The First Global Age

The Search for Spices

Trade with Asia for spices for hundreds of years

Wanted to find a way to Asia without going through the Mediterranean

New TechnologyCartographers – Map MakersAstrolabe – Instrument used to

determine latitude at seaCaravel – Portuguese ship square

and triangle sails

Mapping the African Coast

Prince Henry of PortugalBartholomeu Dias – Cape of Good

Hope

On to India Vasco da Gama

10 Months to Calicut (Spice Port)

Scurvy – Disease caused by lack of Vitamin C

Many died, survivors made lots of money

Columbus Wanted western

route to India Two Mistakes

Earth was huge Didn’t know two

continents were in the way

ColumbusPortugal refused to fund him, Spain

wanted to spread ChristianityAugust 3, 1492 – Nina, Pinta, Santa

MariaOctober 12 – Thought he reached the

IndiesColumbus was convinced he landed

in Asia for a few years

Line of Demarcation

Pope Alexander VI set lineSpain had rights to the WestPortugal had rights to the East

Naming the New World 1507 Italian Sailor

Amerigo Vespucci wrote about “New World”

German cartographer read reports he had written and named it America

Around the Globe Magellan found the Pacific Ocean,

continued to Asia Circumnavigate - Sail around the world England’s King Henry VII sent John Cabot

to find Northwest Passage

Diverse Southeast Asia Geography

Two Regions Mainland Southeast Islands –

20,000 Islands allow for rich

trade routes Monsoons (seasonal

winds) caused problems for ships

People

Had been there for 5,000 yearsDiverse groups, distinct culturesWomen had great powerMatrilineal – Inheritance through the

mother

IndiaIndian merchants and Hindu priests

spread culture in AsiaSpread Islam religion and Muslim

civilizationStill a large influence

in the region

Portuguese Trading PostPortuguese built whole trading empire

on the seas using outpostsOutpost – Distant areas under foreign

controlDidn’t have enough power to keep

land controlOther countries bypassed Portuguese

ports and conquered

Rise of the Dutch

Built ports in Cape Town, Africa and Asia

Started Dutch East India CompanyMade them a major power worldwide

Spain in the Philippines Magellan claimed

islands for Spain in 1521

Named islands for King Philip II

Used islands as outposts for shipping from Americas over the Pacific Ocean

India and Europe

Silk, cotton, crafts, and ship partsEuropean wealth grewMid-1700s, England and France

fought for world powerWar affected lands in

both Europe and Asia

Encounters with East Asia

Trade with China Ming Dynasty had

strict rules on trade Scholars and

missionaries also had influenced

Chinese welcomed Renaissance learning

Manchu ConquestConquered north China from the Ming’sNot allowed to follow Chinese traditionsWanted to gain loyalty of ChineseHad two rulers, one Chinese, one

ManchuGood economy and huge populationVery restrictive to Europeans

Korea

More restrictive than Manchu’s Invaded by both Japan and Manchu’sChose to be isolated for 250 years

Japan

Welcomed WesternersReligious tolerance to ChristiansFelt that the Pope was taking too

much of their allegianceBarred Westerners, Japanese

couldn’t leave

Indians and Conquistadors

Spanish ConquistadorsHerman Cortes invaded

Aztecs and conqueredFrancisco Pizarro

took over Incas

Reasons For Victories

Superior military technologyIndians divided and discontentDisease and weakened Indian PeopleBelieved the Spanish

signaled the end of the world

Spanish EmpireHad viceroys who ruled in

name of King in the New WorldViceroy – RepresentativeSpreading Catholic religion as

important as gaining landConverted thousands of

Natives

Economy

Spain controlled trade very carefully

Sugar Cane was introduced Had to be grown on plantations

Plantation – Large estates run by one owner

Monarchs gave conquistadors encomiendas Encomiendas –right to demand labor or tribute from

Natives Used this system to force natives to work or die

Bringing WorkersLabor shortage cause the

Spanish to bring people over

Chose Africans because they were immune from Tropical Diseases

Sugar demand increased, millions of slaves brought over

Colonial Society and Culture

Social structure Peninsulares – People born in Spain, got

highest offices Creoles – American born descendants of

Spanish settlers, got plantations/mines Mestizos – Mix of Natives/European Mulattoes – Mix of African/European Bottom rung was African/Native mix

people

Education

Set up many universities for studyConvents set up to teach girls to be

nuns

Cultural Blending

Mix of three cultures made a new culture

Spanish, Native American, and African

Challenging SpainSpain was most powerful

country in the worldOther countries were very

enviousPrivateers – type of pirateEuropean nations

challenged Spain’s power

Building New France France sent missionaries to spread

Christianity and find land Missionary – someone sent on religious

mission French explorers claimed east coast from

Canada to Gulf Population didn’t grow fast King set up forts, missions, trading posts

to boost revenues Revenues – Income from taxes

13 Original Colonies1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth RockSigned the Mayflower CompactCompact – agreement among peopleEnglish set up

13 colonies, combination of France and Spain

Competing for Power

Spain, France, England, DutchWorldwide but especially in the CaribbeanBritish and French fought on four

continentsSigned 1763 Treaty

of Paris ending worldwide war

Impact on Natives

Settlers brought disease that natives weren’t immune to

War killed manyDid have large

impact on cultureFood, holidays,

medicine, trade routes

The Atlantic Slave Trade Most European countries had trading

posts all over African coast Slavery = ancient times In 1500s, Slaves were most important

trade item from Africa 1500 – 1800 became huge, profitable

business Tens of thousands of Africans enslaved

and sold

Triangular Trade1st Leg - Goods to

Africa for slaves2nd Leg – Slaves

sent to West Indies3rd Leg – Slaves

sold for goods and goods shipped to Europe

Middle Passage2nd leg of Triangle TradeHundreds of people packed below ship

decksShips became

floating coffinsDied from

disease and beatings

Slave Trade

African Rulers tried to stop the trade

Didn’t have enough powerImpact

At peak 80,000 slaves a year Close to 11 million over 300 years Affected culture of New World

Global ExchangeNew Food – Tomatoes, pumpkins,

potatoes, cornMore food allowed for more peopleMillions moved

to the AmericasLanguage and

cultures mixed worldwide

Commercial Revolution Inflation occurred because demands rose Capitalism – Investment of money to make a

profit Entrepreneurs – Enterprising merchants

taking risks in business Trade was risky, got rich fast, lost money fast Guild system fell apart Too many people doing too many things to

keep track of

Mercantilism

New economic policy Nation’s wealth based on gold and silver

supply Colonies filled this need and much more Nations imposed tariffs to protect local

industries from foreign competition Tariff – taxes on imported goods

Ordinary PeopleRich got richer, poor became more

poorFew became middle classWomen still had very few rights