The Floor Was The Floor Was WarpedWarped

Women Athletes and Women Athletes and MSU Athletics in the MSU Athletics in the

Title IX EraTitle IX EraJavier Pescador, MSU History

DepartmentPortia Vescio, MSU Archives

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

NEW STATUS OF WOMEN IN SOCIETYNEW STATUS OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY WOMEN STRUGGLE FOR GENDER WOMEN STRUGGLE FOR GENDER

EQUALITYEQUALITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AUTONOMYECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AUTONOMY EQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATIONEQUAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION EQUAL ACCESS TO SPORTS EQUAL ACCESS TO SPORTS

PROGRAMS, TITLE IX-ERAPROGRAMS, TITLE IX-ERA PROFESSIONAL SPORTSPROFESSIONAL SPORTS TENNIS, BASKETBALL, SOCCER, GOLFTENNIS, BASKETBALL, SOCCER, GOLF

HISTORY HISTORY ANTECEDENTSANTECEDENTS

1963 EQUAL PAY ACT AND 1964 CIVIL 1963 EQUAL PAY ACT AND 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT INCLUDED WOMEN AS RIGHTS ACT INCLUDED WOMEN AS MINORITIESMINORITIES

WOMEN LIBERATION MOVEMENTWOMEN LIBERATION MOVEMENT WOMEN ACCESS TO HIGHER WOMEN ACCESS TO HIGHER

EDUCATIONEDUCATION WOMEN INCREASE PARTICIPATION IN WOMEN INCREASE PARTICIPATION IN

THE LABOR MARKETTHE LABOR MARKET ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE, ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE,

DISCRETIONARY INCOME, LEISURE DISCRETIONARY INCOME, LEISURE TIME.TIME.

BOSTON MARATHON BOSTON MARATHON 19671967

BOSTON MARATHON, 1897, FIRST IN BOSTON MARATHON, 1897, FIRST IN THE UNITED STATES, AFTER 1896 THE UNITED STATES, AFTER 1896 ATHENS OLYMPIC GAMES.ATHENS OLYMPIC GAMES.

APR.19, 1967 K.V. SWITZER APR.19, 1967 K.V. SWITZER REGISTERED FOR THE RACE. REGISTERED FOR THE RACE. SYRACUSE UNIV.SYRACUSE UNIV.

RACE JUDGE JOCK SEMPLE DQ HERRACE JUDGE JOCK SEMPLE DQ HER SWITZER FINISHED THE RACE (4:20) SWITZER FINISHED THE RACE (4:20)

DISPELLING MYTHS ABOUT FEMALE DISPELLING MYTHS ABOUT FEMALE ATHLETES ENDURANCE/RESISTANCE.ATHLETES ENDURANCE/RESISTANCE.

KATHRINE SWITZER, JOCK SEMPLE AND THOMAS MILLER, KATHRINE SWITZER, JOCK SEMPLE AND THOMAS MILLER, BOSTON MARATHON, APR.19 1967. PHOTO BY HARRY BOSTON MARATHON, APR.19 1967. PHOTO BY HARRY

TRASKER OF BOSTON TRAVLER. AP/WIDEWORLD PHOTO.TRASKER OF BOSTON TRAVLER. AP/WIDEWORLD PHOTO.

BOSTON INCIDENT BOSTON INCIDENT LEGACYLEGACY

BOSTON MARATHON ADMITTED WOMEN BOSTON MARATHON ADMITTED WOMEN 1972 RACE ON1972 RACE ON

SWITZER RAN EIGHT TIMES IN THE SWITZER RAN EIGHT TIMES IN THE BOSTON MARATHONBOSTON MARATHON

SWITZER WON NEW YORK CITY SWITZER WON NEW YORK CITY MARATHON 1974.MARATHON 1974.

AVON INTERNATIONAL RUNNING CIRCUITAVON INTERNATIONAL RUNNING CIRCUIT WOMEN ACCEPTED IN OLYMPIC GAMES WOMEN ACCEPTED IN OLYMPIC GAMES

MARATHONMARATHON WOMEN’S RUNNING REVOLUTIONWOMEN’S RUNNING REVOLUTION

PROFESSIONAL TENNISPROFESSIONAL TENNIS

BILLIE JEAN KING, 1960s-1970sBILLIE JEAN KING, 1960s-1970s WORKING CLASS FAMILY IN WORKING CLASS FAMILY IN

CALIFORNIA.CALIFORNIA. TOURNAMENT PRIZES FOR WOMEN TOURNAMENT PRIZES FOR WOMEN

10% PRIZES FOR MEN IN OPEN TENNIS10% PRIZES FOR MEN IN OPEN TENNIS VIRGINIA SLIMS CIRCUIT FORMED 1971VIRGINIA SLIMS CIRCUIT FORMED 1971 KING, FIRST PROF. FEM. ATHLETE KING, FIRST PROF. FEM. ATHLETE

EARNING +100,000 1971EARNING +100,000 1971

BATTLE OF THE SEXESBATTLE OF THE SEXES

BOBBY RIGGS, WIMBLEDON BOBBY RIGGS, WIMBLEDON CHAMPION 1939 “WOMEN INFERIOR CHAMPION 1939 “WOMEN INFERIOR TO MEN, THUS EQUAL PAY = TO MEN, THUS EQUAL PAY = OVERPAID”, RIGGS BETTER THAN ANY OVERPAID”, RIGGS BETTER THAN ANY PRO WOMANPRO WOMAN

RIGGS CHALLENGED KINGRIGGS CHALLENGED KING RIGGS DEFEATED MARGARET COURTRIGGS DEFEATED MARGARET COURT ““BATTLE OF THE SEXES” HOUSTON BATTLE OF THE SEXES” HOUSTON

ASTRODOME, 30,000 FANS LARGEST ASTRODOME, 30,000 FANS LARGEST ATT IN TENNIS EVER, 1973.ATT IN TENNIS EVER, 1973.

““BATTLE OF THE SEXES” BATTLE OF THE SEXES” IMPACTIMPACT

BOXING MATCH STYLE ADDITIONAL BOXING MATCH STYLE ADDITIONAL $100,000 PURSE TO WINNER$100,000 PURSE TO WINNER

MEDIA HYPE, RIGGS “OLD SCHOOL” vs MEDIA HYPE, RIGGS “OLD SCHOOL” vs KING’S “RADICAL FEMINIST”KING’S “RADICAL FEMINIST”

TV SUCCESS, HIGHEST RATINGS FOR TV SUCCESS, HIGHEST RATINGS FOR TENNIS BROADCASTING EVERTENNIS BROADCASTING EVER

WOMEN TENNIS STANDARD FEATURE WOMEN TENNIS STANDARD FEATURE IN TV, CHRIS EVERT SUPERSTAR IN TV, CHRIS EVERT SUPERSTAR ATHLETEATHLETE

EQUITY IN PAY UNDISPUTEDEQUITY IN PAY UNDISPUTED WHO WON?WHO WON?

TITLE IX ERATITLE IX ERA

1964 TITLE VII CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964 TITLE VII CIVIL RIGHTS ACT PROHIBITS DISCRIMINATION IN PROHIBITS DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT BASED ON RACE, SEX, EMPLOYMENT BASED ON RACE, SEX, NATIONAL ORIGIN, OR RELIGION.NATIONAL ORIGIN, OR RELIGION.

1966 COMMISSION FOR 1966 COMMISSION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS FOR WOMEN CREATEDWOMEN CREATED

1966 FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL 1966 FOUNDATION OF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF WOMENORGANIZATION OF WOMEN

TITLE IX ERATITLE IX ERA

1971 UNITED STATES CONGRESS 1971 UNITED STATES CONGRESS HEARINGS ON SEX DISCRIMINATION HEARINGS ON SEX DISCRIMINATION IN HIGHER EDUCATIONIN HIGHER EDUCATION

1971 ASSOCIATION FOR 1971 ASSOCIATION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS FOR WOMEN (AIAW) FOUNDATIONWOMEN (AIAW) FOUNDATION

1972 EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT 1972 EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT PASSES IN U.S. CONGRESSPASSES IN U.S. CONGRESS

1972 PRESIDENT NIXON SIGNS TITLE 1972 PRESIDENT NIXON SIGNS TITLE IX INTO LAWIX INTO LAW

TITLE IX-ERATITLE IX-ERA 1972 EDUCATIONAL AMENDMENTS ACT, 1972 EDUCATIONAL AMENDMENTS ACT,

SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION: “NO PERSON, SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION: “NO PERSON, ON THE BASIS OF SEX, SHOULD BE ON THE BASIS OF SEX, SHOULD BE DENIED THE BENEFITS OF, OR BE DENIED THE BENEFITS OF, OR BE DISCRIMINATED UNDER ANY DISCRIMINATED UNDER ANY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FUNDING”RECEIVING FEDERAL FUNDING”

PROHIBITED IN SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND PROHIBITED IN SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND COLLEGE/UNIVERSITIES WITH FEDERAL COLLEGE/UNIVERSITIES WITH FEDERAL FUNDING FUNDING

1973 BAN ON ATHLETIC SCHOLARSHIPS 1973 BAN ON ATHLETIC SCHOLARSHIPS FOR WOMEN OUTLAWEDFOR WOMEN OUTLAWED

TITLE IX ERATITLE IX ERA

1975 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 1975 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE, ISSUES EDUCATION AND WELFARE, ISSUES GUIDELINES FOR TITLE IX GUIDELINES FOR TITLE IX IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION

1978 TITLE IX MANDATORY 1978 TITLE IX MANDATORY COMPLIANCE FOR ALL HIGH SCHOOLS COMPLIANCE FOR ALL HIGH SCHOOLS AND POST-SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS.AND POST-SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS.

1979 U.S. DEPT. HEALTH, EDUCATION 1979 U.S. DEPT. HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE ADDS ATHLETICS INTO AND WELFARE ADDS ATHLETICS INTO INTERPRETATION OF TITLE IX INTERPRETATION OF TITLE IX

TITLE IX TITLE IX

UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS SHOULD OFFER THE SAME NUMBER SHOULD OFFER THE SAME NUMBER OF SPORTS FOR WOMEN AND MENOF SPORTS FOR WOMEN AND MEN

WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PROGRAMS WOMEN’S AND MEN’S PROGRAMS WITH FUNDING PROPORTIONATE TO WITH FUNDING PROPORTIONATE TO THE RATIO OF FEMALE/MALE THE RATIO OF FEMALE/MALE ATHLETESATHLETES

1970’S RATIOS BIG TEN: $1/$1300, 1970’S RATIOS BIG TEN: $1/$1300, WASH STATE: 1% ATHLETIC BUDGET WASH STATE: 1% ATHLETIC BUDGET FOR WOMEN PROGRAMSFOR WOMEN PROGRAMS

REACTIONS TO TITLE IXREACTIONS TO TITLE IX NCAA STRONGEST OPPOSITIONNCAA STRONGEST OPPOSITION FOOTBALL & BASKETBALL PROGRAMS, FOOTBALL & BASKETBALL PROGRAMS,

ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS, STRONG ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS, STRONG OPPOSITION.OPPOSITION.

1974-1979 LEGAL ATTEMPTS TO REVERSE 1974-1979 LEGAL ATTEMPTS TO REVERSE OR NULLIFY TITLE IX APPLICATION TO OR NULLIFY TITLE IX APPLICATION TO COLLEGE SPORTS.COLLEGE SPORTS.

NCAA LEGAL ATTEMPTS FAILED, 1980 NCAA LEGAL ATTEMPTS FAILED, 1980 CHANGED STRATEGYCHANGED STRATEGY

1981-82 NCAA WOMEN NATIONAL 1981-82 NCAA WOMEN NATIONAL TOURNAMENTS, 16% OF POSITIONS TO TOURNAMENTS, 16% OF POSITIONS TO WOMEN. WOMEN.

1984 AIAW DISAPPEARED1984 AIAW DISAPPEARED

LEGAL REACTIONSLEGAL REACTIONS

1975 TOWER AMENDMENT, EXEMPTING 1975 TOWER AMENDMENT, EXEMPTING REVENUE-SPORTS FROM TITLE IXREVENUE-SPORTS FROM TITLE IX

1984 GROVE CITY COLLEGE vs BELL: 1984 GROVE CITY COLLEGE vs BELL: NON-FEDERAL FUNDED PROGRAMS NON-FEDERAL FUNDED PROGRAMS NOT INCLUDED IN TITLE IXNOT INCLUDED IN TITLE IX

1988 CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT: 1988 CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT: SCHOOLS ORDERED TO ELIMINATE SCHOOLS ORDERED TO ELIMINATE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN ALL GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN ALL THEIR PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THEIR PROGRAMS, INCLUDING ATHLETICS DEPARTMENTSATHLETICS DEPARTMENTS

COLLEGE COLLEGE PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

1992 34% COLLEGE ATHLETES: 1992 34% COLLEGE ATHLETES: WOMENWOMEN

INTERCOLL. SPORTS 1970s 16,000, INTERCOLL. SPORTS 1970s 16,000, 1980s 160 000 WOMEN ATHLETES1980s 160 000 WOMEN ATHLETES

H.S. WOMEN 1/3 ATHLETESH.S. WOMEN 1/3 ATHLETES NOT A SINGLE SCHOOL HAS MET YET NOT A SINGLE SCHOOL HAS MET YET

GENDER EQUITY STANDARDSGENDER EQUITY STANDARDS WOMEN COACHES DECREASED AS WOMEN COACHES DECREASED AS

TEAM SPORTS TURNED COMPETITIVE TEAM SPORTS TURNED COMPETITIVE BEFORE TITLE IX 90% FEM AFTER 50%BEFORE TITLE IX 90% FEM AFTER 50%

TITLE IX IMPACTTITLE IX IMPACT PERSISTENCE OF STRONG GENDER PERSISTENCE OF STRONG GENDER

INEQUALITIES IN COLLEGE SPORTS, INEQUALITIES IN COLLEGE SPORTS, FAILURE TO END GENDER FAILURE TO END GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN COLLEGE SPORTSDISCRIMINATION IN COLLEGE SPORTS

FAILURE TO REVERSE TRADITIONAL FAILURE TO REVERSE TRADITIONAL PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENTTREATMENT

SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF WOMEN’S SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN COMPETITIVE TEAM PARTICIPATION IN COMPETITIVE TEAM SPORTSSPORTS

CREATION OF VENUES FOR NEW CREATION OF VENUES FOR NEW WOMEN’S PROFESSIONAL SPORTSWOMEN’S PROFESSIONAL SPORTS

TITLE IX AND MSU TITLE IX AND MSU SPORTS SPORTS Karen Langeland, MSU Women’s Karen Langeland, MSU Women’s

Basketball Coach, 1976-2000Basketball Coach, 1976-2000

Conditions of Title IX Conditions of Title IX ImplementationImplementation

After the law was passed schools had to After the law was passed schools had to comply with at least one of the following comply with at least one of the following requirements:requirements: Schools must provide athletic opportunities Schools must provide athletic opportunities

that are proportionate to student that are proportionate to student enrollmentenrollment

They must demonstrate a continual They must demonstrate a continual expansion of athletic opportunities for the expansion of athletic opportunities for the underrepresented genderunderrepresented gender

A full and effective accommodation of the A full and effective accommodation of the interest and ability of the underrepresented interest and ability of the underrepresented gender must be presentgender must be present

On July 21, 1976, MSU conducted a “Self-On July 21, 1976, MSU conducted a “Self-Evaluation as Required by Title IX of The Evaluation as Required by Title IX of The

Education Amendments of 1972”Education Amendments of 1972”

1976 MSU Self-1976 MSU Self-Evaluation Report Evaluation Report

FindingsFindings They believed that changes were needed if They believed that changes were needed if they expected to make it work under Title IXthey expected to make it work under Title IX

Committee concluded that facilities for both Committee concluded that facilities for both men’s and women’s sports are adequate and men’s and women’s sports are adequate and of comparable qualityof comparable quality

They recommended that $130,000 be spent They recommended that $130,000 be spent towards the women’s budget and improving towards the women’s budget and improving their facilitiestheir facilities

They also recommended that new positions They also recommended that new positions be created to carry out Title IX be created to carry out Title IX Director of Athletics, 3 Assistant Director of Athletics, 3 Assistant

Directors, and the Affirmative Action Directors, and the Affirmative Action CommitteeCommittee

On April 15, 1978 the On April 15, 1978 the members of MSU women’s members of MSU women’s

basketball team basketball team unanimously agreed to file unanimously agreed to file a complaint against MSU a complaint against MSU Athletic department for Athletic department for “gross violations of the “gross violations of the regulations of Title IX regulations of Title IX

Education Amendments of Education Amendments of 1972”1972”

Early Women on CampusEarly Women on Campus

Early agriculture Early agriculture curriculum not curriculum not of interest to of interest to womenwomen

First women First women students entered students entered 18701870

Main problem Main problem was housing was housing women studentswomen students

Early Women’s AthleticsEarly Women’s Athletics 1888 – Women 1888 – Women

regular members regular members of tennis clubof tennis club

Competed in field Competed in field days in tennis from days in tennis from 18961896

Early women’s Early women’s sports: fencing, sports: fencing, pistol, field hockey, pistol, field hockey, and swimmingand swimming

Athletics in CurriculumAthletics in Curriculum Women’s Course Women’s Course

begins in 1896 – begins in 1896 – women admitted as women admitted as regular studentsregular students

Women’s Building Women’s Building (Morrill Hall) included (Morrill Hall) included a gymnasium so a gymnasium so women could exercisewomen could exercise

Calisthenics part of Calisthenics part of curriculum for curriculum for women’s coursewomen’s course

Women’s Athletic Women’s Athletic AssociationAssociation

Organized in 1924 by Helen Grimes, Organized in 1924 by Helen Grimes, director of physical educationdirector of physical education

Oversaw competition between the classes Oversaw competition between the classes in baseball, field hockey, soccer, in baseball, field hockey, soccer, basketball, volleyball, and riflebasketball, volleyball, and rifle

By 1926 had a membership of 100 athletesBy 1926 had a membership of 100 athletes Co-eds had to follow certain rulesCo-eds had to follow certain rules

Sleep 8 hours per night; one cup of coffee per Sleep 8 hours per night; one cup of coffee per day, no smokingday, no smoking

Source: M.S.C. Record, November 1926Source: M.S.C. Record, November 1926

Women’s sports ‘30s & Women’s sports ‘30s & ‘40s‘40s

Intramurals Intramurals consisted of about consisted of about 20 different sports20 different sports

WAA joined the WAA joined the Athletic Federation Athletic Federation of College Womenof College Women

Women’s program Women’s program expands around expands around WWII with WWII with decreased male decreased male populationpopulation

Women’s Sports ‘50s & Women’s Sports ‘50s & ‘60s‘60s

In 1962 Carol Harding (MSU) was In 1962 Carol Harding (MSU) was hired as the first full-time Director of hired as the first full-time Director of Women’s Intramural Sports in the Big Women’s Intramural Sports in the Big Ten Conference Ten Conference

Women’s intramural teams competed Women’s intramural teams competed on a state and even national levelson a state and even national levels Money was issue – fundraising consisted Money was issue – fundraising consisted

of bake sales and garage salesof bake sales and garage sales Officiating done by classes, when possibleOfficiating done by classes, when possible

Title IX SuitTitle IX Suit

April 25, 1978 – Women’s basketball team April 25, 1978 – Women’s basketball team members filed Title IX Complaintmembers filed Title IX Complaint Facilities – competition, training, and practiceFacilities – competition, training, and practice SchedulingScheduling TravelTravel Equipment, supplied and uniformsEquipment, supplied and uniforms Coach’s pay and job statusCoach’s pay and job status Academic assistanceAcademic assistance Athletic scholarshipsAthletic scholarships

Scholarship comparisonScholarship comparison

WomenWomen

In 1976, first In 1976, first athletic athletic scholarship money scholarship money awarded - $3000 awarded - $3000 for basketball teamfor basketball team

MenMen In 1976, 14 players In 1976, 14 players

received full received full scholarships – scholarships – approx $31,000approx $31,000

Tuition and Board in 1976 In State - $2400 Out of State - $3500

Coaching comparisonCoaching comparison

Women’s varsity team has one coach, Women’s varsity team has one coach, assisted by j-v coachassisted by j-v coach

Women’s coaches are graduate Women’s coaches are graduate students who must teach and pursue students who must teach and pursue degree in addition to coachingdegree in addition to coaching

Men’s varsity team have head coach Men’s varsity team have head coach plus two assistants. Men’s j-v has own plus two assistants. Men’s j-v has own coach.coach.

Men’s coaches do not have to teachMen’s coaches do not have to teach

12 points of the suit12 points of the suit

SafetySafety

1.1. No physician in attendance at gamesNo physician in attendance at games

2.2. Practiced played on a dirty floor withPracticed played on a dirty floor with

3.3. Fixtures protruding from itFixtures protruding from it HealthHealth

4. Lower per diem food allowance4. Lower per diem food allowance

5. Gym was too cold and regulation of 5. Gym was too cold and regulation of temperature was not possibletemperature was not possible

12 points, cont.12 points, cont.

FairnessFairness

6.6. Only one pair of shoes per playerOnly one pair of shoes per player

7.7. Practiced & played on warped gym floorPracticed & played on warped gym floor

8.8. Provided transportation to away games Provided transportation to away games by car or bus, sometimes up to 11 hoursby car or bus, sometimes up to 11 hours

9.9. No provision of laundry for uniformsNo provision of laundry for uniforms

10.10. Not provided housing or food during Not provided housing or food during winter holiday practicewinter holiday practice

12 points, cont.12 points, cont.

Fairness, cont.Fairness, cont.

11. Provided no training table11. Provided no training table

12. Forced to sleep 4 players to a 12. Forced to sleep 4 players to a room, 2 per bed on trips to away room, 2 per bed on trips to away gamesgames

Nell Jackson’s Nell Jackson’s Assessment 1975Assessment 1975

Unable to provide adequate practice Unable to provide adequate practice uniformsuniforms

Unable to provide sufficient equipmentUnable to provide sufficient equipment Teams forced to stay in 2Teams forced to stay in 2ndnd rate hotels due rate hotels due

to budget constraintsto budget constraints Large groups forced to travel in station Large groups forced to travel in station

wagons and cars instead of buseswagons and cars instead of buses Inadequate practice space for basketball Inadequate practice space for basketball

and volleyball teams when seasons overlapand volleyball teams when seasons overlap

MSU’s Preliminary MSU’s Preliminary ResponseResponse

Playing conditions in Men’s IM would be Playing conditions in Men’s IM would be improvedimproved

An Affirmative Action Committee appointed An Affirmative Action Committee appointed to review problems and suggest solutionsto review problems and suggest solutions

Investigate student manager program for Investigate student manager program for women’s teamswomen’s teams

““Under any compliance review, more dollars Under any compliance review, more dollars will be required for women’s athletics. The will be required for women’s athletics. The question is one of magnitude.”question is one of magnitude.”

Specific Immediate Specific Immediate OutcomesOutcomes

MSU did work on conditions in Men’s IMMSU did work on conditions in Men’s IM Women provided housing during holidaysWomen provided housing during holidays MSU agreed to pay women’s team equal MSU agreed to pay women’s team equal

per diem to men’s teamper diem to men’s team Coach Karen Langeland unaffected by Coach Karen Langeland unaffected by

suitsuit Continued to coach until 2000 when Continued to coach until 2000 when

voluntarily stepped downvoluntarily stepped down

Legacy of Title IXLegacy of Title IX

1980 – Women given Varsity letters 1980 – Women given Varsity letters for first timefor first time

2001 Men Gymnastics team is cut – 2001 Men Gymnastics team is cut – men protestmen protest

2002 – Over 300 former women 2002 – Over 300 former women athletes awarded Varsity lettersathletes awarded Varsity letters

In 2002, men’s athletics received 67% In 2002, men’s athletics received 67% of the athletics budget and 72% of the of the athletics budget and 72% of the recruiting budgetrecruiting budget

2001 Gymnastics Protest2001 Gymnastics Protest

CLASS ASSIGNMENTCLASS ASSIGNMENT

USING THE EXAMPLES OF WNBA , USING THE EXAMPLES OF WNBA , NCAA AND PROFESSIONAL TENNIS NCAA AND PROFESSIONAL TENNIS PLAYERS, COMPARE THE PLAYERS, COMPARE THE TREATMENT WOMEN ATHLETES TREATMENT WOMEN ATHLETES RECEIVE FROM THE MEDIA WITH RECEIVE FROM THE MEDIA WITH THE COVERAGE GIVEN TO THEIR THE COVERAGE GIVEN TO THEIR MALE COUNTERPARTS IN THE MALE COUNTERPARTS IN THE NCAA, NBA AND PRO-TENNIS NCAA, NBA AND PRO-TENNIS RESPECTIVELY. PROVIDE CONCRETE RESPECTIVELY. PROVIDE CONCRETE EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR ARGUMENT.ARGUMENT.