The Francis Crick Memorial Conferencefcmconference.org/img/FCMCProgram.pdf · Caltech Studying the Murine ... 17:00 Philip Low, Ph.D.* NeuroVigil, Stanford ... The Francis Crick Memorial

TheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceTheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceConsciousnessinHumanandNonConsciousnessinHumanandNon‐‐HumanAnimalsHumanAnimals

WolfsonHall,ChurchillCollegeWolfsonHall,ChurchillCollege

Cambridge,UnitedKingdomCambridge,UnitedKingdom

"It is essen al to understand our brains in some detail if we are to assess correctly our place in this vast and compli-cated universe we see all around us." - Francis Crick

All Bordering Photos Courtesy Google Images

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ThankyoutoallofoursponsorsforyoursupportinmakingtheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceasuccessandforhelpingustofuelthisunprecedenteddiscussionondata‐drivenperspectiveson

theneuralcorrelatesofconsciousness.

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TheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceTheFrancisCrickMemorialConference

ScheduleofEvents

7:45 Check‐in/ComplimentaryBreakfast

8:30 ChristofKoch,Ph.D.AllenInstituteforBrainScience,

Caltech

StudyingtheMurineMind

9:00 InvitedLecture:BaltazarGomez‐Mancilla,

MDPh.D.NovartisInstituteofBiomedicalResearch

Consciousness:APharmacologicalPerspective

9:30 RyanRemedios,Ph.D.*CalTech

NikosK.Logothetis,Ph.D.ChristophKayser,Ph.D.MaxPlanckInstituteforBiological

Cybernetics

TheClaustrumandtheOrchestraofCognitiveControl

10:00 CoffeeBreakSpecialUnveilingCeremonyinMemoryofFrancisCrick

LocatedintheFoyerArtist:JohnHouser

10:30 BrunovanSwinderen,Ph.D.TheUniversityofQueensland

NeuralCorrelatesofUnconsciousnessinDrosophila

11:00 DavidB.Edelman,Ph.D.TheNeurosciencesInstitute,TheScrippsResearchInstitute

ThroughtheEyesofanOctopus:AnInvertebrateModelforConsciousness

Studies

11:30 IrenePepperberg,Ph.D.BrandeisUniversity,Harvard

University,TheAlexFoundation

Human‐likeConsciousnessinNon‐Humans:EvidencefromGrey

Parrots

12:00 InvitedLecture:HarveyKarten,MD

TheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego

AreCommonalitiesinBrainMicroarchitectureandBehaviorinHumansandBirdsaCoincidence?

12:30 KeynoteSpeaker:JaakPanksepp,Ph.D.WashingtonStateUniversity

EmotionalFeelingsofOtherAni‐mals:AreTheirAffectsHomologous

toOurOwn?


ScheduleofEvents

14:00 DianaReiss,Ph.D.HunterCollegeand

CityUniversityofNewYork

MirrorSelf‐recognition:ACaseofCognitiveConvergenceinHumans

andotherAnimals

14:30 FranzX.Vollenweider,MDUniversityofZurichSchoolof

Medicine,HeffterResearchCentre

NeuronalCorrelatesofPsychedelicDrug‐InducedImageryinHumans

15:00 NaotsuguTsuchiya,Ph.D.RIKEN,ATR,Japan,Caltech,

MonashUniversity

VisualConsciousnessTrackedwithDirectIntracranialRecordingfromEarlyVisualCorticesinHumans

15:30 CoffeeBreakSpecialUnveilingCeremonyinMemoryofFrancisCrick

LocatedintheFoyerArtist:OdileCrick

16:00 StevenLaureys,MD,Ph.D.CyclotronResearchCenter,UniversityofLiege,FNRS

IdentifyingtheBrain’sAwarenessSystem:LessonsfromComaand

RelatedStates

16:30 MelanieBoly,MD,Ph.D.UniversityofLiege,

UniversityofWisconsin

CerebralConnectivityinDisordersofConsciousness

17:00 PhilipLow,Ph.D.*NeuroVigil,Stanford,MIT

&StephenW.Hawking,D.Phil.

UniversityofCambridge

TowardsEstablishingNeuralCorrelatesofIntendedMovements

andSpeech

17:30 Panel TheCambridgeDeclarationonConsciousnessinHumanand

Non‐HumanAnimals

18:00 PhilipLow,Ph.D.NeuroVigil,Stanford,MIT

ClosingRemarks

13:00 ComplimentaryLunch

*PresentingAuthor



Dr.ChristofKochjoinedtheAllenInstituteasChiefScienti icOf icerin2011.Forthepast25years,KochhasservedonthefacultyattheCali-fornia InstituteofTechnology (Caltech), fromhis initial appointmentasAssistantProfessor,DivisionofBiologyandDivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciencesin1986,tohismostrecentpositionasLoisandVictorTroendleProfessorofCognitive&BehavioralBiology.Previous-ly,hespentfouryearsasapostdoctoralfellowintheArti icialIntelli-genceLaboratoryandtheBrainandCognitiveSciencesDepartmentattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Hereceivedhisbaccalaure-ate from the Lycee Descartes in Rabat, Morocco, his M.S. in physicsfrom the University of Tubingen in Germany and his Ph.D. from theMax-Planck-InstitutfurBiologischeKybernetik,Tubingen.Koch has published extensively, and his writings and interests inte-grate theoretical, computational and experimental neuroscience.Stemming in part from a long-standing collaboration with the lateNobelLaureateFrancisCrick,Kochauthoredthebook“TheQuestforConsciousness:ANeurobiologicalApproach.”Hehasalsoauthoredthetechnical books “Biophysics of Computation: Information ProcessinginSingleNeurons”and“MethodsinNeuronalModeling:FromIonstoNetworks,”andservedaseditorforseveralbooksonneuralmodelingandinformationprocessing.Koch’sresearchaddressesscienti icques-tionsusingawidelymultidisciplinaryapproach.Hisresearchinterestsincludeelucidatingthebiophysicalmechanismsunderlying neural computation, understanding the mechanisms andpurpose of visual attention, and uncovering the neural basis of con-sciousness and the subjective mind. Kochmaintains a part-time ap-pointmentandlaboratoryatCaltech.Text:CourtesyofAllenInstituteforBrainScience

Mice are a very promising model system for studying the neuronalcorrelatesofconsciousness.Theirbrainstructureissimilartothatofthehuman,theydisplaycomplexbehavior,andtheirunderlyingneu-ronal responses can bemeasured using optics and silicon probes atcellularlevelofresolution.Incontrasttothebluntandedentatetoolsavailable toprobethehumanbrain, therecentemergenceofoptoge-neticsallowsscientiststodelicately,transiently,andreversiblycontrolde inedevents inde inedcell typesatde inedtimes inmice.Thisal-lows us tomove from correlation to causation, from observing thatthiscircuit isactivatedwheneverthesubject isperceivingsomethingto inferring that this circuit is necessary for conscious perception. Ishall report on the large-scale and high throughput efforts to buildbrainobservatories tounderstand themouse visual system that areongoingattheAllenInstitute.

ChristofKoch,Ph.D.ChiefScienti icOf icerattheAllenInstituteforBrainScience,Seattle.LoisandVictorTroendleProfessorofCognitiveandBehavioralBiologyatCaliforniaInsti‐tuteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA

StudyingtheMurineMindChristofKoch,Ph.D.


Dr.Gomez-MancillaobtainedaMedicineDegreeat theNationalAutono-mousUniversityofStateofMexico inToluca,Mexico.ThenhemovedtoCanada,whereheobtainedaDoctoralDegreeinExperimentalNeurology,developingaPrimateModelofl-dopainduceddyskinesias,attheFacultyof Medicine Laval University. He obtained “The Gorge Copty Award onNeurologicalSciences”forhiscontributionsintheunderstandingofBasalGangliacircuitinParkinson’sdisease.HecontinuedhisClinicalNeurologi-cal training at l'Hopitalde l'Enfant-Jesus inQuebecunderProf.PaulBe-dard’ssupervision.HewasawardedaFellowshipfromMedicalResearchCouncilofCanadatoperformPost-DoctoralstudiesinClinicalPharmacol-ogyandDrugMetabolismleadinghimtoobtainthe‘PsychopharmacologyAward’ by theUniversity of Toronto for his contributions to theunder-standing of psychotropic drug metabolism in the CNS. Dr. Gomez-Mancilla tookon the roleofDirectorofClinicalResearchatTheUpjohnCompany in Kalamazoo, Michigan, leading the clinical strategy for thedevelopmentoftwosuccessfulnewdrugapplicationstotheFDA,includ-ingPramipexole for the treatmentofParkinson’sdisease,andAlmotrip-tanforthetreatmentofMigraine.Dr.Gomez-Mancillacurrentlyholds thepositionofExecutiveDirectorofTranslationalMedicine inNeuroscience at theNovartis Institute of Bio-medicalResearchinBasel,Switzerland.In2008hereceivedtheNovartisNSONavigatorAward,theNovartisTranslationalScienceAwardin2009,andthe‘VIVAAward”asaLeadingScientistin2010forhiscontributionsto thedevelopmentofnewtherapeuticstrategies inParkinson’sdiseaseanddevelopmentalpervasivedisorders,respectively.DrGomez-Mancilla holds a professorship at theMax Planck Institute ofNeurobiology,UniversityofTubingen.Throughouthiscareer,hehasiden-ti ied several newdrugs and alternative indications in neurological andpsychiatric disorders. He has iled 15 patent applications and has au-thoredmorethan50peer-reviewedscienti icarticlesandbookchapters.

Consciousnesshasbeentraditionallyde inedbytheabilityofanindividu-altoeffectivelycommunicatewithhis/hersurroundingworld.Theclassi-calmedicalclassi icationofstateofconsciousnessinapatient(i.e.Glas-gowscale)isderivedfromanobservationalstudyoftheindividual’sphysicalreactionstoexternalstimuli,butisnotabletocaptureanyresid-ualcognitivebrainactivity.Thedevelopmentsofnewtechnologiesthatpermittocaptureneuronalactivityhavemadearevolutionintermsofourunderstandingofthede i-nitionofconsciousness.FunctionalMagneticResonanceimaginghasallowedtheidenti icationofbraincircuitsinvolvedincomplexmentalinteractionslikeawarenessandcognition.Cognitionisakeybrainpro-cessthatmediatesourinteractionwiththeexternalenvironment.Itde-ineshowdoweperceivetheworldandreactinconsequence.Cognitionasaprocessisindeedintimatelyboundtotheperceptionofconscious-nessthattheexternalworldwillhavefromus,asindividuals.Theunderstandingofthemolecularmechanisminvolvedincognitionsuchassynapticplasticity,neuralconnectivityandbraincircuitsarecontinuallyevolvingasitistheuseofpharmacologicalinterventionsastoolstounderstandand/orrestoresynapticplasticity

BaltazarGomez‐MancillaMDPhDExecutiveDirectorofNeuroscienceTranslationalMedicineNovartisInstituteofBioMedicalResearch

Consciousness:APharmacologicalPerspectiveBaltazarGomez-Mancilla,MDPh.D.


Dr. Ryan Remedios is a neuroscientist at the California Institute ofTechnology(Caltech).HeearnedhisMScattheTataInstituteofFun-damentalResearch in2005andhisPh.D.at theMaxPlanck InstituteforBiologicalCyberneticsin2011.Ryan hasworked in several key areas in neuroscience and has pub-lishedaboutbraindevelopment,thephysiologyofcognitiveprocesses,andcommunicationinprimates.Hisrecentworkfocusedonthefunc-tional signi icanceof the claustrumandhe is currentlyexploring theneuronalbasisofinnate,socialbehaviorsusingthemouseasamodelsystem.

FrancisCrickandChristophKochwereinterestedintheclaustrumasa site of multisensory integration due to its extensive topographicconnectionswiththesensorycortices(1).Weshowedthat theclaus-trum did not integrate sensory information as neurons here werehighlymodalityspeci icanddidnotexhibittheresponsecharacteris-ticstypicallyassociatedwithmultisensoryprocessing(2).Ourrecentobservationsdohowever supportCrick andKoch's conjectureof theclaustrum as a conductorintheorchestraofcorticalregions (1). Toidentify claustrum function, we targetedly ablated claustral neuronsandobserved free-exploratorybehaviors,aswellasbehaviorswithinparadigmsdesignedtodistinguishbetweencognitiveandmotorabili-ties.Weuncoveredasevereimpairmentincost-bene itdecisionmak-ingbylesionedanimalscontingenttoemotionalmodulation,parallel-ing the emotive role of the prefrontal cortex. We correspondinglyidenti ied a direct, interhemispheric, bidirectional network betweentheclaustrumandprefrontalareas,anddeterminedchangesinglobaland regional brain network activity on claustral ablation using func-tionalmagneticresonanceimaging.Overallwesuggestthattheclaus-trumregulatescognitivecontrol.(1)Crick&Koch,2005.(2)Remedios,Logothetis,Kayser,2010.

RyanRemedios,Ph.D.PostdoctoralResearcher,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA

TheClaustrumandtheOrchestraofCognitiveControlRyanRemedios,Ph.D.,NikosK.Logothetis,Ph.D.,ChristophKayser,Ph.D.MaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics


NikosK.Logothetisisdirectorofthedepartment“PhysiologyofCogni-tiveProcesses”at theMaxPlanck Institute forBiologicalCybernetics(MPIK),inTubingen,Germany.HereceivedaB.S.inmathematicsfromtheUniversityofAthens,aB.S.inbiologyfromtheUniversityofThes-saloniki, and his Ph.D. in human neurobiology from the Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversityinMunich.In1985hemovedtotheBrainandCognitiveSciencesDepartmentofM.I.T.,whereheinitiallyworkedasapostdoctoralfellowandlaterasResearchScientist.In1990hejoinedthe faculty of the Division of Neuroscience at the Baylor College ofMedicine.Sevenyears laterhemovedtotheMaxPlanckInstitute forBiologicalCyberneticstocontinuehisworkonthephysiologicalmech-anisms underlying visual perception and object recognition. In addi-tiontovisualcognition,hisworkatMPICincludesauditoryperceptionandmultisensoryintegration,aswellasstudiesofplasticityandneuromodulation.Since1992NikosK.LogothetishasbeenAdjunctProfessorofNeurobi-ologyattheSalkInstituteinSanDiego,since1995AdjunctProfessorofOphthalmologyattheBaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,Associ-ateoftheNeurosciencesInstitute,SanDiego,SeniorVisitingFellowinUniversity College, London, Adjunct Professor in the Department ofCognitiveandNeuralSystemsandofCognitiveandNeuralSystemsintheCollegeofArtsandSciences,bothattheBostonUniversity,Massa-chusetts, a facultymember at theVictoriaUniversity ofManchester(VUM)inEngland,andHonoraryProfessorintheDepartmentofBiolo-gyattheUniversityofTubingen.Text:CourtesytheMaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics

NikosK.Logotheits,Ph.D.Directorof“PhysiologyofCog‐nitiveProcesses”department,theMaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics


Dr. Christoph Kayser is a research group leader at the Max PlanckInstituteforBiologicalCyberneticsinTubingen,Germany.Hestudiedmathematics and theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland,andobtained aPhD inNeuroscience.Work in his lab focuses on theprocessing of auditory information in temporal cortex and how thisbene its from multisensory information. Speci ically, he employs acombinationof functional imaging, electrophysiological and theoreti-calmethodstostudytheneuralinformationrepresentationinaudito-rycorticesandhowthisismodi iedbynon-acousticinputs.Thegoalistoenhanceourunderstandingof theneuralbasisunderlyingpercep-tion,andtoprovideusefulinsightsforpotentialmedicalapplications,suchasprostheticdevicesorrehabilitationapproaches.Text:CourtesyFrontiersinNeuroscience

ChristophKayserPh.D.OttoHahnResearchGroupLeader,theMaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics


Dr.BrunovanSwinderenreceivedhisPhDinEvolutionaryandPopu-lationBiology in 1998 fromWashingtonUniversity in St. Louis,Mis-souri.HisgraduateworkwasongeneralanesthesiainaCaenorhabdi-tis elegansmodel, applyingbothquantitativegeneticsandmoleculargenetic approaches. For his postdoc at The Neurosciences Institute(NSI)inSanDiego,California(1999-2003),heswitchedtoDrosophilamelanogastertodevelopmethodsofstudyingperceptioninthefruit-lymodel.HeranalabatNSIfrom2003to2007,withaprimaryinter-estonconsciousnessandthemeasurablephenomenaassociatedwithit,suchasselectiveattention,memory,sleep,andgeneralanesthesia.Hisapproaches includedbothbrainrecordingparadigmsandbehav-ioralassays that focusedonmeasuresofvisualperception. InFebru-ary2008,vanSwinderenestablishedanewlaboratoryattheQueens-landBrainInstitute.Thegroupcombinesexpertiseinelectrophysiolo-gy,behavior,andmoleculargeneticstounderstandfundamentalbrainmechanisms. Themainresearch focusof the laboratory is tounder-stand stimulus suppressionmechanisms. Thesemechanisms pertaintotheabilitytopayattention,butalsotheabilitytosuppressstimuliduringsleep,andhowthiscanbeinducedwithdrugssuchasgeneralanesthesia.Text:CourtesyTheUniversityofQueenslandandTheNeurosciencesInstitute

Our understanding of consciousness often follows from studies ofselectiveattention,sleep,andgeneralanaesthesiainhumans.Howev-er,thesebehaviouralstatescanalsobestudiedinthesimpleranimals,suchasthefruit lyDrosophilamelanogaster,whereresponsivenesstostimulicanbeindicativeofthelevelarousalintheanimal.Multichan-nelbrainrecordingsfrom liescanthenbeusedtoidentifyprocesses,suchaslocal ieldpotentialcoherence,associatedwithdifferentarous-alstates in the tiny insectbrain. Inmytalk, Iwillarguethatdistinctarousalstates,suchassleepandselectiveattention,mayinvolvesimi-lar stimulus suppression mechanisms, and that perceptual suppres-sionmayhavebeentheevolutionaryinnovationleadingtoconsciousandunconsciousstatesinhigheranimals.IwillthenproceedtoshowhowonecanusethegeneticmodelDrosophilatomanipulateanddis-sectperceptualsuppressionmechanismsinasmallbrain.

BrunovanSwinderen,Ph.D.AssociateProfessor,QueenslandBrainInstitute,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,AU

NeuralCorrelatesofUnconsciousnessinDrosophilaBrunovanSwinderen,Ph.D.


Dr.DavidEdelmangraduatedfromSwarthmoreCollegewithaB.A.inSociology and Anthropology, received his Ph.D. in Physical Anthro-pology,withaspecializationinpaleoanthropology,fromtheUniver-sityofPennsylvania.From1997to2005,hewasapostdoctoral fel-low at both the Scripps Research Institute and the NeurosciencesInstitute. AsaFellowattheNeuroscientists InstituteandProfessorattheScrippsResearchInstitute,Edelmanispresentlyinvestigatingthemajorfeaturesofoctopusvision,fromthevariouspropertiesthataremost salient to the behaving animal to the electrophysiologicalsignaturesofthosepropertiesandtheirassociatedfunctionalanato-mies. In order to characterize the octopus visual system, he uses avarietyoftechniques,includinghigh-de initionvideopresentationofstimuli,electrophysiologicalrecordinginliveanimals,andmolecularlabelling to de ine the anatomy of visual pathways in the centraloctopusbrain.Text:CourtesyofTheNeurosciencesInstitute

Endowedwithanervoussystemcontainingasmanyas500millionneurons,aswellaseyesthatarestructurallyconvergentwiththoseofvertebrates,theoctopusmaybeanexcellentmodelforinvestigat-ingconsciousnessinaninvertebrate.Here,Iwillmakesuchacaseonneuroanatomical,neurophysiological,andbehavioralgrounds.Iwill:1)layoutaworkingde initionforconsciousnessthatmaybeextend-edbeyondthevertebratecase;2)describestructuralandfunctionalpropertieswhichmay be the sinequanon of consciousness; 3) sug-gestevolutionarytrends(e.g.,theemergenceofcomplexvision)thatmayhavesetthestagefortheadventofconsciousstatesinavarietyof species; and4)discuss the latest results fromongoing studiesofcephalopodvisionandoffera 'roadmap' foradditionalexperimentsthatmay leadtoarobustmethodologyfortheexplicit investigationofsensoryconsciousnessinthese,andperhapscertainother,inverte-brates(e.g.,jumpingspiders).

DavidB.Edelman,Ph.D.AssociateFellow,ExperimentalNeurobiology,TheNeurosciencesInstituteAssistantProfessorofNeurobiology,TheScrippsResearchInstitute ThroughtheEyesofanOctopus:AnInvertebrateModelfor

ConsciousnessStudiesDavidB.Edelman,Ph.D.


Dr. Irene Pepperberg received a B.S. in Chemistry fromMIT, andwasawarded aM.A. in Chemistry followed by a Ph.D. in Chemical PhysicsfromHarvardUniversity.ShehasheldpostsatPurdue,Northwestern,University of Arizona, the MIT Media Lab, and currently a researchassociate atHarvardUniversity, and an adjunct associate professor atBrandeisUniversity .ThemainfocusofPepperberg’sworkisthecogni-tive and communicative abilities of Grey Parrots, and she has shownthat these birds have capacities comparable to non-human primatesandyoungchildren.Thetrainingprocessshehasemployedisbasedontherival-modeltechniqueinwhichtwohumansdemonstratetothebirdwhatistobelearned. Throughnumerouspioneeringstudies,hersub-jectshaveprovenabletouseEnglishlabelstoidentify,request,refuse,and categorize more than ifty objects, seven colors, ive shapes, andquantities tosix, aswellasunderstandconceptssuchasbigvs. small,samevs.different,andabsence.Text:CourtesyTheAlexFoundation,RadcliffeInstitute

Toobtaindataonnonhumanconsciousness,researchersoftenexamine“perceptual consciousness”(1) —how sensory information is acknowl-edged, processed, and integrated (2). An organism may be aware it isprocessinginformation,possiblyofhowitisprocessinginformation,butnot necessarily be aware it is aware of how information is processed.Thisawarenessisrequiredforcomplextaskswhichrequireintegratingperception, centralizedmonitoring, and behavioral control(3) and is aformofhigher-ordercognition(4);itmayinvolvethecapacitytochoose,fromvariouspossiblesetsofacquiredrules, thesetthatappropriatelygovernstheprocessingofcertaindata(5).Sometimes,however,eventhisinformation-processing account cannot explain observed data. Threestudies on Grey parrots—predominantly on Alex, who used Englishspeechintentionallytolabelobjects,colors,shapes,andcategories,whounderstoodconceptsof same-different, relativesize,absence, conjunc-tion, exact numbers, conjunctivity, equivalence, and segmentation(6)provide evidence for some level of consciousness approaching that ofhumans.(1)Grif in,1998,2000;Grif in&Speck,2004. (2)Natsoulas,1978. (3)Pepperberg&Lynn,2000.(4)Delacour,1997.(5)Pepperberg,1999.(6)Pepperberg,1999,2006a,b,2007

IrenePepperberg,Ph.D.AdjunctAssociateProfessorinPsychology,Brande‐isUniversityLecturerandResearchAssociate,HarvardUniversityPresident,TheAlexFoundation

Human‐likeConsciousnessinNon‐Humans:EvidencefromGreyParrotsIrenePepperberg,Ph.D.

TheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceTheFrancisCrickMemorialConferenceDr.HarveyKartenreceivedaB.A.inChemistryfromYeshivaCollege,

andaM.D.fromAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine.AfteranIntern-ship InternalMedicineatUniversityofUtah,hecompletedhisResi-dency in Psychiatry at University of Colorado. Before accepting apositionatUCSD,Dr.KartenheldresearchpostsattheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,andatMIT,aswellasaProfessorshipofPsychiatry andNeurobiologyat SUNYat StonyBrook.Karten’s cur-rent research focuses on studies of the neural circuitry, biophysics,andevolutionofmotiondetectioninbirdsandmammals.Hislabora-tory utilizes a broad spectrum of anatomical and neurochemicalmethods; includingpathway tracing, immunohistochemicalandbio-chemical methods for the identi ication of transmitters, peptides,trophic factorsand their respective receptors, a single cell illingofidenti iedneurons andquantitativemorphometry, andelectronmi-croscopic immunohistochemistry. Research activities led by Dr.Kartenhaveledtoagreaterappreciationoftheimportanceofevolu-tionary analyses of non-mammalian brains, both vertebrates andinvertebrates, at a cellular, circuit, and molecular level. Importantindings continue toproduce shifts inperspective regarding theor-ganization of the brain in non-mammalian vertebrates, sensory or-ganizationofascendingpaths,theirevolution,andtheirconsequenc-esforunderstandingthehumanbrain.Text:CourtesyofUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego

A"TuringTest"forcognitiveandsensory-motorcapabilitiespresum-ing to distinguishMonkeys andParrotswould likely prove dif icultfor an external observor/predictor.Which animal is hiding behindeach "TuringCurtain"?Rigid conformity to semantics andoutdatedde initionsofhomologyremainsanobstacletounderstandingbrainevolution.Aretherecommonfeaturesinbrainorganizationofbirdsandmammals thatmediate such striking similarities? Comparativestudiesofbrainevolutionover thepast50yearshaveresulted inadrasticallymodi iedviewofbrainorganizationamongstthesecloselyrelated vertebrates. With very few exceptions, virtually identicalneuronalconnectionsandmicrocircuitshavebeenfoundtomediatesimilarbehaviors.

HarveyKarten,MD.ProfessorofNeurosciences,UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegoProfessorofPsychiatry,TheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegoSchoolofMedicine

AreCommonalitiesinBrainMicroarchitectureandBehaviorinHumansandBirdsaCoincidence?HarveyKarten,MD


Dr. Jaak Panksepp holds theBaily EndowedChair of AnimalWell-BeingScienceinWashingtonStateUniversity'sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine and is Emeritus Distinguished Research Professor of theDepartment of Psychology at Bowling Green State University. Hisresearch pioneered the neuroscienti ic study of primary-processemotionsinmammals,withthegoalofunderstandingtheevolution-aryinfrastructureofhumanemotionalfeelings.Hecoinedtheterm“affective neuroscience” as the name for the ield that studies theneuralmechanismsofemotion,notonlyfromneuro-ethologicalbutalso experiential perspectives (i.e., monitoring the rewarding andpunishingpropertiesofarti icial arousalofbasicmammalianemo-tionalactionsystems).Hisgroupgeneratedthe irstneural(opioid-addictive) model of mother-infant social bonding, and the under-standing of various other basic affective processes, especially thenature of playful joy, that have important psychiatric implications,especially for the development of new therapies. Along with KenDavis, the AffectiveNeuroscience Personality Scalewas developedasapotentialbridgebetweenbasicpreclinicalandhumanresearchendeavors. He is known in the popular press for his research onlaughter in non-human animals, a topic that has led his extendedresearch group to identify several novel treatments of depression.HisforthcomingbookistheArchaeologyofMind(Norton,2012).

JaakPanskepp,Ph.D.BailyEndowedChairofAnimalWell‐BeingScience&Professor,Veterinary&Compar‐ativeAnatomy,Pharmacy,Physiology(VCAPP),WashingtonStateUniversity,DistinguishedRe‐searchProfessorEmeritusofPsycholo‐gy,BowlingGreenStateUniversity,Head,AffectiveNeuroscienceRe‐search,FalkCenterforMolecularTherapeu‐tics,NorthwesternUniversity

EmotionalFeelingsofOtherAnimals:AreTheirAffectsHomologoustoOurOwn?JaakPanskepp,Ph.D. Becauseofitsbipolarpositiveandnegativeaffectivestructure,rawemotionalfeelingsareanoptimalway tomake scienti ic progresson theneural constitutionof consciousness. Suchresearchhasrevealedtheexistenceofprofoundneuroanatomicalandneurochemicalhomol-ogiesinthesystemsthatcontrolemotionalityinmammalianandavianspecies.WhereverintheirbrainsoneapplieslocalizedDeepBrainStimulation(DBS),whetherelectricalorchemi-cal,andobtainscoherentinstinctualemotionalbehaviorpatterns,animalstreatthesewithin-brainstateshiftsas'rewards'and'punishments'invariouslearningtasks.Humansconsist-entlyreportdesirableandundesirableaffectivechangestosuchDBS.Theseeffectsserveasgold standards for the detailed scienti ic study of affective qualia in animal and humanbrains. Such work helps clarify the neural nature of phenomenal-affective consciousness,namelywhyvariousemotionalarousals feelgood andbad indistinctways.Abundantcon-vergentevidenceindicateshowsuchprimary-processsubcorticalneuralnetworksgeneratehomologousemotionalfeelingsinallmammalsthathavebeenstudied,andhowtheycontrollearningandmemory.Thisknowledgeilluminatesourowndeepernature,andallowsustounderstandingcross-speciescore-selfprocesses thatgenerateorganismicandaffectiveco-herencethatservesasacoherentBrainMindinfrastructureforunderstandinghighermentalprocesses.Thistypeofresearchhelpsrevealthecausal/constitutiveinfrastructureofhumanandotherminds(i.e.,the“hardproblem”ofconsciousness).Itprovidesanewfoundationforunderstandingpsychiatricdisorders aswell and thedevelopmentofnewmindmedicines.Theprogressiveunderstandingoftheevolutionaryinfrastructureofacross-speciesmentalapparatushelpsuscometotermswiththeaffectivedepthsofourownminds,aswellasofourfellowanimals.

“Non-violenceleadstothehighestethics,whichisthegoalofallevolution.Untilwestop harming all other living beings,wearestillsavages.”-ThomasA.Edison

Photo Courtesy Wikipedia.com


Dr. Diana Reiss attended Moore College of Art in Philadelphia andpursuedacareerintheatricalsetdesign,beforeenteringaprograminbioacousticsatTempleUniversityDepartmentofSpeechandCommu-nications.AfterreceivingherPh.D.inDevelopmentalPsychology,ReissopenedalaboratorycalledMarineWorldAfricaU.S.A.,whereshepio-neeredprotocolsthatutilizedunderwaterkeyboardstostudydolphincommunicationandlearning.AtherlaboratoryattheNationalAquari-uminBaltimore,Reisscontinuestoresearchdolphinsthroughmirrorself-recognitionparadigmsthataredesignedtocorrelatewithhigherformsofempathyandaltruisticbehavior.Byusingmirrorsasresearchtools,Dr.Reisshasbeenabletoconductcomparativeinvestigationsinanimalcognition,andcollectresultsthatprovideinsightintotheevo-lutionofintelligence.Text: Courtesy of National Aquarium Baltimore, New York Times,LifeboatFoundation

Theabilitytorecognizeoneselfinamirror,onceconsideredaunique-ly human attribute, is shared by great apes, dolphins, elephants andmagpies. In comparative studies of mirror self-recognition (MSR)dolphinsandelephants,showstrikingsimilaritiestohumansandthegreatapesinthestagesofbehaviorandthespeci ictypesofbehaviorsthey showwhen exposed to a mirror. MSR emerges in children be-tween18-24monthsandinchimpanzeesbetween2.5-4.5yearsofage.Inadevelopmentalstudyconductedtodeterminetheageofonsetofself-directedbehaviorsandMSRindolphins,wefounddolphinsat14-18monthsofageexhibitingself-directedbehavior-evidenceofMSR.Dolphins are precocious at birth and exceed human and non-humanprimates inmotor skills and coordination. Our indings suggest thatyoungdolphinsmay showadvanced cognition at an earlier agewithrespect tomirrorself-directedbehaviorascompared tohumansandchimpanzees.

DianaReiss,Ph.D.ProfessorofPsychology,HunterCollegeandCityUniversityofNewYorkBiopsychologyGraduateProgram

MirrorSelf‐recognition:ACaseofCognitiveConvergenceinHu‐mansandotherAnimalsDianaReiss,Ph.D.


Dr. FranzVollenweider received hisM.D. degree at theUniversity ofZurich.Hecompletedhisdoctoral thesis inexperimentalmedicineatthe Institute of Toxicology of the University and ETH of Zurich,wastrained in neurochemistry at the Brain Research Institute of theUniversityofZurich,andinneuroimagingatthePETCentreofthePSI-ETH.In1994hebecamecerti iedinthespecialitiesofpsychiatryandpsychotherapy. His research interests encompass the area ofpsychopathology, cognitive neuroscience, and behaviouralpsychopharmacology of psychotic and affective disorders.Vollenweider’s current research focuses on the investigation of thefunctional networks and transmitter dynamics underlying theexperience of self, visual perception, cognitive and emotionalprocessesandthedysfunctionsoftheseprocessesinhumanmodelsofpsychoses and psychiatric patients. Multiple approaches includingmeasures of information processing, event-related potentials, andbrain imaging techniques are used for studying these functions, andaddressing the mechanisms of action of psychostimulants,hallucinogens,andentactogensinhumans.Text:CourtesyofHeffterResearchInstitute

Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin produce an altered state ofconsciousness (ASC) characterized by vivid imagery and profoundchanges inmood, thought, intuition, and self that isotherwise rarelyexperiencedexceptindreams.Recent indingssuggestthattheseroto-ninsystemandparticularlyagonisticactivityat5-HT2A/1Areceptorsisimplicatedintheformationofpsilocybin-inducedandalsonaturallyoccurringvisualhallucinations.Toelucidatetherelationshipbetweenregional brain activity and imagery and themechanism of action ofpsychedelics,theeffectofpsilocybinincombinationw/oserotonin2Aand1Areceptorantagonistsonvisualprocessingandsubjectiveexpe-rience was investigated using high-density electrical mapping withsourceanalysisandH2O-PETimaging.Theresultsshowreducedacti-vation in the right extrastriate and posterior parietal areas, and dis-ruptedmodalobjectcompletion.Furthermore,theysuggestthatpsilo-cybin-induced imagery is primarily mediated by 5-HT2A receptoractivationbasedonadisruptionincorticalfeedforwardandfeedbackprocessing.

FranzX.Vollenweider,MD.ProfessorofPsychiatry,UniversityofZürichSchoolofMedicine,Vice‐DirectorofResearchandTeachingandDirectoroftheNeuropsychophar‐macologyandBrainImagingResearchUnitoftheUniversityHospitalofPsychiatryZürich,DirectorofHeffterResearchCentreZürichforConsciousnessStudies

NeuronalCorrelatesofPsychedelicDrug‐InducedImageryinHumansFranzX.Vollenweider,MD.


Dr.NaotsuguTsuchiyawasawardedaB.S. inBiologyfromtheKyotoUniversity.From2000to2005TsuchiyapursuedadoctorateatCali-fornia Institute of Technology as a member of Chistoph Koch’s re-search group. After receiving his Ph.D. in Computation and NeuralSystems, he joined Ralph Adolphs’ lab as post-doctoral fellow until2010,whereheinvestigatedvisualattention,unconsciousvisualpro-cessing,andtheamygdala’scategoricalselectivitytovisualstimuli.Dr.Tsuchiya’smostrecentresearchhasfocusedontheenigmatictriumvi-rate of relations between consciousness, attention, and emotion.Throughtheanalysisofmultichannelneurophysiologicaldata,record-edintracraniallyorbyfMRI,Tsuchiyaaimstoidentifythedistinctionbetweenconsciousnessandattention,andlocatetheneuralcorrelatesofeach.

A fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience is how neuronalrepresentations are related to conscious experience. Two key ques-tionsare:whereinthebrainsuchrepresentationsarelocated,andatwhat point in time they correlatewith conscious experience. In linewith this issue, a hotly debated question is whether primary visualcortex (V1) contributes to visual consciousness, orwhether this de-pendsonlyonhigher-order cortices.Herewe investigated this issueby recording directly from early visual cortex in two neurosurgicalpatientsundergoingepilepsymonitoringwithintracranialelectrocor-ticogram(ECoG)electrodesthatcoveredearlyvisualcortices, includ-ingthedorsalandventralbanksofthecalcarinesulcus.WeusedCon-tinuous Flash Suppression (CFS) to investigate the time course ofwhen 'invisible' stimuli broke interocular suppression. Participantswere asked to watch faces presented under CFS, to push a buttonwhentheystartedtoseeanypartoftheface,andthentoindicateitsspatial location. This occured over several seconds. During the taskperformance we recorded intracranial ECoG at high spatiotemporalresolutionfromallcontactsinparallel.Weusedmultivariatedecodingtechniques and found that the locationof the invisible face stimulusbecamedecodablefromneuronalactivity1.8secbeforethesubject'sbuttonpress.Wewilldiscusstheneuronaldynamicsassociatedwiththebreakofinter-ocularsuppression.

NaotsuguTsuchiya,Ph.D.PRESTO(Sakigake)fellow,JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency(JST),JapanVisitingscholarinLaboratoryforAdaptiveIntelligence,RIKEN,JapanVisitingscholarinATR,JapanVisitor,DivisionofBiology,Caltech,USAAssociateProfessor,SchoolofPsycholo‐gyandPsychiatry,FacultyofMedicine,NursingandHealthSciences,MonashUniversity

VisualConsciousnessTrackedwithDirectIntracranialRecordingfromEarlyVisualCorticesinHumansNaotsuguTsuchiya,Ph.D.


Dr.StevenLaureysreceivedhisMDfromVrijeUniversiteitBrussel,inBelgium,andwasawardedanM.Sc.inPharmaceuticalMedicineforhisresearchonpainandstrokeusinginvivomicrodialysisanddiffusionMRIinrats.Drawnbyfunctionalneuroimaging,LaureysmovedtotheCyclotronResearchCenterattheUniversityofLiege,Belgium,wherehereceivedaPh.D. forhis investigations intoresidualbrain functionin coma, vegetative,minimally conscious and locked-in states. Lau-reys has used fMRI to demonstrate awareness the awareness of pa-tientsinvegetativestatesandhaspublishedwidelyonrelatedtopicssuchasbrain-death,locked-insyndrome,anesthesia,pain,andsleep.Text:CourtesyofComaScienceGroup

Following severe brain damage some patients loose all brain andbrainstemfunctionsandevolvetobraindeathwhileotherscanopentheireyes,butonly showre lexbehavior. Somepatientswill remainunresponsive fordecades;othersmayevolve toaminimally respon-sive/consciousstatewithmorethansimplere lexbehaviorsbutlack-ing communication. Finally, coma patients may awaken, being fullyaware but paralyzed and mute. We here review neuroimaging andelectrophysiology studies that illuminate the relationships betweenawareness and brain function in these challenging conditions. Suchstudiesshowthatawarenessisanemergentpropertyofthecollectivebehavior of frontoparietal top-down connectivity where external(sensory) awareness depends on lateral prefrontal/parietal cortices,while internal (self) awareness correlates with precuneal/mesiofrontalmidline activity. This knowledge improves diagnosis ofpatients with disorders of consciousness. Technology can also nowshow command-speci ic changes in EEG or fMRI signals providingmotor-independentevidenceofconsciousthoughtsandinsomecasescommunication.

StevenLaureys,MD,Ph.D.ResearchAssociateattheBelgianNationalFundforScienti icResearch(FNRS)HeadoftheComaScienceGroup,CyclotronResearchCenterHeadofClinics,NeurologyDept.,UniversityHospital,UniversityofLiège

IdentifyingtheBrain'sAwarenessSystem:LessonsfromComaandRelatedStatesStevenLaureys,MD,Ph.D.


Dr.MelanieBolyisaPostdoctoralResearchFellowattheBelgianNa-tional Fund for Scienti ic Research. She works since more than tenyearswithStevenLaureysat theComaScienceGroup(CyclotronRe-searchCentre,UniversityofLiege).Herresearchaimsatinvestigatingthe neural correlates of decreased consciousness during vegetativestate, anesthesia or sleep using a variety of functional neuroimagingtechniques(includingPET,functionalMRI,highdensityEEGandTMS-EEG).ShealsoworkedwiththeteamofAdrianOweninCambridge,inorder to design some active paradigms (such as the fMRI 'imagineplaying tennis') able to detect consciousness in unresponsive non-communicativebraindamagedpatients.In2010shealsoperformedapost-doctoral stay in Karl Friston's group at University College Lon-don, inordertoapplydynamiccausalmodelingtothestudyofeffec-tiveconnectivityinanesthesiavegetativestate.SheisnowperformingasecondpostdoctoralstayattheCenterforSleepandConsciousness,UniversityofWisconsin(withGiulioTononi).Herpresentworkaimsatcombiningfunctionalneuroimagingstudiesontheneuralcorrelatesofthelevelofconsciousnessinvariousstatessuchassleep,anesthesia,or brain damaged patients to a more theoretical approach.Text:CourtesyFrontiersinNeuroscience

During the last decade, functional neuroimaging of disorders of con-sciousness(i.e.,coma,vegetativestateandminimallyconsciousstate)hasevolved frommeasuring resting cerebralblood loworelectricalactivity tostudying functional response tosensorystimuliand toac-tiveparadigmaskingpatientstoconcentrateondoingatasklikeplay-ing tennis. While these methods have improved the care of the pa-tients,theyalsoshowhowdif icultitistodistinguishdifferentstatesof consciousness. Brain connectivity studies aim at evaluating globalcerebral function inpatientswithdisordersof consciousness. In thistalk,Iwillcoverresultsobtainedusingarangeoffunctionalandeffec-tive connectivity approaches based on PET, fMRI, high density EEG,andTMS-EEGrecordings.Experimentalworkperformed inotherun-consciousstates(i.e.,anesthesiaanddeepsleep)willalsobecomparedand reviewed. Practical and conceptual implications of these studieswillbediscussedinlightofrecenttheoriesofconsciousness.

MelanieBoly,MD,Ph.D.ResearchFellow,ComaScienceGroup,UniversityofLiege,CenterforSleepandConsciousness,UniversityofWisconsin,MadisonUniversityHospital,UniversityofLiège

CerebralConnectivityinDisordersofConsciousnessMelanieBoly,MD,Ph.D.


PhilipLow,Ph.D.Founder,Chairman,andCEOofNeu‐roVigil,Inc.AdjunctProfessor,StanfordSchoolofMedicineResearchAf iliate,MITMediaLab

StephenW.Hawk‐ing,D.Phil.DirectorofResearch,CentreforTheoreticalCosmology,UniversityofCambridge

StephenHawkingistheformerLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatthe University of Cambridge and author of ABriefHistoryofTimewhichwasaninternationalbestseller.NowDirectorofResearchattheInstituteforTheoreticalCosmologyatCambridge,hisotherbooksforthe general reader include ABrieferHistoryofTime, the essay collec-tionBlackHolesandBabyUniverseandTheUniverseinaNutshell.In 1963, Hawking contractedmotor neurone disease andwas giventwoyears to live.YethewentontoCambridge tobecomeabrilliantresearcherandProfessorialFellowatGonvilleandCaiusCollege.Since1979 he has held the post of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, thechair held by Isaac Newton in 1663. Professor Hawking has over adozen honorary degrees andwas awarded the CBE in 1982. He is afellowoftheRoyalSocietyandaMemberoftheUSNationalAcademyof Science. StephenHawking is regardedasoneof themostbrillianttheoreticalphysicistssinceEinstein.Text:CourtesyHawking.org.uk

PhilipLowis theFounder,Chairman,CSOandCEOofNeuroVigilandtheinventoroftheSPEARSalgorithm.Heholdsdualappointmentsatthe Stanford School ofMedicine and theMITMedia Lab and two ex-traordinaryabilityclearancesinthe ieldofbrainsignaldetectionfromtheUSGovernment.AttherecommendationofFrancisCrick,hejoinedtheSalk Institute forBiological Studieswherehe authored in2007asingle pagePh.D. dissertation, “ANewWayToLookAtSleep:SeparationandConvergence”, unanimously approved by six members of the USNationalAcademyofSciences,includingtwoformerpresidentsoftheSocietyforNeuroscience,whichopenedanewframeworkforhumansand comparative brainwave research. Low demonstrated that sleeppatternscouldbecomputationallyidenti iedusingasinglechannelofEEG,thatREMsleepwasnotparadoxical, thattheNeocortexwasnotnecessary for the production of mammalian-like sleep patterns andthatEEGscontainedhigh-frequencysignalswhichcouldthemselvesbeextractednon-invasively.

In2009,NeuroVigilcreatediBrain,aportableneuralactivitymonitor,whichincombinationwithLow’salgorithmicmethods,madethe irstoutpatientpharmaceuticalclinicaltrialfortheBrainpossible.Histech-nologyhas sincebeen requestedbyacademic, industrial andgovern-ment institutions throughout theworld, for amyriad of neurologicalapplications,fromAutismtoTBIandwaslistedbytheNewYorkTimesamong “32 Innovations That Will Change Your Tomorrow.” Low’shonors include the MIT TR-35 Top Young Innovator Award and theInauguralJacobs-RadyPioneerAward,givenevery iveyears.In2011,NeuroVigilwas recognized byFastCompany andTheWashingtonPostasoneofthe“Top10MostInnovativeCompaniesinHealthCare”andthefollowingyear,hewasaskedbytheWhiteHousetoadviseonNeu-roscienceprojects.


Single-ChanneliBrainEEGrecordingswereconductedinahigh-functioning70yearoldALSpatientattemptingtomoveoneoffourlimbsafteraverbalcue:theleftandrighthandandfoot. Raw EEG signals were analyzed with the SPEARS algorithm in order to make high-frequency/low spectral power signals detectable. Concurrent video recordings were ob-tained.Duringtheattemptedmovements,thesubject'sbrainactivitydemonstrateddistinctbroad-spectrumpulsesextendingtotheGammaandultra-highGammaranges.Suchpulseswerepresent in theabsenceofactualmovementandabsentwhen thesubjectwasnotat-temptingmotion.ActivityintheAlpharangewasdetectedwhenthesubjectclosedhiseyes,asexpected.Theemergenceofsuchhighbandwidthbiomarkersopensthepossibilitytolinkintendedmovementstoalibraryofwordsandconvertthemintospeech,thusprovidingALSsuffererswithcommunicationtoolsmoredependentonthebrainthanonthebody.

TowardsEstablishingNeuralCorrelatesofIntendedMovementsandSpeechPhilipLow,Ph.D.&StephenW.Hawking,D.Phil.

Acknowledgments:NeuroVigil is especially grateful to Daniel Furman for initial preparations for this confer-ence,toJasonMcInerneyforwebandtechnicaloversight,toMichaelCurryforworkonthenewsletter,toEmilyPolidanforinitialprogramdesign,toCaitlinCummingsfor inalizingtheprogram,speakercoordinationandforon-siteassistanceaswellastoRileyLandreth,LukeWiley andRezaSalimi-Khorshidi forhelpduring theFCMC. Weare especially grateful toCambridgeUniversityfortheirwillingnesstohostthisunprecedentedconferenceandtothewonderful staff at Churchill College, especially Carol Robinson for overall logistics, KellyBridgeforcoordination,TimCooperforAudio/VideoSupportandthecateringandsecuritystaffs.Thisconferencewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecommitmentandgenerosi-tyofour speakers,manyofwhomhave traveled far,manywith theirownresources, anddespite prior engagements or health concerns, to present indings challenging our under-standingofconsciousness.Weareimmenselygratefultothem.Wearealsoverythankfultoour investors aswell as to theMind Science Foundation, ResMed, the Brain Corporation,BrainVision,UK,theComparativeCognitionSocietyandColdSpringHarborPressforsup-portingourefforts, and toouraudienceandartists, JohnHouserandKeriKukral and themedia, includingtheBBCandCNN, for joiningusonthishistoricday.Manythanks toSte-phenHawkingforagreeingtohavehisstudieswithDr.Lowpresentedatthisconference.AspecialnoteofthanksisalsoduetotheCrickFamilyforsharingabeautifulportraitofFran-cis Crick byhis latewife, the artistOdile Crick,with the conference and for giving us thehonortonamethisconferenceinthehonoroftheFrancisCrick,ascientistwithanunrivaledmixofrigor,creativityandboldness.

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The Francis Crick Memorial Conferencefcmconference.org/img/FCMCProgram.pdf · Caltech Studying the Murine ... 17:00 Philip Low, Ph.D.* NeuroVigil, Stanford ... The Francis Crick Memorial