutra 8/4/65 द् optionally becomes lopa

If no lopa of द्

If lopa of द्



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= = , = / , = = = Similarly – 1439, – 1440 etc.

Consider 7th gana, 1444, ubhayapadi.

In both and are इत ्by sutras 1/3/2 and 1/3/3, only remains. So =

Consider – धातु in रट् कतमरयप्रमोग parasmaipada, so we have - + ततऩ ्under this condition by sutra 3-1-78 , is a agama comes

after final svara of धातु as explained in earlier example. + ततऩ ्= = also = = , = . + त् = त् lopa by 6/4/111 under this condition many sandhi rules will apply, due to which becomes , also becomes anusvara and then following letters vargas anunasika that is s which is , so we have . similarly + = here becomes anusvara and then following letters vargas anunasika that is च s which is , hence we get . Similarly .



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– धातु in atmanepadi

= . = = . In = = In and , we have respectively . In we have



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Atmanepada pratyayas along with ण for any sakarmaka dhatu in ण ग



@

# * *


@ मन्ताभ ्#


* *


@ #

: @

@ * *

- @

:

All these pratyayas are Ardhadhatuka due to , hence no guna. These pratyayas will cause samprasaranam.eg- sutra 6/1/15 & 6/1/16.

In ग only prathama purusha ekavaachana Atmanepada pratyaya form will be there. Here pratyaya along with , for any akarmaka dhatu is given.

रट् - रोट् - रङ् - -



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मक् = म अशशत,् So आधमधातकु


ककत ् so doesn't allows Guna and vriddhi.

but allows Samprasaranam



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Parasmaipada and Atmanepada pratyayas of along with ण .

for all dhatus with .

रकाय -

रकाय -

for all dhatus with . Here instead of , is added to pratyayas.

-

@

रकाय -

All these pratyayas will allow guna to a dhatu, due to pratyaya, which is a non / non Ardhadhatuka pratyaya.

is a / .

@ Here which is a part of becomes by sutra 8/2/59.

स्य अशशत,् So आधमधातकु





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Parasmaipada and Atmanepada pratyayas of along with ण .

for all dhatus with .

रकाय -

रकाय -

for all dhatus with . Here instead of , is added to pratyayas.

-

रकाय -

All these pratyayas will allow guna to a dhatu, due to pratyaya, which is a non / non Ardhadhatuka pratyaya.

is a / .

@ Here which is a part of becomes by sutra 8/2/59.

By Srinivasa. Email – [email protected] www.shastradeepika.org

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.shastradeepika.org/



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About the author-

Sri Srinivasa Swamiji is also called as Srinivasa / Srinivasa Guruji /

Srinivasa Maharaj is a Hindu teacher, practicing and teaching Bhagavad

Geeta etc. as expounded by Bhagavadpada Adi Sankaracharya.

Sri Srinivasaji teaches Advaita Vedanta, Bhagavad geeta, Shankara

bhashyas traditonally and allied subjects viz. Sanskrit language, Ashtadhyayi of Panini,

fundamentals of Sad Darshanas – Tarka sangraha, Artha sangraha, Yoga sutras of Patanjali,

Samkhya karika etc.

Life and teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami Vivekananada

inspired him for life of Service, Religion and Spirituality.

He is very actively purusing life of Service, Religion and Spirituality with vision of universal

Oneness as per Advaitic tradition of Upanishads as expounded by Bhagavatpada Sri

Shankaracharya.

He studied from many spiritual people and scholars in various places.

In Rishikesh, he Studied Shashtras, Sanskrit language, Panini Vyakarana and Shankara

bhasyas in Arsha vidya Gurukulam(also known as Swami Dayananda Ashram on the banks of

River Ganga) which is founded by world renowned Hindu Religious leader Parama Poojya

Sri Swami Dayananda saraswati. Here along with studies he was also actively teaching

Sanskrit along with his Sadhana and Seva.

He also studied in Kashi. In Kashi with the blessings of Bhagavan Vishwanatha and Mother

Annapurana, he studied Shastras from great Scholars and also did sadhanas and teaching.

Apart from his Shastra Adhyanam and teaching, he has also spent time in Sadhanas in

different parts of our country, Himalayas, also on the banks of river Ganga, Narmada etc.

At present, he is teaching Shastras for many seekers without any discrimination of caste,

Religion and sex etc. to create a healthy Global citizens in this era of Globalisation, for the

Universal Peace and Prosperity, and also to Protect, Preserve and Propagate Santana

Dharma Hinduism through shastra teaching, sadhana, and service for a better world.

Documents

The fundamental classification of Dhatus धातुs,