The Final Paper:The Final Paper:

Tara Middaugh-Bonney

In General…In General…15-20 pages (excluding references)

Double Spaced

12 size font

Do NOT go over the limit.

What to include (in brief)What to include (in brief)……Your Research Question

◦ This should be from your literature review

Why this topic is interesting/important.

The results of your search.

What the studies found.

Overview/Discussion including your recommendations for:◦ Injury prevention in this area◦ Future research in this area

Paper stylePaper styleUse sub-headings

Page numbers are REQUIRED

Title page is REQUIRED

APA or NEJM citations are required- Pick ONE and use it throughout your paper. You will lose marks for incorrect citations

What to remember:What to remember:Grammar matters.

Do not use contractions such as can’t, won’t, didn’t, etc.

Re-read your paper before handing it in.

If you are working in a pair, make sure your writing flows well between each other.

Make sure you…Make sure you…Include the numbers- in order to

understand what the literature has found you must include the statistics they found. Stating it was a significant difference is NOT enough.

Final thoughts and Final thoughts and suggestions…suggestions…

Start early.

Be clear and concise.

Ask for help if you need it.

Two Options for your Two Options for your paper:paper:

1. American Psychological Association (APA) (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/)

2. New England Journal of Medicine (http://authors.nejm.org/help/NewMs.asp)

American Psychological American Psychological Association (APA)- In text Association (APA)- In text citationscitations In text instead of a number you use the author(s)

name and year of publication.

Example: When looking at bicycle helmet use in children, Macpherson (2005) found that kids wear helmets.

If there are two authors you have 2 choices:

When looking at bicycle helmet use in children, Macpherson and Middaugh-Bonney (2009) found that kids wear helmets.

When looking at bicycle helmet use in the summer of 2009 the authors found that children wore helmets (Macpherson & Middaugh-Bonney, 2009)

APA style APA style (continued)(continued)

If there are 3-5 authors you must cite all of the authors the first time you use their research and use et al. in any further in text citations:

◦ Smith, Jones, Bonney, Middaugh and Macpherson (2009) found the children wear bicycle helmets on their way to school.

◦ Smith et al. (2009) also found that the children wore backpacks.

If there are 6 or more you may use et al. after the first authors name.◦ Jones et al. (2009) found a large number of

students liked ice cream.

APAAPA Reference listReference list Once you are done you must include a reference

list for the reader to find the research work you have cited throughout your paper.

Only articles you have cited in your paper should be in this list.

This list is alphabetical.

If there are two articles in the same published year with the same authors you need to label one A and one B (ie Macpherson, 2005a, Macpherson, 2005b)

APA Reference List APA Reference List (con’t)(con’t)

Single author APA style:Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social

development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Two authors APA Style:Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

New England Journal of New England Journal of MedicineMedicine

Uses numbers throughout the text to guide the reader to the correct citation in the reference list.

If there are 6 or less authors you list all of the authors in the reference list, if there are 7 or more you list the first 3 and then use et al.

NEJM NEJM (con’t)(con’t)

Example of a paragraph with NEJM citations:

A meta-analysis of 16 observational studies and a Cochrane systematic review of five case-control studies both concluded that bicycle helmets reduce bicycle related head and facial injuries. 5 6 Studies from Australia, the USA and Canada have shown that helmet legislation increases the frequency of helmet use by children. 7-10 Only a few studies have focused on the impact of helmet legislation following its introduction, and none longer than three years afterwards. 11 12

(AK, Macpherson, C, Macarthur, TM To, ML Chipman, JG Wright, PC Parkin. Economic disparity in bicycle helmet use by children six years after the introduction of legislation. Injury Prevention 2006;12:231-235)

NEJM reference list NEJM reference list examplesexamples1. Shapiro AMJ, Lakey JRT, Ryan EA, et al. Islet transplantation in seven

patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 2000;343:230-8.

2. Goadsby PJ. Pathophysiology of headache. In: Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ, eds. Wolff's headache and other head pain. 7th ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2001:57-72.

3. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grammer-Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Advance data from vital and health statistics. No. 314. Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2000. (DHHS publication no. (PHS) 2000-1250 0-0431.)

4. U.S. positions on selected issues at the third negotiating session of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Government Reform, 2002. (Accessed March 4, 2002, at http://www.house.gov/reform/min/inves_tobacco/index_accord.htm.)