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The Final Test… Before the opening ceremony in 1859, the
Victoria Bridge underwent a safety test.
The test consisted of an 18 platform cart train filled to capacity with rocks crossed the bridge. The train and load weighed about 1 ton/foot.
The two locomotives hired to pull the train across were insufficient and a third was required.
In spite, of all this weight, the deflection (bending) of the bridge was a little over 1 inch and returned to normal as the load was removed.
The Victoria BridgeA quick overview of the Tubular design
Situation
The Victoria Bridge was a technological marvel, yet the engineers in charge knew less about materials than we do today.
Justify which material you would have chosen for the project.
What to consider?What should one consider before
selecting the construction materials?
What to consider? What are the stresses/external forces the
material will undergo? (Constraints)
How do we want the material to react to such stresses? (Deformation)
How will the material react? (Material properties)
Will the material last a long time? (Degradation)
Constraints
What external forces are at play?
ConstraintsA constraint is the effect external forces
have on a material/object/system.
Examples of constraints: Pulling an elastic band Squishing a sponge
Types of ConstraintsThere are 5 main types of constraints
Compression Tension Torsion Deflection Shearing
Using the definitions soon to be provided, can you give a common everyday example for each of these constraints?
Types of constraintsCompression:
When a material is subjected to forces that tend to crush it
Tension When a material is subjected to forces that
tend to stretch it
Types of ConstraintsTorsion
When a material is subjected to forces that tend to twist it
Shearing When a material is subjected to forces that
tend to cut it
Deflection When a material is subject to forces that
tend to bend it
Types of Constraints Which constraints would a bridge most likely
be subjected? Explain your reasoning.
5 Constraint reminder: Compression Tension Torsion Shearing Deflection
Deformation
Ways that materials react to the constraint
Deformations A material deformation is the change in
shape of a material based on the constraints that are applied.
There are three main types of deformations Elastic Plastic Fracture
Using the definition soon to be provided, can you give a common everyday example for each of these deformations?
Types of material deformationElastic:
When the constraint leads to a temporary change in the shape or dimensions of the material.
When the constraint is removed, the material returns to its original form.
Types of material deformationPlastic:
The constraint leads to a permanent change in the shape or dimensions of the material.
Even when the constraint is removed, the material remains deformed
Types of Material Deformation
Fracture: The constraint is so intense that it breaks
the material
Types of DeformationsWhat are some of the deformations that
a bridge is likely to undergo?
Explain your reasoning.
Properties
Characteristics that will help determine how a given material will react to a constraint.
Properties The reaction of a material to constraints depends on
its mechanical properties.
Types of Mechanical Properties: Hardness Elasticity Resilience Ductility Malleability Stiffness
Which properties do you believe were considered in the selection of the building material for the Victoria Bridge?
Definition of mechanical properties
Hardness Ability to resist indentation
Elasticity: Ability to return to their original shape
Resilience: Ability to resist shocks
Ductility: Ability to be stretched without breaking
Malleability: Ability to be flattened or bent without breaking
Stiffness: Ability to retain their shape when subjected to
many constraints
Definition of mechanical properties
A material can also undergo chemical changes, such as rusting and corrosion.
What kind of properties should a bridge possess?
Other propertiesResistance to corrosion:
Ability to resist the effects of corrosive substances which cause the formation of rust, for example.
Electrical conductivity: Ability to carry an electric current
Thermal conductivity: Ability to transmit heat
Degradation
How will a material age?
DegradationThe degradation of a materials is the
decline in some of its properties due to its environment or time
Degradation of the Victoria Bridge
In 1897 the Victoria bridge was renovated To accommodate the increase in the
demand of transportation To repair the degradation of the bridge’s
superstructure. The piers only required minor changes.
Common materials used in the 1800’s
Wood Wood is a ligneous (fibrous) material whose
bark has been removed.
The mechanical properties differ depending on the type of wood
Two types of wood Hardwood (deciduous trees)
More resistant to wear and harder than softwood Softwood (coniferous trees)
Wood (general properties)Hardness, elasticity, resilienceLow thermal conductivityEasily shaped and assembledLight weight
Would these properties be useful during the construction of a bridge?
Wood degradationDue to its organic nature, fungus,
insects and micro-organisms can infest the wood.
By varnishing, painting or treating the wood, we can extend its lifetime.
MetalsMetals are not usually used in their pure
form, but are combined with other substances to improve their properties.
This mixture is called an alloy (homogeneous mixture of two or more metals)
Metals (properties)The properties vary on the metal used
Out of the list provided to you, which metal or alloy would you consider in the construction of the Victoria Bridge. Justify your answer.
Please keep in mind… The Victoria bridge is a Tubular Bridge
It is 6 592 feet in length
The superstructure alone weighed 9044 tons. That is 8 204 578.79 kg
Due to the use of the steam engine, temperatures inside the tube could reach up to 125 F That is 52 Celsius
Metals Description Properties Cost *
Aluminum White Malleability 2.508$/kg
Soft Lightness
Abundant in nature Resists corrosion
Very good electrical conductor
Iron Silver in color Ductility 0.21$/kg
Can rust in the presence of Oxygen
Malleability
Nickel Grey Hardness 1.43$/kg
Malleability
Resists Corrosion
Tin Silvery white Ductility 16.214$/kg
Malleability
Relatively low melting point (239C)
Alloys Description Properties Cost*
Cast iron (iron and carbon mixture)
Made of more than 2% carbon
Hardness 0.18$/kg
Steel (iron and carbon mixture)
Made of less than 1.5% carbon
Hardness 0.52$/kg
Resilience
Malleability
Brass (copper and steel)
Mixture of copper and steel
Color varies according to mixture
Ductility 2.37$/kg
Malleability
Resists Corrosion
Excellent electrical conductivity