Contentsnaip.icar.gov.in/download/c2-204901.pdf · · 2016-09-06of the few researchable issues though the training of large number of human resources ... (Pant Polyhouse Bred Tomato-2

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Contents

Item Page

No.

Executive Summary English

Executive Summary Hindi

3-8

9-12

Abbreviation 13

Part I : General Information of Sub-project 14-15

1. Introduction 16

2. Overall Sub- project Objectives 17-18

3. Sub-project Technical Profile 18-19

4. Baseline Analysis 20-29

5. Research Achievements 30-71

6. Innovations 72

7. Process/Product/Technology Developed 72

8. Patents (Filed/ Granted) 72

9. Linkages and Collaborations 72

10. Status on Environmental AND Social Safeguard Framework 73-74

11. Constraints if any, and Remedial Measures Taken 75

12. Publications 75-78

13. Media Products Developed/ Disseminated 78

14. Meetings/ Seminars/ Trainings/ Kisan Mela, etc. organized 78-79

15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/ Trainings/ Radio talks, etc 79-82

16. Foreign Trainings/ Visits 82

17. Performance Indicators 83-84

18. Employment Generation (man-days/year) 84

19. Assets Generated 84-87

20. Awards and Recognitions 88

21. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability 88

22. Possible Future Line of Work 89

23. Personnel 89-90

24. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination 90

25. Annexure 1: Schematic representation of value chain models 91

26. Annexure 2: Institutional mechanisms to sustain the gains after project

closure

91

Part II: Budget and its Utilization 92-93

Part III: DECLARATION 94

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Executive Summary

Protected cultivation offers several advantages to produce vegetables, flowers and

planting material of high quality and yields, thus using the land and other resources more

efficiently. This becomes more relevant to small and marginal growers who have small

land holding and would be interested in a technology, which helps them to produce more

crops each year from their land, particularly during off-season when prices are higher.

The protected cultivation technology in the country had started to make a dent around one

decade back and the area under protected cultivation increased sharply in the wake of

several govt initiatives and schemes such National Horticulture Mission, Technology

Missions, NATP etc. largely in the form of introduction of technology. However, in spite

of large increase in area, the availability of greenhouse structures suitable to agroclimatic

conditions of the country, their economic viability, production technology, management

of diseases and pests and post harvest losses including value addition etc remained as one

of the few researchable issues though the training of large number of human resources

had concomitantly been addressed by NHM etc. in most of the states. In the wake of such

challenges, the production technology, farm inputs, post harvest losses, value addition

and marketing remained largely unaddressed. Under this scenario, the sanction of the

World Bank Funded NAIP subproject “Protected Cultivation of High Value Vegetables

and Cut Flowers – A Value Chain Approach (Sub-project code: 70-18) under

Component-II was a welcome step. The project started in March 2009 and due to end in

June 2012, was eventually extended up to March 2014 based upon appreciation from

NAIP. Considering the importance of protected cultivation of vegetables and cut flowers

and the lead work in this area by Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, I.A.R.I.,

New Delhi in the yester years this project was funded to develop a value chain for high

value vegetables and cut flowers as there were many researchable issues in this area being

an upcoming field of work in India. The project had been envisaged in a slightly different

mode from other value chain projects in the sense that there was no private or farmer

funding involved. And hence the concept of value chain coupled with addressable

researchable issues for critical components of value chain of protected cultivation of high

value vegetables and cut flowers were the main targets.

4

The project started on the premises of following broadline objectives:

(Design and Development) To build infrastructure (greenhouses, net houses, shade

nets, nurseries, drip fertigation system) for protected cultivation of high value

vegetables i.e. tomato, capsicum, cucumber, and flower crops i.e. gerbera and

chrysanthemum in different agro-climatic locations with the aim of developing model

production systems.

(Production and Processing) To standardize production technologies for tomato,

capsicum, cucumber, gerbera and chrysanthemum under protected cultivation

including IPM, grafting of vegetable seedlings and the use of drip fertigation and

super absorbents for improving water and nutrient use efficiency.

(Post-Harvest and Value Addition) To standardize post-harvest, on-farm value

addition for high value vegetables i.e. tomato, capsicum, cucumber and cut flowers

i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum grown under protected cultivation.

(Value Chain and Marketing Linkages) Field level evaluation of the value added

products and development of effective linkages of marketing high value horticultural

produce including establishment of cool chain management system.

(HRD) To strengthen human resources for development of entrepreneurial skills for

commercialization of protected cultivation technologies

The project was launched through a Launch Workshop on 30th

March 2009 held at New

I.A.R.I. New Delhi in the leadership of the then Director IARI Dr SA Patil and former

National Director NAIP Dr. Mruthyunjaya. One of the partners, viz., ARS, Durgapura,

Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, was dropped due to technical/management

difficulties. Baseline survey was carried out for 40 protected cultivation growers of Delhi,

Rajasthan and Haryana for the economic conditions and overview of cultivation practices

etc. Based on their landholdings varying from 1 ha to >10 while their net income was <

Rs 1 lakh to >5 lakh including that from protected cultivation. Twelve farmers had <1000

sq m. And 3 farmers had >4000 sq.m. under greenhouses of which 72% area had flowers

while 23% area was under vegetable and average net income was 1.4 lak/1000 sq.m.

Baseline survey of protected cultivation of the growers from karnataka, Maharashtra,

H.P., Uttarakhand and North Eastern states was also carried out highlighting the sucking

pest and soil-borne pathogens in greenhouses. Two international trainings in the relevant area

of “ Fertigation in Protected Cultivation” and “ IPM and Grafting for Protected Cultivation” were

arranged at APR Greenhouse Technology, Novedadse Agricolas, Spain and Dept. of Agriculture

Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece respectively. The

one month training program was attended by Dr. M.Hasan, CPI from CPCT IARI and Dr.Naved

Sabir, CCPI from NCIPM, New Delhi. The expertise gained from International trainings was duly

incorporated in executing various technical programs of the project.

5

Salient achievements of the Project during 2009-2014 are as follows:

• Design and installation of protected structures for different regions

• Design and installation of drip irrigation & fertigation systems for protected Cultivation.

Standardized the production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber for insect proof net

house under semi-arid conditions.

Standardized production technology of capsicum under insect-proof net houses for semi-

arid conditions.

Standardized off-season production technology of Chrysanthemum under naturally

ventilated greenhouses for semi-arid conditions.

• Standardized the production technology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions.

Standardized the production technology of tomato and sweet pepper for Zero Energy

Naturally Ventilated greenhouse cultivation for subtropical conditions.

Two varieties of greenhouse tomato (Pant Polyhouse Bred Tomato-2 and Pant Polyhouse

Bred Hybrid Tomato-1) and two varieties of greenhouse cucumber (Pant Parthenocarpic

Cucumber -2 and Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber -3) have been released.

Grafting technology for seedlings of greenhouse tomato and parthenocarpic cucumber

crops.

Development and validation of IPM for greenhouse cucumber, tomato and chrysanthemum

crops.

Efficacy of bio-agents against soil borne pathogens in Gerbera and tomato has been

standardized with the use of bio-agents T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens

besides other environmental friendly inputs.

Use of bioagents T. harzianum and P. fluorescens done in combination with superhydrogel

from IARI to demonstrate improved germination, better performance of nursery under

moisture stress as well as the reduction of root knot nematodes and the possibility of

management of other pathogens responsible for soil borne diseases like damping off.

Integrated pest management of key pests of chrysanthemum viz., caterpillars and aphids

has been experimented using 5 pesticides (biorational and conventional) like agricultural

spray oil, azadirachtin, phosphamidon, cypermethrin, spinosad and their combinations

were tested separately for each pest.

GAP Protocols for Protected Cultivation have been identified, compiled and published

Development of protocols for high antioxidant rich colored sweet pepper juice.

Standardized the greenhouse production technology of tomato, capsicum, cucumber and

carnation for sub temperate conditions of Uttarakhand.

Evaluation of gerbera varieties under Newly Designed Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse.

Photoperiodic Regulation in Chrysanthemum for Off Season Flower Production studied.

Standardization of fertigation scheduling for Gerbera and Chrysanthemum under Protected

conditions.

Package of practices standardized for harvesting, grading and packaging of five most

important crops tomato, cucumber, capsicum, gerbera and chrysnathemum grown inside

greenhouses.

Two important and significant value addition products Nutraceutical-enriched capsicum-

tomato salsa /puree and High antioxidant rich coloured sweet pepper juice were developed

in the project.

10 farmers trainings and six workshops on various aspects of protected cultivation

technology

6

Five Major Innovations are as follows

Indigenous Design of Naturally ventilated Greenhouse, semi-climate controlled

greenhouse, insect proof net house and nursery.

Design of drip irrigation & fertigation systems for protected Cultivation.

IPM & GAP protocols development for protected cultivation technology


Two important and significant value addition products Nutraceutical-enriched

capsicum-tomato salsa /puree and High antioxidant rich coloured sweet pepper juice

were developed in the project.

These innovations were promoted by following initiatives:

Production technology demonstrated through various workshops, training

programmes to attain technical know- how from the scientist associated with project.

Package of practices developed for GAP and IPM, Fertigation and drip irrigation

techniques and protected cultivation of cucumber are published in both English and

hindi.

Developed technologies are provided to ZTM Unit, IARI, New Delhi for its

promotion and dissemination to progressive farmers and entrepreneurs.

Important Technologies developed are as follows:

Design specifications for various protected structures and drip fertigation system

IPM and GAP Technology for Protected Cultivation

Grafting technology for seedlings of greenhouse tomato

Production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber and capsicum for insect proof net

house under semi-arid conditions

Off-season production technology of Chrysanthemum under naturally ventilated

greenhouses for semi-arid conditions

Production technology of tomato and sweet pepper for Zero Energy Naturally

Ventilated greenhouse cultivation for semi-arid and subtropical conditions

Technology for Value addition products like Nutraceutical-enriched capsicum-tomato

salsa /puree and High antioxidant rich colored sweet pepper juice

7

Protected cultivation technology in a holistic way has been expanded in the last few

years among the farmers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and industrialists throughout

the country due to successful demonstration, HRD, training program, workshop etc

under this project located at Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, Indian

Agricultural Research Institute, PUSA New Delhi. The centre is in direct contact with

around 100 protected growing farmers in and around Delhi and in other states and

actively providing them all the necessary information and technical guidance required

for the successful implementation of protected cultivation technology. The centre is

also providing the expertise and technologies related to protected horticulture to

different agencies of central and state government, who are responsible to popularize

the protected cultivation technology throughout the various parts of the country. The

centre is also providing/ supplying large number of virus free healthy vegetables and

chrysanthemum seedlings to the protected growers in various states around Delhi.

Round the year sustainable income and employment generation is possible from

protected cultivation technology. Economically, it is profitable production technology

for protected cultivation of capsicum, tomato, cucumber, gerbera and chrysanthemum.

Protected cultivation technologies have very high entrepreneurial value and profit

maximization leading to local employment, social empowerment and respectability of

the growers. The net annual return estimated varied from 9.0 to 11.7 lakhs/year/ha

naturally-ventilated greenhouses for growing tomato, capsicum and cucumber. The

net employment generated varied from 1880 to 2400 man days/year/ha naturally

ventilated greenhouse for growing tomato, capsicum and cucumber.

Protected cultivation technology has been growing rapidly throughout the world and

particularly in India due to unpredictable weather pattern, global warming, biotic and

abiotic stress related symptoms prevailing and affecting our entire Agri habitat. The

Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology located at IARI, Pusa New Delhi has

contributed a lot in the vertical and horizontal expansion, refinement, location specific

technology generation related to Protected Cultivation Technology, particularly

through this World Bank sponsored NAIP Project. Significant indigenous

infrastructures and technologies related to Protected Cultivation Technology have

been developed and evaluated in the last five years under the NAIP Project “Protected

Cultivation of High Value Vegetables and Cut Flowers – A Value Chain Approach”.

However the rapidly expanding world of Protected cultivation technology has been

emerging with new challenges and dimensions. In the above context, some of the

most relevant possible future line of works are as follows.

Integrated IPM and GAP Protocols development for Protected cultivation

technology

Grafting technology development and refinement for Protected cultivation

technology

Automation and Sensors development for precision management of climate,

water and nutrient inside greenhouses.

Technology and Policy guidelines development for Solar energy operated

greenhouse.

Holistic programs for varietal development for greenhouse vegetables and

flowers mainly through advance biotechnological tools

8

Based on the above important and relevant future line of works there is a need

for “Entrepreneurship Project development in PPP mode by extending

the concept of Value Chain and covering the entire gamut of protected

cultivation technology through different stake holders”.

9

10

11

12

13

List of abbreviations

ANOVA Analysis of Variance

CAC Consortium Advisory Committee

CIC Consortium Implementation Committee

CL Consortium Leader

CPCT Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology

CPI Consortium Principal Investigator

CCPI Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

GAP Good Agricultural Practices

GBPUAT Govind Ballabh Pant Univeristy of Agricultural and Technology

HRD Human Resource Development

IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute

ICAR Indiann Council of Agricultuarl Research

IPM Integrated Pest Management

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra

NCIPM National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

NGO Non Governmantal Organization

NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project

NATP National Agricultural Technological Project

NHM National Horticultural Mission

ppm Parts Per Million

PPP Public Private Partnership

PRD Partial Root Zone Deficit

RBD Randomized Block Design

RDI Regulated Deficit Irrigation

UV Ultra Violet

Var. Variety

ZTM Zonal Technology Management

14

Part I: General Information of Sub-project

1. Title of the sub-project: Protected Cultivation of High Value Vegetables and Cut

Flowers – A Value Chain Approach

2. Sub-project code: 70-18

3. Component: 2

4. Date of sanction of sub-project: March 2009

5. Date of Completion: June 2012

6. Extension granted from: June 2012 to March 2014

7. Total sanctioned amount for the sub-project : Rs 681.09 Lakhs

8. Total expenditure of the sub-project:

9. Consortium Leader: Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT),

Consortium Principal Investigator and address: Dr. Balraj Singh (up to Aug. 2012)

Dr. M. Hasan (Sept 2012 to March 2014)

Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT),

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (Pusa), New Delhi – 110012, Phone -011-25842481 Fax -

011-25846420, [email protected], [email protected]

10. List of consortium partners:

S.N

o.

Consortium Partners Name of

CPI/Co-PIs

Full Address with Phone,

Fax and E-mail

Duration

(From-To)

Budget (Rs

Lakhs)

1. Indian Agricultural

Research Institute (IARI),

New Delhi

Centre for Protected

Cultivation Technology,

Indian Agricultural


New Delhi

Director

CL

Dr.Murtaza

Hasan

CPI Senior

Scientist

Dr.S.S.Sindhu

Co-PI Prin. Sci.

Dr A. K. Singh

Senior Scientist

Dr.B.S.Tomar

Senior Scientist

Dr.Charanjit

Kaur Principal

Scientist

Dr.R.R.Sharma

Indian Agricultural


PUSA, New Delhi 12

91-011-25843375,

25733367, 25846420 (fax)

[email protected]

Centre for Protected

Cultivation Technology,

Indian Agricultural


New Delhi,91-011-

25842481(fax) 25841063

[email protected]

-do-

do-

Seed Production Unit

Div. of Post Harvest

Technology

-do-

March

2009 to

March

2014

Rs 364.99

lakhs

mailto:[email protected]




15

Senior Scientist

Dr.Pramod

kumar Senior

Scientist

Dr.Anupam

Senior Scientist

Div. of Agril. Economics

Div. of Agril. Chemicals

2. G.B. Pant University of

Agriculture and Technology

(GBPUAT)

Dr D.K. Singh

Co-PI Associate

Professor

Dr Ajit Kumar

Assistant

Professor

Department of Vegetable

Science, GBPUAT,

Pantnagar -263 145

U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand)

Telephone: +91 5944

233643 (O) +91 5944

233473 FAX

e-mail:

[email protected]

Department of Horticulture,

GBPUAT, Pantnagar -263

145 U.S. Nagar

(Uttarakhand)

Tel.: +91 5944 – 235535 (O)

FAX +91 5944 – 233473

[email protected]

March

2009 to

March

2014

Rs 171.07

lakhs

3. National Centre for

Integrated Pest Management

(NCIPM)

Dr Naved Sabir

Co-PI Principal

Scientist

Dr R.K. Tanwar

Principal

Scientist

Dr O.M.

Bambawale

Director

NCIPM, Pusa, New Delhi –

12, Phone- 011-25843936

Fax – 011-25841472

Mobile – 09868589857

[email protected]

NCIPM, Pusa, New Delhi –

Phone- 011-25843936

Fax – 011-25841472

-Do -

March

2009 to

March

2014

Rs 137.60

lakhs

3. Rajasthan Agricultural

University (RAU)

Dr V.S. Yadav

Co-PI Associate

professor

Dr B.D. Yadav

Associate

professor

ARS Durgapura, Jaipur of

RAU, Bikaner-334006,

Rajasthan

Phone – 0141-2721194

Mobile – 09414459339

March

2009 to

May 2012

Rs 7.43

lakhs



16

Introduction: India grows about 170 million tons of fruits, vegetables and flowers

every year, which is projected to increase to 360 million tons by the year 2011. This huge

target is possible only if the existing system of production, post harvest management and

marketing is reformed through appropriate intervention of technology with a partnership

between government, private organized sector and farmers. During the last few years

consumption patterns in India have been changing discernibly in favour of fruits and

vegetables, indicating significant structural shift in Indian diets. The increasing opportunities

in exports markets for these products coupled with the above-mentioned changes in

consumption patterns have clearly laid the roadmap for the farmers to diversify in high value

products that can also provide enhanced employment opportunities even on small land

holdings. The emerging scenario requires renewed impetus and strengthening of resources

and infrastructure in agriculture to produce high value foods and products that are in high

demand by India‟s growing middle classes and urban dwellers and also that have overseas

market opportunities. Such an agricultural production system could provide a sustainable

source of income and employment in rural sector where majority of population lives. Indian

agriculture is characterized by small farm holdings with average farm size of about 1.57

hectare. More than 90 % of farmers have land holdings smaller than 4 hectares cultivating

nearly 55 % of the arable land. Farmers owning these fragmented land holdings are resource-

poor and generally do not have access to new technologies. But this huge human resource can

sustain an intense and efficient agro-production system if provided with critical inputs like,

technology, marketing and credit. The most important aspect is to ensure greater participation

of small and marginal land holdings and convert their inherent weaknesses into opportunities.

Fruits, vegetables and flowers normally accrue 4 to 8 time‟s higher profits in comparison to

cereals and other crops. This margin of profit can increase manifolds if some of these high

value crops are grown under protected conditions, like greenhouses, net houses, tunnels etc.

Protected cultivation offers several advantages to produce vegetables, flowers and planting

material of high quality and yields, thus using the land and other resources more efficiently.

This becomes more relevant to growers who have small land holding, say less than two

hectares. They would be interested in a technology, which helps them to produce more crops

each year from their land, particularly during off-season when prices are higher. This

production technology can be made more effective and pragmatic if Self Help Groups or

Associations of small growers are formed to ensure access to new technologies, critical

inputs, post harvest management and linkages with marketing chains. High quality vegetables

and flowers have great potential both in domestic and overseas market. The demand is ever-

increasing. India has advantage of producing these products at relatively low cost if

production technology and location is carefully chosen. At present, adequate database on

production technology is available which can be used as take-off level for commercializing

the technology on farmers‟ fields. So far the technology has not been adopted at small

farmers‟ level due to mismatch between investment and returns. A successful commercial

model can result by forming cohesive group of farmers and produce enough volume for

effective marketing. The project envisages developing such models in partnership mode.

Availability of quality and true to type planting material of fruit crops has been a constraint in

area expansion of good quality fruit crops. It is proposed to develop scion banks and mother

nurseries at cooperating centers. These will be linked to satellite nurseries, which will grow

planting material under protected conditions in all seasons on commercial scale. Low

productivity and poor quality of horticultural crops in our country is mainly due to poor water

17

and nutrient use efficiency. Commercial use of super-absorbents can improve water and

nutrient use efficiency more particularly in protected cultivation.

Research will also be carried out on grafting of seedlings and hydroponics including the use

of super absorbents for improving water and nutrient use efficiency. Cooperating research

institutes will conduct extensive experimentation to increase the ratio of output to input costs

and to achieve maximum crop yield and quality potential for the given set of conditions.

Besides, location-specific designs of protected structures will be evolved for cost

effectiveness. The technologies developed under the Project will be tested on farmers‟ fields

by all the cooperating centers. Any deficiency in the technology will be rectified and

replicated again for assessing cost-benefit ratio in actual field conditions. Although, vegetable

production in India has crossed more than 100 million tons during the last year, the

productivity and quality of several vegetables is still low and poor as compared to several

developed and developing nations. The major reason for low productivity and poor quality in

vegetables is the severe biotic and abiotic stresses influencing vegetable cultivation under

open fields. The major problem in vegetable cultivation is caused by soil-borne fungus and

nematodes when proper crop rotations and clean cultivation is not followed. In some parts of

the country, the soil borne fungus and nematode has become the most severe problem for

successful vegetable cultivation. Therefore, an effective technology is needed to get rid from

these soil borne problems. Plant protection using IPM technology and grafting technology as

major contrivances against soil borne pests will receive priority.

Post harvest losses in horticultural crops pose a common but serious problem as the produce

is often supple and perishable. Such losses are all the more critical if the produce is high value

crop such as the ones produced under protected cultivation. Proper handling, washing,

grading, value addition of the crop not only minimizes the losses but increases the value of

the produce. Introduction of cool-chain management systems across the line of production to

marketing chain further reduces the post-harvest losses.

As the modern production systems such as protected cultivation are fairly newer paradigms

under Indian conditions, the human resources across researchers, farm managers, transporters,

retailers and overall entrepreneurs are not developed at professional level. Since the

technology requires initial investment and relatively higher level of managerial skills, it is

necessary that required levels of competence and human resources are developed to minimize

risks and derive maximum benefits. Lead centre and all the cooperating research centres will

be equipped to impart training to farmers and entrepreneurs on regular basis.

1. Overall Sub-Project Objectives:

(Design and Development) To build infrastructure (greenhouses, net houses, shade nets,

nurseries, drip fertigation system) for protected cultivation of high value vegetables i.e.

tomato, capsicum, cucumber, and flower crops i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum in different

agro-climatic locations with the aim of developing model production systems.

(Production and Processing) To standardize production technologies for tomato, capsicum,

cucumber, gerbera and chrysanthemum under protected cultivation including IPM, grafting of

vegetable seedlings and the use of drip fertigation and super absorbents for improving water

and nutrient use efficiency.

18

(Post-Harvest and Value Addition) To standardize post-harvest, on-farm value addition for

high value vegetables i.e. tomato, capsicum, cucumber and cut flowers i.e. gerbera and

chrysanthemum grown under protected cultivation.

(Value Chain and Marketing Linkages) Field level evaluation of the value added products and

development of effective linkages of marketing high value horticultural produce including

establishment of cool chain management system.

(HRD) To strengthen human resources for development of entrepreneurial skills for

commercialization of protected cultivation technologies

2. Sub-project Technical Profile: Objective wise major technical activities and

related methodologies followed are as follows.

Objective I:

(Design and Development) To build infrastructure (greenhouses, net houses, shade nets, nurseries,

drip fertigation system) for protected cultivation of high value vegetables i.e. tomato, capsicum,

cucumber and flower crops i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum in different agro-climatic locations with

the aim of developing model production systems.

Major technical activities:

Design of protected structures suitable for terai, arid, semi-arid and temperate regions

Design of drip irrigation and fertigation technology for protected cultivation

Establishment of protected structures at Lead and Consortium Partners‟ sites

Methodologies followed:

Design of protected structures based on the climatic conditions

Design of drip irrigation and fertigation based on the type of protected structure

and the crop

Establishment of protected structures as per standard architecture including soil

preparation keeping in mind inundative augmentation of bioagents

Objective II:

(Production and Processing) To standardize production technologies for tomato, capsicum,

cucumber, gerbera and chrysanthemum under protected cultivation including IPM, grafting of

vegetable seedlings and the use of drip fertigation and super absorbents for improving water and

nutrient use efficiency.


Standardization of production technology of tomato, capsicum, cucumber, gerbera and

chrysanthemum for different regions including GAP and IPM interventions

Development of package of practices for growing selected high value crops tomato,

capsicum, cucumber, gerbera and chrysanthemum under protected cultivation

On-farm demonstration of package of practices for protected cultivation at consortium

partners‟ sites in terai, arid, semi-arid and temperate regions

Standardization of grafting and mass production of vegetable seedlings for resistance against

major soil-borne pathogens

19


Evaluation of water and nutrient use efficiency through drip fertigation and super-absorbents

Evaluation of different production techniques for developing suitable production modules for

selected crops in different regions

Synthesis and validation of GAP and IPM interventions and monitoring of pest populations

and their correlation with growth and yield parameters including the grafting techniques for

resistance against soil-borne problems

On the basis of standardized production, GAP and IPM modules, package of practices for

selected crops would be developed.

On-farm demonstration of package of practices for protected cultivation at consortium

partners‟ sites in terai, arid, semi-arid and temperate regions

Objective III:

(Post-Harvest and Value Addition) To standardize post-harvest, on-farm value addition for high

value vegetables i.e. tomato, capsicum, cucumber and cut flowers i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum

grown under protected cultivation.


Grading and packaging of farm produce.

Process standardization and optimization of processing conditions for high value crops

Development of novel products rich in anti-oxidants

Testing of consumer response for newly developed products


Appropriate grading and packaging technologies.

State of art post harvest processing technologies for novel product development

State of art process assay protocols for anti-oxidant enrichment

Consumer and descriptive analysis profiling for sensory analysis of products

Objective IV:

(Value Chain and Marketing Linkages) Field level evaluation of the value added products and

development of effective linkages of marketing high value horticultural produce including

establishment of cool chain management system


Evaluation of value addition of the product

Establishment of cool chain management system.

Development of effective marketing linkages of the technologies.


Market based analysis of value addition of the produce

On-hand training of stakeholders for state of art cool chain systems

Coordination and Linkage among different stakeholders including growers and traders

20

3. Baseline Analysis:

To be acquainted with the present status of protected cultivation of vegetables and cut flowers a

baseline survey was carried out in different districts of Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and

Uttarakhand States. For the purpose of collecting desired information from respondents, a set of

questionnaire was prepared and tested. Information from 40 protected growers was collected

through personal interview of each and every protected grower.

From the survey it was found that the family size of farmers varied from 3 to 12 members. In case

of type of family14 farmers lived in joint family and 26 as nuclear family. Fifty per cent farmers

have family size between 5 to 10 members. With respect to occupation, out of the total 40 farmers

surveyed, 26 are dependent only on agriculture while rest of the farmers have subsidiary source of

income in addition to agriculture. Out of total 40 farmers, 9 farmers are categorized as large

farmers (>10 ha) followed by 8 medium farmers (4.0 – 10.0 ha). Number of small (1.0 – 4.0 ha)

and medium farmers (1.0 – 4.0 ha) are 21 and 8, respectively. More than 50 per cent of total

farmers are falling in small class. Annual family expenditure of farmer ranges between Rs 32,000

to Rs 300,000. Farmers are categorized in three groups on the basis of their annual expenditure as

small, medium and large. Twenty two farmers fall under medium category (Rs 50,000 to Rs

100000) that comprises more than 50 per cent of total surveyed farmers. Number of farmers under

small and large groups are 9 in each. Farmers using sources of irrigation are tube well, canal,

ponds, tanks etc. Most of farmers have tube well as source of irrigation. Farmers are growing

capsicum (mostly coloured), tomato, cherry tomato, parthenocarpic cucumber etc as vegetable

crops and gerbera, carnation, roses, chrysanthemum, lillium, etc as flower crops under

greenhouses. Most of farmers have protected area in the range of 1000 to 4000 square meters.

Farmers who have less than 1000 square meter are 12. Farmers who have more than 4000 square

meter (one acre) are 3 only. We estimated the net revenue for protected cultivation of vegetable

and flower crops. Number of farmers who are making net income less than one lakh, between 1

lakh to 2 lakh, between 2 lakh to 3 lakh, between 3 lakh to 4 lakh, between 4 lakh to 5 lakh and

more than 5 lakh are 11, 10, 11, 2, 2 and 4, respectively. Eighty per cent of total farmers surveyed

are getting net income less than 3 lakh.

Harvesting of flowers and vegetables is done by farmers manually. Cleaning and grading is done

by farmers on farms by themselves. Farmers are not processing their produces. Mainly business

and animal husbandry are secondary occupations of farmers. It is observed that information

regarding the technical knowledge, package of practices, market information, etc. was obtained by

the farmers through various sources. Television/radio is major source of knowledge by which

87.5 per cent farmers are benefited. Eighty five per cent farmers follow their friend/fellow

farmers. News paper and magazine is the third important source of knowledge for the farmers. It

was observed during survey that farmers have lack of technical knowledge and they require

training for protected cultivation. Wide spread of insects and diseases were seen in vegetables and

flowers in the greenhouses. Most of the farmers are using new crop varieties on their farms. Due

to high establishment cost of fabrication materials, most of the farmers (26 out of 40 farmers)

have taken loan for fabrication of the greenhouses structures for protected cultivation of the

vegetables and flowers.

Many drawbacks of protected cultivation were observed from 40 surveyed farmers and we found

that due to lack of technical knowledge, farmers are not able to grow their crop successfully under

21

greenhouses. Farmers do not know the objectives and scientific norms behind the greenhouse

technology. Manufactures of fabrication materials are not providing the materials according to

standards and norms for greenhouse technology according to crop requirement. Only few farmers

have taken the training for greenhouses technology and they are growing their crops productively

with little drawbacks. Most of the farmers do not have the technical knowledge and also do not

know about package of practices. Nets used all

around the greenhouses and on ventilators for

protecting the crops from insects and viruses are

neither insect proof nets nor shade nets. Mostly

ventilators of greenhouses are found open or no

proper nets are used by farmers for ventilation

due to which the insects and disease vectors enters

easily into the greenhouses and are damaging their crops. Farmers are not doing proper cleaning

and grading of produces which can add the value from 20 per cent to 30 per cent. Even farmers

are not aware of proper post harvest handling of the horticultural crops as different crops have

different post harvest handling procedures.

Classification of farmers on the basis of protected area is given in Table 4.1. It shows that number

of farmers that have protected area less than 1000 square meter are 12. Mostly (more than 60 per

cent) farmers are in the range of 1000 to 4000 square meters and number of these farmers are 25.

Farmers who have more than 4000 square meter (one acre) are 3 only.

4.1 Cropping intensity

As most of the farmers are growing the crops under semi climate control greenhouse so they are able

to take crop round the year with availability of perennial irrigation facility, the lands are intensively

cultivated throughout the year. Adoption of drip irrigation system further encourages towards

preference of cropping throughout the year. Area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable

crops is presented in Table 4.2. Among the flower crops, gerbera has the highest area under

greenhouses followed by rose and Chrysanthamum. Carnation, lillium and calla lilly are flower crops

which grown in small area. Capsicum has highest area under greenhouses among the vegetable crops

followed by tomato and cucumber. Total area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable

crops of 40 surveyed farmers is 10.23 hectares. Area of flower and vegetable crops in Table 4.2

indicate that farmers are giving preference to flower crops over the vegetable crops as more 70 per

cent of total area under protected cultivation is covered by flower crops.

Table 4.2: Area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable crops

Table 4.1: Classification of farmers on

the basis of protected area

Area under protected

cultivation (m2)

No. of

farmers

< 1000 12

1000 - 4000 25

> 4000 (one acre) 3

22

4.2

Gross and net revenue from protected cultivation of crops

The gross and net revenue of the farmers from protected cultivation of vegetable and flower crops is

presented in Table 4.3. Farmers are categorized in six groups on the basis of annual income generated

from protected cultivation. Number of farmers who are earning gross revenue less than rupees one

lakh are 5. Farmers who are making gross revenue between one lakh to two lakh are 12. Highest

numbers of farmers are falling under gross income range of 2 lakh to 3 lakh. Under income group of 3

lakh to 4 lakh, number of farmers are 3. Farmers who are getting more than 5 lakh annually as gross

revenue from protected cultivation are 6 only. More than 75 per cent of total farmers are making gross

revenue less than 3 lakh. After calculating gross revenue; we also estimated the net revenue for

protected cultivation of vegetable and flower crops. Number of farmers who are making net income

less than one lakh, between 1 lakh to 2 lakh, between 2 lakh to 3 lakh, between 3 lakh to 4 lakh,

between 4 lakh to 5 lakh and more than 5 lakh are 11, 10, 11, 2, 2 and 4, respectively. Eighty per cent

of total farmers surveyed are getting net income less than 3 lakh.

Table 4.3: Gross and net revenue from protected cultivation of crops

Gross revenue Net revenue

Income Range (Rs) Number of farmers Income Range (Rs) Number of farmers

< 100000 5 < 100000 11

100000-200000 12 100000-200000 10

200000-300000 14 200000-300000 11

300000-400000 3 300000-400000 2

400000-500000 0 400000-500000 2

> 500000 6 > 500000 4

Total 40 Total 40

4.3 Family household incomes

Household income is a measure of current private income commonly used by the government and

private institutions. To measure the income of a household, the pre-tax money receipts of all residents

over the age of 18 over a single year are combined. Most of these receipts are in the form of sell of the

Name of crops Area under crop (m2)

Flower crops

Carnation 7356

Rose 17510

Gerbera 38720

Chrysanthamum 9000

Lillium 400

Calla lilly 400

Vegetable crops

Capsicum 21277

Tomato (including cherry tomato) 3256

Cucumber 400

Total 102319

23

agricultural produce in the markets, wages and salaries. Family household incomes of farmers are

presented in Table 4.4 with 6 different income groups. There is wide variation in income considering

agriculture and subsidiary occupation of all the farmers. Family household income of farmers ranged

from Rs 65 thousand to Rs 72 lakh annually which depends upon area under protected cultivation,

subsidiary occupation, cost of cultivation, technology used by farmers. An average annual household

income of 40 farmers is 6.87 lakh. Agriculture is the main source of income for all farmers along with

subsidiary occupation for few. Nine farmers are earning annual income less than 1 lakh. Number of

farmers who are getting annual income less than one lakh, between 1 lakh to 2 lakh, between 2 lakh

to 3 lakh, between 3 lakh to 4 lakh, between 4 lakh to 5 lakh and more than 5 lakh are 9, 8, 9, 5, 3 and

6, respectively. Sixty five per cent of total farmers are getting annual less than 3 lakh.

24

Table 4.4: Annual family household income

Income class (Rs.) Number of farmers

< 100000 9

100000-200000 8

200000-300000 9

300000-400000 5

400000-500000 3

> 500000 6

Total 40

4.4 Current Status of protected cultivation

Area under protected cultivation in India is about 2 lakh hectares only. State wise area of protected

cultivation under different crops is presented in Table 4.5. Maharashtra is leading state in India with

8000 hectares area under protected cultivation. Mainly carnation, gerbera, rose, capsicum crops are

under practices in greenhouse. Karnataka is at second position with 1000 hectares area under

protection cultivation followed by Himachal Pradesh which has area of 700 hectares. Other states

which have area under protected cultivation are Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, U.P., Gujarat,

Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Delhi, West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, M. P. etc. Farmers are growing

generally roses, gerbera, carnation under flowers and capsicum, tomato, cucumber under vegetables

crops.

Table 4.5 Leading States in Protected Cultivation

S.No. State Approx. Area

(ha)

Crops

1. Maharashtra 8000 carnation, gerbera, rose, capsicum

2. Karnataka 1000 roses, gerbera, carnation, vegetable seed

production and nursery raising of

vegetables

3. Himachal Pradesh 700 capsicum, carnation, gerbera, tuberose

4. Punjab 500 vegetable crops

5. Uttarakhand 300 gerbera, capsicum

6. Tamil Nadu 100 floricultural crops

7. North-Eastern

States

800 floricultural and vegetable crops

Other States – Haryana, U.P., Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, J&K, Delhi, West

Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, M. P.

Information collected from vegetables and cut flowers growers show that most of the farmers are

growing the crops under semi climate control greenhouse so they are able to take crop round the year

with availability of perennial irrigation facility; the lands are intensively cultivated throughout the

year. Area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable crops is presented in Table 4.6 Among

25

the flower crops, gerbera has the highest area under greenhouses followed by rose and

Chrysanthamum. Carnation, lillium and calla lilly are flower crops growing in little area. Capsicum

has highest area under greenhouses among the vegetable crops followed by tomato and cucumber.

Total area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable crops of 40 surveyed farmers are 10.23

hectares. Area of flower and vegetable crops presented in Table 13.2 indicate that farmers are giving

preference to flower crops over the vegetable crops as more 70 per cent of total area under protected

cultivation is covered by flower crops.

Table 4.6: Area under protected cultivation of flower and vegetable crops

4.5 Drawbacks of protected cultivation

Drawbacks of protected cultivation observed from 40 surveyed farmers which are summarized and

presented here. We found that due to lack of technical knowledge, farmers are not able to grow their

crop successfully under greenhouses. Farmers do not know the objectives and scientific norms behind

the greenhouse technology. Manufactures of fabrication materials are not providing the materials

according to standards and norms for greenhouse technology. Only few farmers have taken the

training for greenhouses technology and they are growing their crops productively with little

drawbacks. Most of the farmers do not have the technical knowledge and also do not know about

package of practices.

Drawbacks of protected cultivation of vegetables and cut flowers are listed below;

Lack of technical knowledge to the farmers for growing the vegetables and cut

flowers under greenhouses, most of farmers have not taken training

Farmers are not aware about the standards or objectives behind the protected

structures for creating environments for growing the better crops and for long

duration

Nets used for protecting the crops from insects and viruses are neither insect proof

nets nor shade nets,

Nets used for shading purpose in greenhouses are not standardized,

Farmers are not using the nets for shading the crops according to crops needs,

Name of crops Area under crop (m2)

Flower crops

Carnation 7356

Rose 17510

Gerbera 38720

Chrysanthemum 9000

Lillium 400

Calla Lilly 400

Vegetable crops

Capsicum 21277

Tomato (including cherry tomato) 3256

Cucumber 400

Fallow 4000

Total 102319

26

Mostly ventilators of greenhouses are found open or no proper nets are used by

farmers for ventilation which give passage to the insects and virus vectors,

As farmers are not using proper nets for protecting the insects and virus, high

infestation of insects and disease are found during the survey,

The threads used for staking the crops inside the greenhouse are not UV sterilized,

Farmers are not growing the crops according to seasons and times specified for

particulars crops,

Farmers do not have the nursery growing techniques for disease free and quality

seedlings on their farms as it is a pre-requisite for protected cultivation,

Farmers do not have the provision of double door for greenhouses so they are

making passage to insects with them during entry of greenhouses,

Manufactures and fabricators of greenhouses are not aware about the specifications

for greenhouses for different crops so they are fabricating the greenhouses with

uniformity for all crops

Manufactures are not providing the technical knowledge how to grow crops inside the

greenhouse

Farmers are growing more than one crop in single greenhouse and there is no

separation between the crops so insects and diseases are transmitting from one crop to

another crops

Some farmers have small size greenhouses which is not scientifically good for crops

cultivation because required environments can not be created inside them

4.6 Value additions of vegetables and flower produces

Value addition of vegetables and flowers are given in Table 4.7. Prices of produces have

increased from 20 per cent to 50 per cent by cleaning and grading of them. Value addition for

capsicum has increased by 25 per cent and farmers are getting more prices by Rs 10/kg. For

tomato and cherry tomato price have increased by 33 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively.

Farmers are getting more prices by Rs 5/kg after cleaning and grading of cucumber. Prices for

flower crops have increased from 25 per cent to 50 per cent. Farmers of gerbera and roses are

getting more prices for their produce by 25 per cent after cleaning and grading. For these

crops prices have increased from Rs 20 to Rs 25 and Rs 40 to Rs 50, respectively per 20

sticks of flowers. Prices for carnation and chrysanthemum have increased from Rs 20 to 30

and Rs 25 to Rs 32, respectively for 20 sticks of flowers after cleaning and grading and

farmers are getting more prices for these produces by Rs 10 and Rs 7. Farmers are benefited

by cleaning and grading of vegetables and flowers which added the values from 20 per cent to

50 per cent.

27

Table 4.7 Value additions of vegetables and flower produces

Name of produce Unit Price before

Cleaning/grading

Price after

cleaning/grading

%

increase

in price

Capsicum Kg 40 50 25

Tomato Kg 24 32 33

Cherry tomato Kg 50 60 20

Cucumber Kg 10 15 50

Gerbera 20 sticks 20 25 25

Roses 20 sticks 40 50 25

Carnation 20 sticks 20 30 50

Chrysanthemum 20 sticks 25 32 28

3.7 Key indicators and their baseline levels of sample respondents and target area of

the study in relation to NAIP approved subprojects

Key indicators for protected cultivation of vegetables and flowers are given here. Total

protected area for vegetables and flower cultivation of 40 surveyed farmers was 102319

square meters which included vegetables area (24933 m2) and flowers area (73386 m

2) and

fallow area (4000 m2). We calculated the gross returns and net returns for per 1000 square

meters. We found that average gross returns and average net returns from 1000 square meters

area of greenhouses were Rs 159167 and Rs 144670, respectively. Most of farmers are

cultivating their crops in naturally ventilated greenhouses with very less amount for cost of

cultivation (approx Rs 12,944). The investment cost of greenhouse is not included.

Table 4.8 Key indicators and their baseline levels

Key indicators Unit Baseline status Remarks

Total Protected cultivation

area

m2 102319 Including 4000 m

2

fallow area

Area under vegetables m2 24933 Mostly capsicum

Area under flowers m2 73386 Mostly gerbera

Average annual gross income Rs 159167 for 1000 m2

Average cost of cultivation Rs 12944 for 1000 m2

Average annual net income Rs 144670 for 1000 m2

3.8 Key Indicators of other elements of the value chain

Prices for different produces after cleaning and grading of them are given below in table.

28

Table 4.9 Key Indicators of other elements of the value chain

Prices for produces Unit Prices of produce Remarks

Capsicum Rs/kg 50

Tomato Rs/kg 32

Cherry tomato Rs/kg 60

Cucumber Rs/kg 15

Gerbera Rs/bunch 25 A bunch is of 20 flower

sticks

Roses Rs/bunch 50 A bunch is of 20 flower

sticks

Carnation Rs/bunch 30 A bunch is of 20 flower

sticks

Chrysanthemum Rs/bunch 32 A bunch is of 20 flower

sticks

3.9 Other remarks related to value chain

Farmers are doing cleaning and grading only for their vegetables and flowers produces.

Farmers are not processing their produce on their farms. Cold storage facility is not available

to farmers.

29

PHOTO ILLUSTRATIONS – Base Line Survey

Fig.1 Greenhouse is open from side and no insect

proof net used by the farmers

Fig. 2 Instead of insect proof net plastic is used by

the farmers

Fig.3 Low quality roses flowers grown by farmers inside the

greenhouses

Fig.4 Low quality of capsicum fruits cultivate inside the

greenhouses

Fig. 5 Greenhouse is open from side and no insect proof net used

by the farmers

Fig. 6 Tomato crop is infested by leaf minor at farmers filed in

greenhouse

30

4. Research Achievements: Objective wise research achievements in bullet form are as follows.

Objective Targets Achievements in bullets

(Design and Development) To build

infrastructure (greenhouses, net houses,

shade nets, nurseries, drip fertigation

system) for protected cultivation of

high value vegetables i.e. tomato,

capsicum, cucumber, and flower crops

i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum in

different agro-climatic locations with

the aim of developing model production

systems

Design of protected

structures

Design of drip irrigation

& fertigation systems

Establishment of

protected structures and

inundative augmentation

of bioagents including

GAP protocols

Design of protected structures

for different regions

Design of drip irrigation &

fertigation systems for protected

Cultivation.

Development and validation of

IPM for greenhouse cucumber,

tomato and chrysanthemum

crops.

(Production and Processing) To

standardize production technologies for

tomato, capsicum, cucumber, gerbera

and chrysanthemum under protected

cultivation including IPM, grafting of

vegetable seedlings and the use of drip

fertigation and super absorbents for

improving water and nutrient use

efficiency

Standardization of

production technology

for selected high value

crops & super absorbents

evaluation

GAP and IPM

interventions including

grafting techniques

Development of package

of practices

Demonstration of

Standardized the production

technology of parthenocarpic

cucumber for insect proof net

house under semi-arid

conditions.

Standardized production

technology of capsicum under

insect-proof net houses for

semi-arid conditions.

Standardized off-season

production technology of

Chrysanthemum under naturally

ventilated greenhouses for

semi-arid conditions.

• Standardized the production

technology of carnation for sub-

temperate conditions.

Standardized the production

technology of tomato and sweet

pepper for Zero Energy

Naturally Ventilated greenhouse

cultivation for subtropical

conditions.

Development and validation of

IPM for greenhouse cucumber,

tomato and chrysanthemum

crops.

Grafting technology for

seedlings of greenhouse tomato

and parthenocarpic cucumber

crops.

Developed package of practices for

GAP and IPM, Fertigation

techniques and protected cultivation

of cucumber in both English and

hindi.

31


HRD and entrepreneurial

development

Production technology

demonstrated through various

workshops, training programmes

for graduates, post graduates and

farmers to attain technical know-

how from the scientist associated

with project

(Post-Harvest and Value Addition) To

standardize post-harvest, on-farm value

addition for high value vegetables i.e.

tomato, capsicum, cucumber and cut

flowers i.e. gerbera and chrysanthemum

grown under protected cultivation

Grading and packaging

of farm produce

Process standardization

and optimization of

processing conditions for

high value crops

Development of novel

products rich in anti-

oxidants

Testing of consumer

response for newly

developed products

Standardized grading and

packaging of tomato, capsicum,

cucumber, chrysanthemum and

gerbera

Standardized process for processing

high value crops like tomato and

capsicum.

Development of “capsicum salsa”

and “capsicum juice”.

Organoleptic studies are done to

study the consumer response for

newly developed products.

(Value Chain and Marketing Linkages)

Field level evaluation of the value

added products and development of

effective linkages of marketing high

value horticultural produce including

establishment of cool chain

management system

Evaluation of value

addition of the product

Establishment of cool

chain management

system

Development of effective

marketing linkages of

technologies

Value added products were

evaluated for their chemical,

proximate and descriptive

properties.

Cool chain management with Bharti

WalMart done at farmers field at

Alwar, Rajasthan.

MOU of capsicum salsa with M/S

Integrated Unit for Mushroom

Development, Sonipat, Haryana

(HRD) To strengthen human resources

for development of entrepreneurial

skills for commercialization of

protected cultivation technologies

Strengthening of

domestic market by

entrepreneurial

development

Commercialization of

value added products

Effective linkages with

stakeholders

Domestic market strengthened by

entrepreneurial development of

farmers, graduates and post

graduates through workshops and

trainings

MOU of capsicum salsa with M/S

Integrated Unit for Mushroom

Development, Sonipat, Haryana

Details of research achievements are as follows:

State of the art research infrastructures related to protected cultivation are created at CPCT

IARI New Delhi, GBPUAT Pantnagar and KVK Lohaghat. Exhaustive and relevant

experiments related to protected were carried out at the above centres. The details of the

protected infrastructures and experiments carried out are as follows.

32

Protected Infrastructures Created at Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, CPCT

located at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa New Delhi under NAIP Project

33

Protected Infrastructures Created at GBPUAT Pantnagar under NAIP Project

34

Protected Infrastructures Created at KVK Lohaghat under GBPUAT Pantnagar

35

Protected cultivation technology envisages immense promise especially for the high value

crops against various types of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The climatic parameters

stress conditions like unusually low and high temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind

velocity comes under abiotic stress condition. The present climate change scenario dealing

with various biotic and abiotic stress conditions poses serious threat to the agricultural

production throughout the world. It is estimated that due to one-degree rise in temperature

during rabi season, the wheat production decline by 4-5 million tones in India. Similarly due

to the prevailing low temperature and frost like conditions especially in Northern India,

several million tones of horticultural crops like tomato, brinjal etc got wasted every year.

Protected Cultivation Technology deals with following types of protected structures. The

above mentioned protected structures are indigenously designed with strict guidelines for all

fixed and consumable parts. The technology is available at Centre for Protected Cultivation

Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, PUSA, New Delhi. Protected Cultivation

Technology is now linked with Drip Fertigation and Water Harvesting Technology. The

principle is to harvest all the rain water and subsequently used it with drip fertigation for

different protected structures and horticultural crops. It is estimated that there is saving of

water and nutrients in the range of 40-80% and 20-30% respectively in protected cultivation.

The yield potential can be increased from 50-200 % on average in protected cultivation in

comparison to open field cultivation.

The following protected structures are suitable to grow high value horticultural crops round

the year against various types of abiotic and biotic stress conditions.

Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

Semi-Climate type Greenhouse

Climate Controlled Nursery

Walk In Tunnel

Low Tunnel

Insect Proof Net House

Design specifications developed for some of the important protected structures are as

follows.

Design Specifications for Fabrication of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse (1000m2)

Sl.

No.

Item Description/specification

1. Area of greenhouse 1000 sq. m. (depending on the design & size of bays).

Preferable size of bay = 8m x 4 m. The width of greenhouse

should not exceed 28m.

2. Structure Galvanized steel tubular structure or equivalent sections.

Galvanizing of 50 microns or higher would be preferred. Saw-

tooth design suitable for natural ventilation.

Pipe sections to be used for different structural members:

76 O. D. 2 mm thick

60 O. D. 2 mm thick

48 O. D. 2 mm thick

42 O. D. 2 mm thick

50 NB Class pipes

25 / 20 / 15 NB 2 mm thick pipes.

36

3. Gutter height 4-4.5 meters

4. Gutter slope 2% to be provided in civil foundation/structure work.

5. Apron height 50 cm high polyethylene on all the four sides with proper fixing

arrangements.

6. Curtains and insect

screen

Roll-up plastic curtains, openable up to 3 m on all the four sides

with crank mechanism. 40 mesh nylon insect-screen ( UV

stabilized) to be fixed inside the curtain on all sides. Anti-

flapping strips to be used to ensure smooth functioning of the

curtains.

7. Ridge height 6 to 6.5 meters.

8. Ridge vent 1.0-1.2 meters opening; fixed with insect screen .

9. Columns GI pipe of 76 mm OD, 2-3 mm thickness or equivalent sections.

Offer of other sizes should be supported by suitable design

criteria.

10. Trusses Bottom & top cord 60 mm OD x 2-3 mm thickness; Truss

members 48 mm OD x 2-3 mm thickness. Braces-25 NB of

class “A” GI pipe. Structural members should be joined with

fasteners. Welding to be avoided to the extent possible.

Alternate sections other than GI pipes may be considered.

11. Purlins modulus 42 mm OD X 2 mm thickness or equivalent size/section, having

about the same moment of inertia and section

12. Gutter 20 gauge or 1 mm thick GI sheet with perimeter of

500 mm or more preferably of single length without joint.

13. Fasteners All nuts & bolts should be of high tensile strength &

galvanized.

14. Foundation Insert GI pipes of 60 NB class „A‟ or equivalent sections to

have foundation depth of 80-90 cm, grouted with CC

mixture of 1:2:4.

15. Cladding

i) Plastic film

ii) Fixing of plastic film

UV stabilized, polyethylene film of 180-200

micron thickness, multilayered,, anti drip, anti dust, clear and

minimum level of light transmittance of 85%.

All ends/ joints of plastic film should be fixed in aluminum box

type profile with suitable locking arrangement. Wooden batons

or PVC grippers must not be used.

In order to enhance the life of plastic film, an appropriate

cushioning patch, with thermal insulation property, should be

provided at the contact surfaces with GI structural members.

16. Gables To be fixed with two-way aluminum polylocks for locking two

polysheets together along with curtain top.

17. Door One sliding door of size 3 meter width & 2 meter height-double

leaf made in FRP sheets mounted in aluminum door section.

18. Entrance room One entrance room of size 4 m X 3 m X 3 m ht. All three sides

to be covered with UV stabilized plastic sheet. Sliding door of

adequate size for the above to be provided , which should have

smooth movement.

19. Shade net UV stabilized 50% shading net with manually operated

expanding & retracting mechanism. The size of net should be

equal to the floor area of the greenhouse.

37

Design Specifications of Semi-Climate controlled Ventilated Greenhouse

Sl.

No.


1. Area of greenhouse 1000 sq. m. (depending on the design & size of bays).

Preferable size of bay = 8m x 4 m. The width of greenhouse

should not exceed 28m.

2. Structure Galvanized steel tubular structure or equivalent sections.

Galvanizing of 50 microns or higher would be preferred. Saw-

tooth design suitable for natural ventilation.

3. Gutter height 4- 4.5 meters

4. Gutter slope 2 % to be provided in civil foundation/structure work.

5. Apron height 50 cm high polyethylene on all the four sides with proper fixing

arrangements.


screen



stabilized) to be fixed inside the curtain on all sides. Sample of

insect-screen must be enclosed with quotation. Anti-flapping

strips to be used to ensure smooth functioning of the curtains.

7. Ridge height 6.5-7.0 meters

8. Ridge vent/Top

ventilation

1.40 m opening; fixed with 50 mesh UV stabilized insect screen

.

9. Columns: Main

Intermediate:

Closed rectangular profile, 90x50x1.8mm thk, L=4m. Pre

Galavanised @275 gm/Sq.M

Closed rectangular profile, 90x50x1.8mm thk, L=4m.Pre

Galavanised @275 gm/Sq.M

10. Trusses Bottom & top cord-60 mm OD x 2-3 mm thickness; Truss

members 48 mm OD x 2-3 mm thickness. Braces-25 NB of

class “A” GI pipe. Structural members should be joined with

fasteners. Welding to be totally avoided . Alternate sections

other than GI pipes may be considered.

11. Purlins modulus Closed rectangular profile, 60x40x1.8mm thk.Pre Galavanised

@275 gm/Sq.M

12. Gutter Hot deep Galvanized steel sheeting 400 mm long, 1.8 mm

thick. Gutter should be rested on columns. The water volume

capacity should be 29 lit/mtr

13. Fasteners All nuts & bolts should be of high tensile strength &

galvanized.

14. Civil Foundation

Foundation

Telescopic insertion. Depth of digging: 1.5 m,

Concrete type: B300

``LEAP'' profile, 80x40x1200x3mm thk,hot deep galavanized

15. Cladding

i) Plastic film

ii) Fixing of plastic film

UV stabilized, polyethylene film of 180-200

micron thickness, multilayered, anti drip, anti dust, clear and

minimum level of light transmittance of 85%.

5 Layer co extruded - UVA 200 AD + AV,

All ends/ joints of plastic film should be fixed in aluminum box

type profile with suitable locking arrangement. Wooden batons

or PVC grippers must not be used.

In order to enhance the life of plastic film, an appropriate

cushioning patch, with thermal insulation property, should be

provided at the contact surfaces with GI structural members.

38

16. Gables To be fixed with two-way aluminum polylocks for locking two

polysheets together along with curtain top.

17. Door 2 sliding doors 2.2m x 2.0m




smooth movement.

19. Shade net UV stabilzed 50% shading net with manually operated


equal to the floor area of the greenhouse.

20. Side Ventilation 3.0m high with 50 mesh insect proof netting, MOTORIZED

operated curtains at all sides with 60 cm Palrig skirt all around

21 Foggers Four way, anti-leak, inverted installation, operating pressure

2.5-4.0 bar, discharge 14-28 lph, single fogger per square meter

for propagation and single fogger per 5 sqm for cooling

22. Load Calculation: Vertical load: 10 kg/m2

23. Air Circulators Impellor dia- 420 mm

RPM : 1400 ,Air Capacity: 5050 m3/h

Throw : 47 m

Power : 230 watt

Design Specifications for Fabrication of Net House (1000m2 )

Area- 1000 sqm (20m*5m)

40/50 mesh UV stabilized net mounted on GI poles.

Double door system equipped with anti-virus net

Sl.

No.


1. Area of Nethouse 1000 sq. m.

2. Structure Rectangular structure with Galvanized Iron poles.

3. Height 4- 4.5 meters

4. Door Double door of size 3 meter width & 2 meter height-double leaf

made in FRP sheets mounted in aluminum door section.




smooth movement.


screen






7. Shade net UV stabilized 50% shading net with manually operated


equal to the floor area of the nethouse.

8. Insect Proof Net 40-50 mesh and UV stablized

39

Design Specifications for Modern nursery raising facility ( 500m2 )

Sl.

No.


1. Area of Nursery 500 sq. m.

2. Structure Rectangular structure with Galvanized Iron poles.

3. Height 4- 4.5 meters

4. Door Double door of size 3 meter width & 2 meter height-double leaf

made in FRP sheets mounted in aluminum door section.




smooth movement.


screen






7. Shade net UV stabilzed 50% shading net with manually operated


equal to the floor area of the nethouse.

8. Insect Proof Net 40-50 mesh and UV stabilized

9. Exhaust Fans 1200-1250 mm dia, minimum 2 fans

10. Foggers Four way, anti-leak, inverted installation, operating pressure

2.5-4.0 bar, discharge 14-28 lph, single fogger per square meter

for propagation and single fogger per 5 sqm for cooling

11. Plastic Films UV stabilized, polyethylene film of 180-200 micron thickness,

multilayered, anti drip, anti dust, clear and minimum level of

light transmittance of 85%.

12. Raised Platform G.I raised platform of height approx 4 ft in about 300 sqm area

inside nursery for laying out pro Trays. Structure and

specifications of the raised platform as per the existing nursery

in the project farm.

13. Boom Irrigation Automated Movable boom irrigation over raised platform for

irrigation over pro trays in very fine droplets. Structure and

specifications of the boom irrigation as per the existing nursery

in the project farm.

40

VENTILTION OF GREENHOUSES:

The following greenhouse structures are taken into consideration for the study of

ventilation rate.

Greenhouse with Insect proof net

Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

Climate Controlled greenhouse

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Greenhouse with Insect proof

Net house has round arch with vertical side wall covered with water-permeable

cladding nets. They shade the plants and protect them from incoming insects. It reduces too

high radiation, wind speed and the impact of heavy rain, which do not protect the plants from

being wet by precipitation. Fertilizer will be washed out much more easily, and controlled

fertigation is not possible. It has no positive effect on water-use efficiency. Dimension of the

nethouse is 22mX38m with mean height of 4.2m.

Floor area = 22*38 = 836m2

DaqPRO

Data logger

Sensor

Climate data

Ventilation

calculator Excel

worksheet

41

Volume =22*38*5.2 =5183m3

Ventilation Characteristics of Greenhouse with Insect proof net

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Ventilation rate Ve

Tem

pera

ture

diffe

rence D

elT

nethouse

Statistical parameters of temperature and Ventilation rate Min Temp in

°C

Max Temp

°C

Min Ve in

m3/m

2 s

Max Ve

m3/m

2 s

Mean Temp

°C

Mean Ve in

m3/m

2 s

0.2160 4.8160 0.0507 1.1477 1.7236 0.1814

42

Naturally Ventilated greenhouse

Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse structure has open ridge and vent at sloped side

wall without fan and pad cooling system and gutter-connected at the middle of the structure.

Dimension of the NATP greenhouse is 20mX25m with mean height of 6m.

Floor area = 20*25 = 500m2

Volume =20*25*6 =3000m3

Ratio of ventilation opening to floor area is 63.4%

Ventilation Characteristics of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

43

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ventilation rate Ve

Tem

pera

ture

diffe

rence D

elT

Statistical parameters of temperature and Ventilation rate Min Temp in

°C

Max Temp

°C

Min Ve in

m3/m

2 s

Max Ve

m3/m

2 s

Mean Temp

°C

Mean Ve in

m3/m

2 s

0.1620 6.49 0.158 1.78 3.3299 0.1321

Cliamte Controlled greenhouse

44

Parral-type greenhouse single span of rounded arc roof and four span of triangular

sloped roof with roll up vent on both roof and sloped side wall. Dimension parral-type

greenhouse is 26mX36m with mean height of 6m.

Floor area = 26*36 = 936m2

Volume =26*36*6.3 =5896m3

Ratio of ventilation opening to floor area is 57.8%

Ventilation Characteristics of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse

45

0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Ventilation rate Ve

Diffe

rence in t

em

p D

elT

Min Temp in

°C

Max Temp

°C

Min Ve in

m3/m

2 s

Max Ve

m3/m

2 s

Mean Temp

°C

Mean Ve in

m3/m

2 s

1.9210 4.1770 0.0458 0.0996 2.9982 0.613

1. Comparison of ventilation rate

Characteristics of different greenhouse

46

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ventilation rate m/s

Diffe

rence in t

em

p

DelT

Parral type

NATP Greenhouse

Nethouse

Greenhouse type Min

Temp in

°C

Max

Temp °C

Min Ve in

m3/m

2 s

Max Ve

m3/m

2 s

Mean

Temp °C

Mean Ve

in m3/m

2 s

Climate controlled

greenhouse

1.9210 4.1770 0.0458 0.0996 2.9982 0.613

Naturally

Ventilated Greenhouse

0.1620 6.49 0.158 1.78 3.3299 0.1321

Nethouse 0.2160 4.8160 0.0507 1.1477 1.7236 0.1814

Innovative Design Set Up For PRD (Partial Root Zone Deficit) and RDI (Regulated Deficit Irrigation)

Techniques for Greenhouse Tomato grown under Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse with Drip

Fertigation.

Progress Report: Innovative design set up has been done for PRD (Partial Root Zone Deficit) and RDI

(Regulated Deficit Irrigation) Techniques for Greenhouse Tomato grown under Naturally Ventilated

Greenhouse with Drip Fertigation. The drip lateral arrangement has been done with control valves for

16 mm dia lateral fixed with dripper discharge of 2 liter per hour. Low pressure Drip Fertigation

scheduling has been controlled by two tensiometers installed at 30 cm and 60 cm depth. Good quality

tomato with yield potential of more than 10 kg per plant has been achieved with 50% less water as

used in the latest water saving techniques of PRD and RDI. Naturally ventilated greenhouse with low

pressure drip Fertigation system has been found to be extremely beneficial for Indian farmers for

growing round the year high quality tomato crop.

47

Off Season Chrysanthemum Production; Use of light and plant hormone in flower

regulation in chrysthemum: An investigation was carried out on flower regulation in

chrysthemum during 2011-12 through providing extra light and use of growth regulators. Based on the findings of the experiment, it was found that an additional light from 6.00 PM

to 9.00 PM for a period of three hours and application of 300 ppm of GA3 to enhance the

stem length and plant growth in chrysthemum variety White star. It is evident that extra light and use of hormone stegger the reproduction and promote flower quality, stem length

and enhance flowering. Similar kind of experiment was also conducted on another var. thia chen queen when it was grown as a routine crop. Application of 150 ppm GA3 alone

enhances the slem elongation significantly and promotes the reproduction of buds. By using

this chemical, flowering was obtained as healthy crop during off season in summer season in May-June. It was also found that out of these two, white star is more responsive to GA3

as compared to thia-chen queen but both the varieties can be very well regulated for off season flower production. Under the ratoon cropping, thia chen queen gives comparatively

better results than white star. The chrysanthemum can be promoted in a large area and

use of growth promoters and environment manipulation can be a boon for year round propagation of cut flowers in northern plain.

Off Season Chrysanthemum Production under Green House

48

Validated and simplified production technologies of selected high value crops for resource poor

farmers under protected condition

A. Production technology of sweet pepper under zero energy

naturally ventilated greenhouse.

Production technology of sweet pepper has been standardized for its

cultivation under zero energy naturally ventilated greenhouse

condition. The sweet pepper crop can be grown for a period 8½

months with a production level of 3.5 t/1000m2.

1. Standardization of fertigation scheduling for cucumber, gerbera

and chrysanthemum under protected conditions keeping standard

units of 1000 sqm area have also been developed after taking into account the initial soil testing

report for major and micro nutrients.

Table 1. Fertigation Scheduling for Gerbera and Chrysanthemum under Protected Cultivation

Crop Fertigation Schedule Dosage of Major Nutrients (ppm)

Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

Gerbera Vegetative stage

Flowering stage and

harvesting flush stage

70

80

40

50

60

24

60

80

40

Chrysanthemum Vegetative stage

Flowering and harvesting

flush

80

90

50

50

60

30

60

80

50

Cucumber Vegetative stage


stage

120

180

180

60

80

80

120

200

200

B. Production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber under Insect Proof Net House.

Production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber (var. Kian) for

its cultivation under insect proof net house fabricated in

greenhouse design has been standardized for two seasons i.e. post

rainy season and summer season cultivation of the cucumber crop.

Insect proof net house fabricated in design of a greenhouse is

equally good like a greenhouse for cultivation of parthenocarpic

cucumber crop in post rainy and summer season with a yield of 3.5

t/1000m2 and 3.0 t/1000m2 respectively.

C. Four genotypes of parthenocarpic cucumber, i.e. Isatis, Kian,

Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-1 and Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-3 were sown on 19th October,

2010 under 250sqm area in polyhouse structure under different fertility status. It was found that the

variety Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-1 yielded 18,00qtls/ha followed by Isatis 1650qtls/ha

D. Evaluation of cut flower production in chrysanthemum: Two local genotypes of Chrysanthemum

(yellow and white coloured flowers) were sown on 4th November, 2010 under 250sqm area in net

house structure. It was found that yellow coloured chrysanthemum yielded 5 flowers per plant and

49

white one yielded 4 flowers per plant. The value addition experiment found good response for getting

higher income per unit crop area.

2. Standardization of IPM technologies including the role of individual components for

greenhouse crops

(i)Comparison of IPM and Non-IPM components in Cucumber (cv. Satis) under protected cultivation

IPM included the management of key pests viz., mites, Fusarium wilt, damping off and root-knot

nematodes involving the major components such as, bioagents like T. harzianum, P. fluorescens were

used for controlling the soil borne pathogens including biorationals like Agrospray and Azadirachtin.

The IPM gave cost-benefit ratio of IPM was 1:3.98 as compared to 1:3.18 with non-IPM.

(ii) Report on baseline surveys of greenhouses and collection of authentic information from concerned

offices in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and North

eastern region has been compiled to highlight the gravity of pest situations in different greenhouse

crops

(iii) Screening of 275 lines of tomato germplasm has been carried out against key pests of tomato for

identifying the source of resistance so as to exploit their potential through grafting.

As a sequel to the germplasm so identified trials on grafting has been carried out in cucumber and

tomato successfully on experimental basis.

(iv).Efficacy of bio-agents against soil borne pathogens in Gerbera and tomato has been standardized

with the use of bio-agents T. harzianum and P. fluorescens besides other environmental friendly

inputs.

(v) Integrated pest management of key pests of chrysanthemum viz., caterpillars and aphids has been

experimented using 5 pesticides (biorational and conventional) like agricultural spray oil,

azadirachtin, phosphamidon, cypermethrin, spinosad and their combinations were tested separately for

each pest.

(vi) GAP Protocols for Protected Cultivation have been identified and published.

Experiments on Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Efficient Biocontrol of Root Knot Nematodes for

Healthy Tomato Nursery

An experiment was conducted in the polyhouse at the Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology,

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to compare and estimate the influence of

two superabsorbent hydrogels incorporated into the nursery medium comprising sterilized soil-less

culture of coco-peat, perlite and vermiculite, separately or in combination with two bioagents

(Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) for their moisture retention capacity, effect

on the growth parameters of tomato seedlings and on managing the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne

incognita) population in greenhouse nursery. Studies revealed that the supplement of hydrogels not

only provided good germination but also enhanced the growth parameters of tomato seedlings. They

also augmented the bioagents‟ population which in turn was instrumental in reduction of root knot

nematodes.

Sterilized, soil-less culture mix comprising coco-peat, perlite and vermiculite in the ratio of 3:1:1 was

used in the experiment. Two superabsorbent hydrogels, one developed at IARI, New Delhi (Gel-A)

and the other a commercial one (Gel-B) were used for comparison of moisture retention in this study.

Each of the two hydrogels was mixed with the potting mixture at the rate of 0.5 mg/ cell (100 mg/ 1

50

mg medium). A nursery plug tray of 180 cells was selected for the experiment which was further

divided into three blocks. In each block with 60 cells, Gel-A + potting mixture, Gel-B + potting

mixture and only potting mixture (control) was filled respectively. Five ml of water was dispensed

into each cell. Five replications were maintained for each treatment. After 24 hours, potted mixture

samples of 5 cells from each block were collected individually. Each cell sample was put in a

petridish and the initial weight recorded. The weighed samples were dried for 3 hours in a hot air oven

at 120°C. After drying for the stipulated time, the petridishes were cooled to the room temperature

and the final weight was recorded. The moisture percent was calculated using the formula:

Moisture % = (B-C)/ (B-A) X 100 Where,

A = wt. of petridish

B = wt. of petridish + sample before drying

C = wt. of petridish + sample after drying

Observations of moisture % were recorded at an interval of 24, 48, 72, 168, 360 and 720 hours. With

the same hydrogels (Gel-A and Gel-B) and two bioagents (Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas

fluorescens), another experiment was set up in the greenhouse nursery. The experimental design

consisted of three replicates of nine treatments in a randomized block design (RBD). The treatments

were as follows –

T1 - Nursery media + IARI gel (Gel-A) + T. harzianum + Nematode inoculum

T2 - Nursery media + IARI gel (Gel-A) + P. fluorescens + Nematode inoculum

T3 - Nursery media + IARI gel (Gel-A) + Nematode inoculum

T4 - Nursery media + Comm. gel (Gel-B) + T. harzianum + Nematode inoculum

T5 - Nursery media + Comm. gel (Gel-B) + P. fluorescens + Nematode inoculum

T6 - Nursery media + Comm. gel (Gel-B) + Nematode inoculum

T7 - Nursery media + T. harzianum + Nematode inoculum

T8 - Nursery media + P. fluorescens + Nematode inoculum

T9 (Control) - Nursery media + Nematode inoculum

For experimental purpose, one plug tray having 300 cells was selected. The tray was separated into

three blocks of 90 cells each. The first block was filled with Gel-A + potting mixture, second block

with Gel-B + potting mixture and the third block with only potting mixture (control) respectively. The

three blocks were further divided into three sub-blocks each. T. harzianum (1 X 108 cfu/ g) @ 5 g/

150 g medium was added to one sub-block each in all the three blocks. Similarly, P. fluorescens (1 X

1012 cells/ ml) @ 5 ml/ 150 g medium was added to one sub-block each in the three blocks while one

sub-block from each block was kept as such without addition of bioagents. Seeds of tomato cv. GS-

600 were sown in all the three blocks. Initially irrigation was provided after sowing the seeds and

thereafter 5 ml of water was dispensed every 5th day until a month. Root knot nematode

(Meloidogyne incognita) juveniles were introduced in all the sub-blocks @ 2 J2/ cc or 20 J2/ cell of

plug 10 days after sowing

Observation on germination percent was recorded 10 days after sowing. At the end of the month,

observations were recorded regarding the moisture retention of potting mix, radicle length, and

plumule length and vigour index of tomato seedlings in the nursery. Also the final multiplication of

biocontrol agents and the nematode population in the potting mix was recorded after a month. Data

were analyzed using ANOVA, where the data of percent moisture and percent germination were

transformed to arcsine √% to homogenize the variances and the treatment means were compared

using Duncan‟s multiple range test.

51

The results in the first experiment revealed that IARI gel was more promising than commercial gel in

retaining moisture at all the time intervals studied and both the gels were superior to control (Table-1).

At 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs the moisture retention capacity of IARI gel was better compared to

commercial gel. But at 168, 360 and 720 hrs the moisture retention was not at all significant. Also the

perusal of the results in the second experiment indicates that the germination percentages of the

tomato seedlings in general, were superior in all the treatments containing IARI gel over commercial

gel and control blocks (Table 2). IARI gel containing T. harzianum showed maximum germination of

100 percent followed by IARI gel containing P. fluorescens (96.7 %) and IARI gel without bioagents

(93.3 %). Also, the seedlings showed significant increase in the plumule length and radical length.

The highest length of plumule was recorded in the seedlings grown in the medium comprising IARI

gel containing P. fluorescens (6.76 cm) followed by IARI gel containing T. harzianum (6.39 cm) and

commercial gel containing P. fluorescens (6.37 cm), while the maximum radicle length was recorded

in seedlings grown in the medium containing IARI gel containing P. fluorescens (3.11 cm) (Table 2).

The highest vigour index of seedlings was observed in IARI hydrogel added treatment containing T.

harzianum at 830 which was at par with IARI hydrogel added treatment containing P. fluorescens at

829 while the control treatment without hydrogel and bioagents had a vigour index of 389 (Table 2).

The moisture retention capacity of different hydrogels + bioagents + nematodes did not show any

52

marked significance and were at par with each other, though treatment containing IARI gel and T.

harzianum retained a maximum of 2.4 % moisture (Table-2 & Fig 1). The results on population

(cfu/g) of P. fluorescens over applied indicated 5900 % in case of IARI gel as compared to 4400 % in

commercial gel and 850 % in control. Similarly in case of T. harzianum it was 590 % in IARI gel (Gel

A) compared to 240 % in commercial gel (Gel B) and -58 % in control. There was considerable

decrease in the number of root knot nematode M. incognita galls across all the bioagents added

treatments irrespective of the hydrogels‟ addition or not. Percent gall reduction/ root was observed to

be superior in the range of 56.7 – 76.7 % in hydrogels added treatments while in control treatment

without gels and bioagents, zero percent gall reduction/ root was observed.

It is evident from the above results that in a nursery growing media, the incorporation of hydrogels

has the potential to act as a reservoir of moisture. Hydrogels used over a period of time helped in

conserving moisture initially which was crucial for the germination of seeds but later on were not that

effective in moisture retention which can be corroborated with other findings4. In the present

experiment, only minimal amounts of hydrogels, on the basis of the ones used in some of the earlier

studies5, were exploited to accentuate the bioagent population for enhancing their efficacy to manage

the nematode population. By and large the inference gathered predicts that supplementing nursery

media with hydrogels was not only effective in enhancing the growth parameters of tomato

seedlings6, 7, 8 but also contributed to the amplification of the bioagents population9 which plays the

key role in reducing the root knot nematode population. It is also evident from the present study that

both the bioagents remained effective in reducing root knot nematode galls, though percent reduction

was definitely higher in nutrient medium containing hydrogels (Gel-A and Gel-B) as compared to

control .The IARI developed hydrogel was marginally superior to the commercial hydrogel used as it

had better moisture retention potential. Therefore, a healthy nursery production may be advisable to

supplement the potting mixture with standardized dosages of hydrogels in combination with suitable

bioagents for better management of soil borne pathogens.

Screening of tomato germplasm for biological stress

a. 1st screening: Screened at least 200 accessions for resistance to biological stresses from the

core collection grown in open field of CPCT.

b. 2nd

screening: Screening was performed in greenhouse in 2 weeks old seedlings especially

for root knot nematode.

c. 3rd

screening: Screening was performed in greenhouse in 4 weeks old seedlings especially for

root knot nematodes.

d. 4th

screening: Comparatively resistant successions were screened in pots using 50% sick

soil and 50% nursery mixture.

About 200 tomato accessions grown in open field of CPCT were evaluated for various biological

stresses. In laboratory, gall numbers per plant were counted under microscope. At least 3 plants per

accessions were screened. Accessions with fewer or smaller galls per plant were scored as partially

resistant (0-1). All accessions identified as partially resistant in initial screens were retested in

subsequent screens. Approximately

60% and 80% of the accessions

exhibited insect and disease

infestation, respectively in open field

screening. For 95% of the accessions,

both disease and insect problems were

recorded. Comparatively resistance

was observed only in 5% accessions.

Further experiments have to be

planned to screen the resistant

accessions in sick-soil of greenhouses.

53

Efficacy of bio-agents against soil borne pathogens in Gerbera

The experiment was carried out to test the ability of the combination of bioagents i.e. T. harzianum

and P. fluorescens in single dose and double dose to control wilt disease of greenhouse-grown

gerbera. Data obtained from the trial carried out demonstrated that these bioagents could play an

important role in the integrated control of soil borne diseases of gerbera.

Significant achievement

1. Combination of bioagents in double dose was more effective (8.33% affected) in comparison

to combination of bioagents in single dose (16.67% affected)

Efficacy of pesticides against caterpillars and aphids in chrysanthemum and IPM in

Chrysanthemum

Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT),

IARI, New Delhi for two seasons during 2009 – 2010 to study the efficacy of individual and

integrated treatments for the management of key insect pests of chrysanthemum. Results revealed that

in all the tested insecticides, the integrated treatments were most effective in comparison to the

individual interventions. Combined treatment of phosphamidon and cypermethrin was the most

effective for both the key pests viz. aphid and caterpillar. Efficacy of caterpillar management by

spinosad increased after 3 days of application (94.44%) in comparison to first 2 days (13.20% and

30.33%, respectively) of application and it persisted up to 10 days of application which was not

observed in controlling aphid. For controlling chrysanthemum caterpillars and aphids, efficacy of 5

pesticides (biorational and conventional) like agricultural spray oil, azadirachtin, phosphamidon,

cypermethrin, spinosad and their combinations were tested separately for each pest. The experiment

was laid out in a randomized block design with 16 treatments replicated 3 times including control.

Two sprays were performed, at an interval of 15 days. The observations were recorded before the

spray as well as 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days after each spray.

Significant achievement:

All the pesticides recording 15% to 100% insect mortality proved significantly superior to

control.

The combined treatments were most effective in comparison to the individual treatment.

The treatment combination of phosphamidon and cypermethrin was the most effective for

both the pest (96 - 100 % mortality).

The effectiveness of the individual treatment of agricultural spray oil and azadirachtin was

decreased immediately after 3 days of spraying, whereas combine treatment of both showed

very effective (50 -75% mortality) and long lasting (upto 10 days) result.

Effect of insecticides on the mortality of chrysanthemum caterpillars in greenhouse

Treatments Conc. (%) % mortality of caterpillar population after treatment *

1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 7 Days 10 Days

T1 Agricultural spray oil 0.50 18.66

ghij

(25.55)

21.33 hij

(27.49)

34.00 fg

(35.67)

25.22 fgh

(30.13)

18.66 fg

(25.55)

T2 Azadirachtin

0.02 6.73 ij

(15.00)

17.33 j

(24.58)

11.33 ij

(19.64)

14.66 hi

(22.46)

13.25 ghi

(21.30)

T3 Phosphamidon

0.50 32.33 fg

(34.63)

36.86 def

(37.35)

51.73 de

(45.97)

69.00 b

((56.17)

53.83cd

(47.18)

T4 Cypermethrin

0.50 33.00 f

(35.06)

36.20 defg

(36.99)

43.64 ef

(41.32)

47.13 c

(43.28)

36.06 e

(36.87)

54

T5 Spinosad 0.02 13.20

ij

(21.30)

30.33 fghi

(30.40)

94.44 ab

(76.31)

100.00 a

(90.00)

94.73 a

(76.69)

T6 Agricultural spray oil +

Azadirachtin 0.50 + 0.02

29.66fgh

(32.96)

24.33 fghij

(29.53)

33.83 fg

(35.55)

33.00cdefg

(35.06)

15.66gh

(23.26)


Phosphamidon 0.50 + 0.50

83.86 ab

(66.27)

32.00fgh

(34.45)

66.73 c

(54.82)

96.66 a

(79.37)

90.10 a

(84.56)


Cypermethrin 0.50 + 0.50

65.66 d

(54.09)

63.11 bc

(52.59)

57.66 cd

(49.37)

34.53 cdef

(35.97)

28.33ef

(32.14)


Spinosad 0.50 + 0.02

20.00 ghi

(26.56)

24.00 ghij

(29.33)

25.60 gh

(30.40)

12.00 hi

(20.27)

2.66 i

(9.28)

T10 Azadirachtin +


82.00abc

(64.90)

74.33 b

(59.54)

85.46 b

(67.54)

95.00 a

(77.08)

66.40 b

(54.57)

T11 Azadirachtin +Cypermethrin 0.02 + 0.50

82.60abc

(65.35)

56.00 cd

(48.45)

56.44 cd

(48.68)

45.80 cd

(42.59)

33.83 e

(35.55)

T12 Azadirachtin + Spinosad 0.02 + 0.02

19.86 ghi

(26.42)

29.30 fghij

(32.77)

17.33 hi

(24.58)

12.33 hi

(20.53)

8.10 ghi

(16.54)

T13 Phosphamidon +

Cypermethrin 0.50 + 0.50

98.33 a

(82.51)

99.80 a

(87.44)

100.00 a

(90.00)

96.66 a

(79.37)

52.96 cd

(46.66)

T14 Phosphamidon + Spinosad 0.50 + 0.02

56.66 def

(48.79)

46.33 de

(42.88)

46.00 de

(42.71)

78.00 b

(62.03)

55.57 bc

(48.16)

T15 Cypermethrin + Spinosad 0.50 + 0.02

57.00 de

(49.02)

45.66 de

(42.48)

56.93 cd

(48.97)

43.00 cde

(40.98)

34.94 e

(36.21)

T16 Control --

3.00 j

(9.98)

2.00 k

(8.13)

2.66 j

(9.28)

3.66 i

(10.94)

1.66 i

(7.27)

SE 8.00 6.29 5.79 7.86 5.91

CD 16.33 12.85 11.81 16.04 12.06

*Data based on mean of two sprays and three replicates each

Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

In a column, „means‟ followed by a common letter do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 by Duncan`s Multiple Range test.

Effect of insecticides on the mortality of chrysanthemum aphids in greenhouse

Treatments Concentrati

on (%)

% mortality of caterpillar population after treatment *

1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 7 Days 10 Days

T1 Agricultural

spray oil 0.50

25.66 e

(30.40)

15.66 ij

(23.26)

14.00 g

(21.97)

8.66 g

(16.95)

2.00 h

(8.13)

T2 Azadirachtin

0.50 20.10

f

(26.64)

16.60 ij

(24.04)

15.00 g

(22.79)

15.65 f

(23.26)

11.50 fg

(19.82)

T3 Phosphamidon

0.02 70.33

c

(56.98)

72.33 e

(58.24)

98.00 a

(81.87)

56.33 d

(48.62)

38.33 c

(38.23)

T4 Cypermethrin

0.02 48.66

d

(44.20)

57.00 f

(49.02)

67.33 d

(55.12)

26.66 e

(31.05)

13.33 ef

(21.39)

T5 Spinosad

0.02 24.00

e

(29.33)

17.00 ij

(24.35)

26.66 ef

(31.05)

10.00 g

(18.44)

5.00 gh

(12.92)

T6

Agricultural

spray oil +

Azadirachtin

0.50 + 0.50 49.33

d

(44.60)

57.00 f

(49.02)

67.33 d

(55.12)

56.33 d

(48.62)

25.00 d

(30.0)

55

T7

Agricultural

spray oil +

Phosphamidon

0.50 + 0.02 83.00

a

(65.65)

85.33 bcd

(67.45)

96.33 ab

(78.91)

77.33 b

(61.55)

42.00 c

(40.40)

T8

Agricultural

spray oil +

Cypermethrin

0.50 + 0.02 69.33

c

(56.35)

86.00 bc

(68.03)

98.00 a

(81.87)

82.50 a

(65-27)

54.00 b

(47.27)

T9

Agricultural

spray oil +

Spinosad

0.50 + 0.02 19.00

f

(25.84)

29.00 h

(32.58)

30.33 ef

(33.40)

9.70g

(18.15)

6.50 fgh

(14.77)

T10 Azadirachtin +


80.00 b

(63.44)

86.33 b

(68.28)

98.00 a

(81.87)

71.00 c

(57.42)

25.00 d

(30.0)

T11 Azadirachtin

+Cypermethrin 0.50 + 0.02

48.66 d

(44.20)

72.33 e

(58.24)

79.66 c

(63.15)

71.00 c

(57.42)

38.33 c

(38.23)

T12 Azadirachtin +


21.60 f

(27.69)

16.50 ij

(23.89)

14.60 g

(22.46)

12.65 fg

(20.79)

10.20 fg

(18.68)

T13 Phosphamidon

+Cypermethrin 0.02 + 0.02

88.33 a

(70.00)

95.66 a

(77.89)

97.66 ab

(81.09)

83.00 a

(65.65)

64.66 a

(53.49)

T14 Phosphamidon +


24.50 e

(29.67)

21.00 i

(27.28)

31.33 e

(34.02)

26.66 e

(31.05)

20.40 de

(26.85)

T15 Cypermethrin +


49.33 d

(44.60)

40.00 e

(39.23)

68.00 d

(55.55)

23.33 e

(28.79)

11.33 fg

(19.64)

T16 Control

3.00

g

(9.98)

3 .00 k

(9.98)

4.00 h

(11.54)

2.00 h

(8.13)

4.33 gh

(11.97)

SE 3.02 3.09 3.09 2.32 3.54

CD 6.30 6.45 6.44 4.84 7.39

* Mean of three replicates.

Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values

In a column, „means‟ followed by a common letter do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 by Duncan`s

Multiple Range test.

Evaluation of insecticides against aphids indicated that all

the insecticides applied individually or in combination, in

general, indicated higher aphid mortality as compared to

control (Table 3). Among different treatments, the highest

mortality (81.87%) was observed in Treatments T-3

(phosphamidon), T-8 (Agricultural spray oil +

cypermethrin) and T-10 (azadirachtin + phosphamidon)

after 3rd

day of application. Mixing of two chemical

insecticides (T-13, T-14 and T-15) did not result in much

increase in their efficacy as a final product infact a decline

in it was observed up to 3rd

day in T-13, however after 7th and 10 days there was an increase in the

mortality. Spinosad was significantly less effective against aphid as compared to phosphamidon and

cypermethrin. Application of spinosad with other insecticide T-14 and T-15 has negative effect and

had resulted significant reduction in the activity of those chemicals with which it has been applied. It

is evident from the present study that the mixing of two chemical insecticides has not yielded in any

synergistic effect, instead may lead to the development of insecticidal resistance. Therefore, such

mixtures of two pesticides, a general practice among farmers should be discouraged. Interestingly,

mixing of cypermethrin and phosphamidon with agricultural spray oil or azadirachtin in most of the

56

cases has got synergistic effect. Spraying of agricultural spray oil, azadirachtin and combination of

both against two-spotted spider mite on cucumber were found effective under greenhouse and

laboratory conditions, in which the combined treatment of both was the most effective (Deka et. al.

6). The petroleum oil spray residues reduced infestation of some insects by preventing oviposition and

its effects depended on concentration of oil and time of spraying (Amiri Besheli, 4). Petroleum oil

alone or combined with a microbial agent as emulsifier have a synergistic and less harmful effect for

the environment and are recommended for use in IPM programmes (Khyami and Ateyyat, 12).

Moreover, the oil does not increase pesticide resistance because their mode of action is mechanical,

not chemical. They are more acceptable than conventional insecticides as they are known to be active

against pest populations but relatively innocuous to beneficial organisms. However, agricultural spray

oil and azadirachtin (T6) appeared to be antagonistic when used with spinosad. Because spinosad is a

mixture of two most active naturally occurring metabolites produce by soil actinomycetes,

Saccharopolyspora spinosa that has high actively towards Lepidoptera.

Comparison of IPM and Non-IPM components in Cucumber (cv. Satis) under protected

cultivation

A study on comparative effectiveness of IPM and non IPM components including the contribution of

individual IPM components was conducted. The economics of IPM module and non-IPM module

were worked out. Each module was consisting of several operations. The variety used was „Satis‟ and

plot size was 6 X 1 sq.m. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 15

replications maintaining the spacing at 30 X 30 cm. In IPM module, bioagents like T. harzianum, P.

fluorescens and combination of both were used for controlling the soil borne pathogens and

biopesticides like Agrospray and Azadirachtin were used for controlling the insect pests. Necessary

cultural operations following gap protocol were carried out as and when required in IPM treatments.

Fertilizer application and soil drenching practices were common for both IPM and Non-IPM

treatments.

Key pests observed --

1. Mites

2. Fusarium

3. Damping off

4. Root-Knot Nematode

Findings:

1. The effects of biotic stress were

found significantly reduced in

IPM module compared to non-

IPM module.

2. The average mites and thrips

population was 5.80 and 0.59

respectively per leaf in IPM as

compared to 10.50 and 1.15 in

non IPM.

3. The average disease incidence

of Fusarium wilting (%) and

damping off (%) was 9.26 and

8.61 respectively in IPM

compared to 15.77 and 17.87 in

non IPM.

4. Root Knot nematode infestation (%) was also less in IPM 3.85 in comparison to 5.06% in non

IPM.

57

5. Total affected plant (disease, insect and nematode) recorded was 19.81% in IPM as compared

to 37.56% in non IPM.

6. The mean cost benefit ratio of IPM is 1:3.98 as compared to 1:3.18 of non-IPM treatment.

7. Combination of azadirachtin and Agrospray (0.5%) was the most effective component of IPM

for controlling the sucking pest.

8. Of the potential biological control agents tested in this study, the treatment combination of

Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum was most consistent and effectively

controlled disease incidence compared to other treatments.

Expt. 6: Grafting in Tomato against soil borne pathogens

An experiment was conducted on grafting in tomato against root knot nematode in CPCT nursery

using resistant root stocks (different tomato varieties and capsicum).

Findings:

a. Inter-species (tomato and capsicum) & inter-varietal („GS 600‟ and „cherry‟ tomato) unions were

successful

b. More than 95% success was achieved in the successful union of greenhouse tomato variety GS 600

used as scion over the rootstock on wild brinjal Solanum torvum. More than 90% reduction in the

galling caused by root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita as recorded under field conditions. This

is a remarkable success in the prevailing conditions of old and sick greenhouses having more than

800% economic threshold of root knot nematode. The grafting in cucumber variety Kian was

successful at experimental level only but the survival percentage of seedlings was very very poor at

less than 20% and hence it could not be brought to field level.

Grafting in tomato

Fied level evaluation of grafts in tomato variety GS 600

( rootstock - wild brinjal Solanum torvum)

Grafting in cucumber Variety Satis using summer

squash as root stock

58

IPM trials for soil-borne pathogens in tomato under protected cultivation

An experiment was undertaken to address the problem of soil-borne pathogens of tomato in

greenhouse with application of FYM and BCAs (Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens

and Metarhizium anisopliae) alone and in combination with each other. Results revealed that the

combination of FYM and bioagents T. harzianum + P. fluorescens reduced the percentage of

infestation and significantly reduced the mortality including root gall index caused by nematode,

Meloidogyne incognita when the bioagents were administered at a higher dose. A considerable post

application increase in bioagents was also observed. There was 69.3% reduction of Fusarium wilt in

T. harzianum treated beds followed by P. fluorescens (46.7%) and M. anisopliae (14.1%). Significant

yield increase observed in IPM beds approx. 30%.

Effect of bio-agents on the penetration of roots by root-knot nematodes

An experiment involving fungal and bacterial bioagents; Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas

fluorescens respectively is being conducted in a greenhouse at IARI, New Delhi, India. The purpose is

to investigate the potential of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens to prevent root

penetration by root-knot nematode juveniles in the nursery. Plastic tray cells were filled with media

comprising; cocopeat, vermiculite and perlite in the ratio of 3:1:1. Each completely filled cell was

sown with one tomato seed (cv. Rohini) and judiciously watered.

The treatments in the experiment are; Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and a

control. One ml each of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens was inoculated to tomato seedlings per cell

separately and replicated three times. Five weeks after, the bio-agent treated seedlings were inoculated

with 5 freshly hatched root-knot nematode juveniles each. Nutrient application in the form of NPK

19:19:19 (procured from National Chemical and Fertilizer Ltd, India) was applied in solution form at

the rate of 25 ml/L water to treatments twice.

IPM in Greenhouse Cucumber

Integrated pest management (IPM) in greenhouses is one of the most important approaches for

successful pest control. A study on comparative IPM including the contribution of individual IPM

components was conducted for two seasons. Relative efficacy and economics of IPM vis-à-vis non-

IPM modules were also worked out. In IPM module, the effects of biotic stresses particularly those

caused by soil-borne pathogens, were found significantly reduced (19.81%) in comparison to non-

IPM module (37.56 %). Apart from reduced pest incidences, economic analysis indicated that the IPM

approaches were much superior, as the mean cost-benefit ratio under IPM was 1:3.98 as compared to

1:3.18 with non-IPM treatment. Combination of azadirachtin and agrospray® (0.5%) was the most

effective component of IPM for controlling the sucking pests of cucumber under protected cultivation.

Of the potential biological control agents tested in this study, combination of Pseudomonas

fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum, was most consistent and effective in controlling disease and

nematode incidences. These results have the potential for field use under greenhouse conditions

similar to north Indian sub-tropical plains.

The trials were conducted in the greenhouse of Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology (CPCT),

IARI, New Delhi for two seasons during 2009-10 with two treatment modules (IPM and Non-IPM)

for managing pests of cucumber cv. „Satis‟ in plot size of 6 x 1 sq.m. for each replicate in a

randomized block design (RBD) with 15 replications with a spacing at 30 cm x 30 cm. A border row

of crop was planted between each replicate. Details of the treatment modules are mentioned in Table

1. Recommended package of practices were followed for both the treatments including. GAP

protocols for IPM treatments. Preventive measures were taken for both the treatments from sucking

pests to keep the pest below Economic Threshold Level (ETL) by treating seeds with imidacloprid @

10 g/ kg at the time of sowing. The chemicals used under non-IPM were those used by common

farmers.

59

The bioagents, collected from NCIPM, New Delhi, were incorporated in the greenhouse soil in which

seedlings were transplanted 15 days after treatment. Second (P. fluorescens) and third (T. harzianum)

application of bioagents was applied 15 days and 30 days after transplanting, respectively. Soils were

sampled (100 g) one month after application of the bioagents and at the end of crop season to

determine the multiplication of bioagents by adopting serial dilution technique. Spraying was done on

infested leaves, two weeks after natural pest infestation based on pest load on the crop when the

population exceeded recommended treatment thresholds of 5 mites/ leaf, while it is approximately 25-

30 mites/leaf (John and Belisle, 6) for open field cultivation.

Table 1. Application of different treatments under IPM and non-IPM modules.

Details IPM Non IPM

Seed treatment Imidacloprid @ 2 ml/ kg seed Imidacloprid @ 2 ml/ kg seed

Soil solarization Soil solarization

Soil drenching Carbosulfan@ 1g/l (Marshal) Carbosulfan@ 1g/l (Marshal)

Soil treatment FYM 1 kg/ sq.m +

T. harzianum (10 g/ sq.m) +

P. fluorescens (10 ml/ sq.m)

FYM 1 kg/ sq.m

P. fluorescens (20 ml/ sq.m)

T. harzianum (20 g/ sq.m)

Spray Details Agricultural spray oil (Agrospray) @ 1% Imidacloprid @ 0.25g/l (Admire)

Azadirachtin @ 1% Ethion @ 1 ml/l (Ehiol)

Azadirachtin @ 1% Spiromesifen @ 1 ml/ 1.5 l (Oberon)

Mixture of Agrospray @1% +

Azadirachtin @ 1%

Spiromesifen @ 1 ml/ 1.5 l (Oberon)

Ethion @ 1 ml/l (Ehiol)

Ethion @ 1 ml/l (Ehiol)



Bioagents conc. applied T. harzianum (2 x 109 cfu), P. fluorescens (1 x 10

12 cells)

Pest data were recorded from five plants/ replication and converted to percent infestation.

Methodology of Rachana et al. (11) was followed in order to record the incidence of mites. At the

time of bed preparation and termination of the experiment, soil samples were collected from the

rhizosphere region, 5-6 cm away and at a depth of 8-10 cm from the root base of the plant for

recording nematodes and other soil-borne pathogens. Initial population of J2 (second stage juvenile)

of nematodes Meloidogyne incognita in soil was recorded using Cobb`s method of decanting and

sieving followed by the modified Baermann`s technique for nematode extraction from soil samples

before planting, while root gall index was recorded for the level of root knot infestation. The final

nematode (J2) count in the soil and the root gall index were recorded on the date of termination of the

experiment. The root galls induced by M. incognita was indexed on a scale of 0-5 (0 = no gall, 1 = 1-2

galls, 2 = 3-10 galls, 3 = 11-30 galls, 4 = 31-100 galls, 5 = > 100 galls per plant root).

The net profit and cost benefit ratio was worked out both for IPM and non-IPM modules. Fruits were

harvested from 5 plants/ replication and extrapolated for cumulative yield/plant and total area based

on fruit weight and numbers. Quality attributes were determined by taking composite fruit samples

60

from each treatment. The variable costs of cucumber production for both the treatments were

calculated. The economics of the crop was calculated using depreciation of 10% per annum prevailing

bank rate of interest by taking the life of the basic steel structures as 20 years. The cost of production

was calculated by taking into account the operational cost and fixed cost of the greenhouse separately.

The effectiveness of major IPM components was also, determined individually. Two experiments

were separately set to determine the efficacy of bioagents and biopesticides in the adjacent plot of the

same greenhouse. The experiments were laid out in RBD with four treatments including control and

replicated five times. The plot size was 1 x 3 sq. m. Two-spotted spider mite was the major pest

recorded. The biorationals included agricultural spray oils, azadirachtin and combination of both at

1% each along. Two sprays were applied at an interval of 10 days. The observations were recorded

following the methodology of Rachana et al. (11) for determining the effectiveness of T. harzianum,

P. fluorescens and their combinations (20 g/ sq.m.). The data obtained were converted by

transformations and subjected to statistical analysis (Gomez and Gomez, 5).

IPM module effectively reduced pest population from initial to last stages of the crops compared to

non-IPM. The average mites and thrips population was reduced from 5.80 and 0.59 per leaf as

compared to 10.50 and 1.15 in IPM and non-IPM, respectively. The average disease incidence

(damping off and fusarium wilt) was 8.61 and 9.26% in IPM as compared to 17.87 and 15.77% in

non-IPM. Likewise, nematode infestation was also less in IPM. Yield and fruit quality were quantified

and compared in which unmarketable fruit (%) was 2.3 in IPM as compared to 13.75 in non-IPM.

Total affected plant (disease, insect and nematode) recorded was 19.81% in IPM as compared to

37.56% in non-IPM (Table 2). Similar findings were also reported in different crops where insect pest

incidences were less in IPM in comparison to non-IPM module (Anon., 1).

Table 2. Effect of biotic stress on cucumber in IPM and non IPM plots.

Character IPM Non IPM

Insect pests /plant 0.54 1.2

Use of chemicals ml/plant 0.45 1.6

Un-marketable fruit (%) 2.30 ± 0.30 13.75 ± 1.63

Mites/leaf 5.80 ± 0.80 10.50 ± 0.50

Thrips/leaf 0.59 ± 0.11 1.15 ± 0.15

Insect affected plant (%) 7.30 ± 0.89 13.75 ± 1.63

Damping off (%) 8.61 ± 1.00 17.87 ± 2.00

Fusarium wilt (%) 9.26 ± 0.26 15.77 ± 2.31

Disease affected plant (%) 8.66 ± 1.53 18.75 ± 2.00

Root knot nematode infestation (%) 3.85 ± 0.93 5.06 ± 1.00

Total affected plant (%) 19.81 ± 0.80 37.56 ± 2.30

Economic analysis indicated that the IPM treatment was superior to the non-IPM treatments. The

mean cost-benefit ratio in IPM was 1:3.98 with lesser environmental risk involvement as compared to

1:3.18 with non-IPM treatment (Table 3). The reduction in the quantity of pesticides used in IPM,

drastically curtailed the overhead expenditure on crop protection. Average costs of cucumber

production in a 500 sq.m. greenhouse was calculated to be Rs. 37,652.50 and Rs. 38,497.50 for IPM

and non-IPM module respectively. The net profit obtained for IPM and non IPM modules were

estimated to be Rs. 112, 347.5 and Rs. 84,002.5, and breakeven costs were calculated to be Rs. 12.5

61

and Rs. 15.71 per kg,, while earlier they worked out to be Rs. 8.71 per kg and 1:1.29, respectively

(Singh et al., 16). Thus, there was a positive impact of IPM practices on cucumber production under

protected cultivation as suitable for the development of a sustainable and environment friendly pest

management system.

Table 3. Yield, C: B ratio and net profit in IPM and non IPM in greenhouse cucumber (in Rs./500 m2).

S. No. Operations Unit IPM Non-IPM

A. Fixed cost/ Infrastructure

1. Depreciation on fixed cost +

interest on invested money

@ Rs. 500 /m2 (considering 3 cucumber

crops/year)

23,500 23,500

2. Machinery 500.00 500.00

B Operational cost

1. Tractor Rs. 375/h 1.5 h 562.50 562.50

2. Para plough Rs. 40/h 2 h 80.00 80.00

3. Rotavator Rs. 100/h 0.75 h 75.00 75.00

4. Labour (for all operations) Rs. 150/persons/day 4,500.00 5,850.00

5. fertilizers/FYM For 500 m2 area 350.00 350.00

6. Soil treatment Carbosulfon @ 1g/L (100 L) 100.00 100.00

7. Chemicals For 500 m2 area -- 1,245.00

8. Bioagent/biopesticides For 500 m2 area 1,750.00 --

9. Seed/seedling cost Seedling (1000nos. ) at Rs. 6.00 6,000.00 6,000.00

12. Plastic ropes 235.00 235.00

C Total cost of production For 500 m2 area 37,652.50 38,497.50

D Total production (q) 30.0 24.5

E Break Even Cost 12.5 15.71

F 1. Gross income 150,000 122,500

2. Net profit 112,347.5 84,002.5

3. Cost-benefit ratio 1:3.98 1:3.18

Gross income = Yield x Price; Net income = Gross income -- total cost of cultivation; Cost: benefit ratio = Gross income/ Cost of cultivation; Total

number of insecticide spraying--- 4 times in IPM, and 8 times in Non IPM; Average selling price of cucumber @ Rs.50 /kg

Analysis of variance showed that biopesticides had significant effect on the mortality of Tetranychus

urticae, proving that the application of these biopesticides on an average was more effective in

reducing the mite population as compared to control (Table 4). The combination of agricultural spray

oil + azadirachtin proved most effective throughout the treatment period followed by agricultural

spray oil and azadirachtin alone. Deka et al. (3) also reported effective control of two-spotted spider

mite, T. urticae on greenhouse cucumber by combined spraying of agricultural spray oil and

azadirachtin (0.5%). All the biopesticides showed slightly reduced efficacy after three days of

treatment, but were significantly superior to untreated control (Table 4).

Plot yield data also showed that highest yield was obtained from the combined treatment of

agricultural spray oil + azadirachtin (5.30 kg/ sq.m.) which was at par with the treatment of

agricultural spray oil alone (5.16 kg/ sq.m.). Petroleum oil has been shown to have a synergistic

effect and is less harmful for the environment and is recommended for use in IPM programmes

(Khyami and Ateyyat, 7). It does not increase pesticide resistance and has no residual killing action,

but the coating it makes on leaves and stems can protect against transmission of some plant viruses

and fungi. Treatment of azadirachtin was observed to be least effective in this experiment. Better

control might be achieved by increasing its concentration. Cote et al. (2) reported that neem products

may be a useful part of IPM programmes; however, its short residual toxicity may not suppress large

population of mite.

62

The major soil-borne diseases recorded were damping off caused by Pythium ultimum, fusarium wilt

and root knot nematode (M. incognita). Analysis of variance showed that bioagent application had

significant effect on incidence of these diseases compared to control. The bioagents, P. fluorescens

and T. harzianum were found to improve the cucumber plant growth characters and reduce the

population of soil-borne pathogens compared to the untreated control (Table 5). Combined treatment

of bioagents inflicted minimum diseases throughout the period as compared to single treatments.

Highest yield was obtained from the combined treatment, (5.72 kg/ sq. m.) which was at par with the

treatment of T. harzianum (4.74 kg/ m2). In all the treatments there was a significant increase in the

bioagent population by the end of the crop season (Table 5). Similar results have been shown by

several other studies apparently due to antagonistic effects (Meyer and Roberts, 8; Roberts et al., 12).

The possible mechanism involved in Trichoderma antagonism had been studied intensively in terms

of antibiotic and enzyme production as hyphal interactions (Elad et al., 4). Previous studies done by

Robert et al. (12) also reported that Trichoderma provided the most effective suppression of damping

off in greenhouse bioassays. A mechanism of induced resistance and evidence for defense responses,

induced by Trichoderma harzianum has been reported (Yedidia et al., 18).

The bioagents, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and their combination were found to significantly reduce

the population of M. incognita and improve the yields compared to the untreated control (Table 6).

The number of egg masses/g root, number of galls/ plant and final nematode population in the soil

was observed to be minimum in the combined treatment of bioagents at 5, 3.2 and 4.2, respectively.

Earlier, Muthulakshmi et al., (9) also reported that combined soil application of P. fluorescens (@ 10

g/plant) + T. viride (@ 10 g/plant) was effective to check the root knot nematode as also the

individual treatment of these bioagents. Sharma and Pandey (15) reported that Trichoderma not only

proved to parasitize nematodes but also helped in tolerance to stress conditions by enhanced root

development. Application of P. fluorescens with other management practices has been proved more

effective in many crops for different nematodes (Oostendrop and Sikora, 10).

Table 4. Effect of biopesticides on the incidence of mites in greenhouse.

Treatment

Conc.

(%)

Mortality (%) of mite population after treatment

(days)

Yield

(kg/m2 )

1 2 3 7 10

Agricultural spray oil

( Servo Agrospray®) 1

51.50a

(45.86)*

51.40b

(45.80)

48.40b

(44.08)

29.50b

(32.90)

18.72b

(24.88) 5.16

ab

Azadirachtin

1

27.80b

(31.82)

27.80c

(31.82)

23.20c

(28.79)

24.36b

(29.53)

2.48c

(8.91) 3.14

c

Agricultural spray oil+

Azadirachtin 1

53.60a

(47.06)

82.67a

(65.35)

73.84a

(59.12)

48.46a

(44.08)

25.46a

(30.26) 5.30

a

Control 0 2.86

c

(9.63)

2.53d

(9.10)

1.80d

(7.71)

11.12c

(19.46)

2.40c

(8.91) 3.38

b

CD 0.05 6.54 14.12 11.80 4.79 2.51 1.86

*Figures in parentheses are Arcsine transformed values. In a column, „means‟ followed by a common

letter do not differ significantly at P = 0.05 by Duncan`s Multiple Range test.

63

Table 5. Comparative efficacy of different bioagents on incidence of diseases in protected cultivation.

Bioagent

Disease incidence (%) Final bioagent

population

(cfu/ g soil)

Plot yield

(kg/ m2)

% Damping off

(Pythium ultimum)

% Wilting

(Fusarium oxysporum)

30

DAP†

60

DAP

90

DAP

30

DAP

60

DAP

90

DAP

Trichoderma

harzianum (Th)

2.02a

(8.53)

11.66b

(19.91)

17.52b

(24.73)

4.8a

(12.66)

12.92

(21.05)

15.12 b

(22.87) 3.4 X 10

9 4.74

ab

Pseudomonas

fluorescens (Pf)

2.37a

(8.72)

22.20c

(28.11)

19.26b

(25.99)

11.18b

(19.46)

20.45

(26.85)

14.94b

(22.71) 2.1 X 10

13 3.35

b

(Th) + (Pf) @ 10 g or

ml/ m2

1.64a

(7.27)

4.8a

(12.66)

7.86a

(16.22)

1.97a

(7.92)

11.33

(19.64)

7.86a

(16.22)

2.7 X 109*

9.3 X 1012**

5.72

a

Control 10.62

b

(19.00)

31.6d

(34.20)

26.2c

(30.79)

19.84c

(26.42)

24.6

(29.73)

22.06c

(27.97) -- 3.14

b

CD 0.05 3.93 4.25 4.59 5.08 NS 4.82 1.62 † Data based on mean of five replicates;

* Trichoderma harzianum population;

** Pseudomonas fluorescens

population ; Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values; In a column, „means‟ followed by a

common letter do not differ significantly (P = 0.05) as per Duncan`s Multiple Range test.

Table 6. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and combination of both on root

knot nematode on cucumber

Treatment Initial

nematode

population

(per cc soil)

No. of egg

mass/ g

root

Final

nematode

population

in soil/ml

Root knot

nematode gall

index after 60

days

Plot yield

(kg/ m2 )

Trichoderma harzianum (Th) 7.2 9a 6.8

b 4.6

a 3.4

a

Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) 7 6b 6.6

b 4.4

b 4.8

a

(Th) + (Pf)

@ 10 g or ml/ m2 each

8 5b 4.2

c 3.2

c 5.2

a

Control 8.6 9.6a 9.2

a 5.6

a 3

b

CD 0.05 3.37 2.00 1.14 1.96

Effect of different treatments including chemical and bioagents on soil borne pathogens using

an underground root observation chamber (rhizotron) on cucumber

The experiment was conducted in CPCT greenhouse, IARI, during October, 2010 to observe the

effect of 12 treatments on cucumber cultivation. The observations of roots were taken through use of

rhizotron. The treatments were Steam sterilization, Sterilized soil, Dazomet, Metam sodium, STTC,

Carbofuran, Trichoderma harzianum (Th), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), mixture of Th and Pf,

Bavistin, Neem seed powder including control. All the treatments consistently gave effective results

in controlling soil borne pathogens except dazomet. Maximum damping off was observed in dazomet

treated plot (44%). STTC and metam sodium were most effective in controlling the root knot

nematode.

64

Comparison of fumigated (Metam Sodium) and

non-fumigated greenhouse tomato with and

without FYM

Comparison of fumigated (Metam Sodium)

and non-fumigated greenhouse cucumber

Effect of bio-agents on the penetration of roots by root-knot nematodes

An experiment involving fungal and bacterial bioagents; Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas

fluorescens respectively is being conducted in a greenhouse at IARI, New Delhi, India. The purpose is

to investigate the potential of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens to prevent root

penetration by root-knot nematode juveniles in the nursery. Plastic tray cells were filled with media

comprising; cocopeat, vermiculite and perlite in the ratio of 3:1:1. Each completely filled cell was

sown with one tomato seed (cv. Rohini) and judiciously watered.

The treatments in the experiment are; Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and a

control. One ml each of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens was inoculated to tomato seedlings per cell

separately and replicated three times. Five weeks after, the bio-agent treated seedlings were inoculated

with 5 freshly hatched root-knot nematode juveniles each. Nutrient application in the form of NPK

19:19:19 (procured from National Chemical and Fertilizer Ltd, India) was applied in solution form at

the rate of 25 ml/L water to treatments twice. Fifteen (15) days after inoculation of root-knot

nematode juveniles, the experiment was terminated and the influence of bio-agents on root-knot

nematode juveniles‟ penetration of tomato root, plant height,

plant girth, fresh weight and chlorophyll content of treatments

were assessed.

IPM trial for greenhouse cultivation of Capsicum

A trial on IPM module for greenhouse capsicum (Capsicum

annum var frutescence L.) was conducted at Research Station

and KVK, Lohaghat, Champawat, Uttarakhand during April to

December, 2013 under NAIP project “ Protected cultivation of

High value vegetables and flowers - a value chain approach”

with a view to study the validation of IPM on capsicum grown

under greenhouse condition in mid hills of Uttarakhand.The

IPM module for capsicum crop in greenhouse cultivation

comprising raising healthy nursery by applying seed treatment

with bavistin @ 2 g/kg at time of seed sowing.Soil solarization

and fumigation of polyhouse bed with formalin (@ 5 litre/m2)

drenching and using fortified FYM (mix bioagents such as

Trichoderma harzianum culture (c.f.u. 2X 109 spores/g) @ 1

65

kg/500 kg of FYM and/or P. fluorescens (c.f.u. 2

X 1012

spores/ml) 1 L/500 kg FYM ). Drenching

of bed is done with carbofuran 3G @ 6 g/sq. m

and copper oxychloride @1g/L just after

transplanting for preventing root-knot nematode

/cut worms and soil borne diseases. One or two

spray of horticultural oil was done for controlling

sucking pests (aphids/whiteflies) which were

regularly monitored through yellow sticky traps.

For controlling aphids and white fly two spray of

Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.01% was done at 15

days interval just 30 days after transplanting. The adoption of IPM module resulted in reducing the

number of chemical sprays to 4-5 from 10-12 in non-IPM practices. IPM module reduces the

incidence of pest and disease infestation which resulted into higher capsicum fruit yield (31 q/1000 sq

m) as compared to Non-IPM practices (23.3 q/1000 sq.m).Table.1

IPM trial for greenhouse cultivation of Cucumber

A trial on IPM module for greenhouse cucumber (parthenocarpic) was conducted at Research Station

and KVK, Lohaghat, Champawat, Uttarakhand during April to December, 2013 under NAIP project

“Protected cultivation of High value vegetables and flowers- a value chain approach” with a view to

study the validation of IPM on cucumber grown under greenhouse condition in mid hills of

Uttarakhand. The IPM module for cucumber crop in greenhouse cultivation comprising raising

healthy nursery by applying seed treatment with bavistin @ 2 g/kg at time of seed sowing. Soil

solarization and fumigation of polyhouse bed with formalin (@ 5 litre/m2) drenching and using

fortified FYM @1kg/m2 (mix bioagents such as Trichoderma harzianum culture (10

g/[email protected]>2X108 per g) plus Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 ml/sq.m @

c.f.u. >1X 10

12 per ML).

Drenching of bed is done with carbofuran 3G @ 6 g/sq. m and copper oxychloride @1g/L just after

transplanting for preventing root-knot nematode /cut worms and soil borne diseases. One or two spray

of horticultural oil (1ml/L) was done for controlling sucking pests (aphids/whiteflies) which

were regularly monitored through yellow sticky traps.


Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.01% was done at 15 days

interval just 30 days after transplanting. The

adoption of IPM module resulted in reducing the

number of chemical sprays to 4-5 from 10-12 in

non-IPM practices. IPM module reduces the

incidence of pest and disease infestation which

resulted into higher cucumber fruit yield (27.6

q/1000 sq m) as compared to Non-IPM practices

(19.0 q/1000 sq.m).Table 2.

IPM trial for greenhouse cultivation of Tomato

A trial on IPM module for greenhouse tomato was conducted at Research Station and KVK,

Lohaghat, Champawat, Uttarakhand during April to December, 2013 under NAIP project “Protected

cultivation of High value vegetables and flowers-a value chain approach” with a view to study the

validation of IPM on tomato grown under greenhouse condition in mid hills of Uttarakhand. The IPM

module for cucumber crop in greenhouse cultivation comprising raising healthy nursery by applying

seed treatment with bavistin @ 2 g/kg at time of seed sowing. Soil solarization and fumigation of

polyhouse bed with formalin (@ 5 litre/m2) drenching and using fortified FYM (mix bioagents such

as Trichoderma harzianum culture (c.f.u. 2X 109 spores/g) @ 1 kg/500 kg of FYM and/or P.

fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 X 1012

spores/ml) 1 L/500 kg FYM ). Drenching of bed is done with carbofuran

3G @ 6 g/m2 and copper oxychloride @1g/L just after transplanting for preventing root-knot

Table 1:

Pest / Diseases IPM

(%)

Non-IPM

(%)

Aphids/plants 3.5 17.26

Whiteflies /plants 3.1 13.86

Powdery Mildew (%) 26.2 63.3

Mosaic virus complex

(%)

13.5 34.5

Yield (q/1000 Sq m) 31 22.3

Table 2:

Pest / Diseases IPM

(%)

Non-

IPM (%)

Aphids/plants 3.8 10.4

Powdery Mildew (%) 24.16 54.73

Mosaic virus complex

(%)

10.7 24.8

Yield (q/1000 Sq m) 27.6 19.0

66

nematode /cut worms and soil borne diseases. 1 -2 spray of horti. oil (1ml/L) was done for controlling

sucking pests which were regularly monitored through yellow sticky traps.


Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.01% was done at 15 days

interval just 30 days after transplanting. The adoption of

IPM module resulted in reducing the number of chemical

sprays to 4-5 from 10-12 in non-IPM practices. IPM

module reduces the incidence of pest /disease infestation

which resulted into higher tomato fruit yield (150 q/1000

sq m) as compared to Non-IPM practices (122.3 q/1000

sq.m).Table 3.

IPM in Greenhouse tomato in Lohaghat Scientists visiting Lohaghat IPM trials

IPM and Non-IPM trials of four crops under protected cultivation

The trials were held at CPCT greenhouses. A total of four treatments were planned and replicated

twice. Four main greenhouse crops of different varieties were put to trial. The dates of planting the

seeds were adjusted in the months of August and September 2012.

The first treatment was based on the design of the greenhouses. There were four of designs involved:

1. Semi-Controlled Fan-pad type (1000 m2 )

2. Naturally ventilated Poly house (1000 m2 )

3. Double span naturally ventilated Poly house

4. Insect –proof Net house (1000 m2 )

The second parameter involved the incorporation of Integrated Pest Management strategies which

included the sprays of Garlic and a combination product of Garlic and Neem. These botanicals

possess the properties of antifungal, insecticidal, growth promoters and nematicidal actions also.

There were four sprays of these botanicals in the vegetable greenhouses. In contrast to this, the Non-

IPM component was also tested with mulching and non-mulching soil treatments as well as five

chemical sprays within the range of 0.5 to 2 ml/litre. All these treatments were tried in four crops of

Capsicum, Tomato, Cherry Tomato and Cucumber.

The major fungal disease incidence were noted to be Powdery Mildew, Leaf Spot, Color Spot and

Post-Damping Off where as the insect population were mainly consisted of Thrips and Mites while

nematodes as well as virus attack was also advocated by their typical Crinkling and Wilting symptoms

,though to a much lesser extent.

Treatments:

1. Design Of Greenhouse

2. With IPM

a. Garlic Sprays

b. Garlic+Neem Sprays

Table 3:

Pest / Diseases IPM

(%)

Non-

IPM

(%)

Whiteflies /plants 3.8 14.4

Powdery Mildew

(%)

14.2 33.41

Late Blight (%) 5.3 16.3

Yield (q/1000 Sq

m)

150 122.3

67

3. Without IPM

a. Mulching

b. Non-Mulching

c. Chemical Treatment (0.5 – 2 ml/litre) (5 Sprays) i. Insecticides: Rocket & Oberon

ii. Miticide: Obemite, iii. Fungicide: Ridomil, Copper Oxy-chloride

Crops/varieties used (Satis & Piyam): Parthenocarpic / Gynoceous Cucumber, Coloured Capsicum,

Indeterminate tomato (GS-600) and Indeterminate cherry tomato (Pusa Cherry 1)

Date of planting: August &September 2012

Diseases/Pests Identified:

Crop Disease/ Pest Percent Infestation

Tomato Viral <1%

Leaf Spot <1%

Post-Damping Off 1-2%

Nematodes <1%

Cherry Tomato Leaf Spot 3-4%

Leaf Blight 2-3%

Significant Achievements :

Standardized and simplified production technologies of selected high Value vegetable and cut flowers for

different kinds of protected structures including zero-energy naturally ventilated greenhouses and insect-

proof net houses for semi arid, sub-tropical and sub-temperate climatic conditions

Standardized the production technology for cultivation of greenhouse recommended variety of tomato and

cherry tomato under insect-proof net house which has been fabricated in a basic fabrication cost of naturally

ventilated greenhouse. Standardized tomato can be grown under insect-proof net house for a period of 8

months with a production level of 14.0 t/1000m2 and cherry tomato with a production level of 3.0 t/1000m

2.

Insect Proof Net House Tomato Crop Under Insect Net house

Suitable root knot nematode tolerant root stock for greenhouse recommended variety of tomato has

been identified for grafting. Successful grafting in tomato in the greenhouses has been taken up on large scale.

Besides this, wild brinjal, Solanum torvum, which is highly tolerant to root Knot nematodes, has also been

evaluatedfor grafting of tomato GH variety.

68

Grafting of Tomato Seedlings for resistance against root knot nematode, M. incognita

Standardization of production and propagation technology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions:

Production and propagation technology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions has been standardized at

KVK Lohaghat of GBPUA&T, Pantnagar for protected cultivation of cut flowers.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and hypoglycemic potential of

Capsicum annuum (sweet peppers) in relation to maturity stage for Six selected green

house grown capsicum varieties. Free-radical scavenging activity and reducing power

was evaluated using four complementary in-vitro assays namely Trolox equivalent

antioxidant capacity, 2,2 Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power

and cupric reducing antioxidant activity. In addition, anti-diabetic potential was also

hypoglycemic potential at two stages of maturity viz. immature green (GS) and mature

colored stage (MS). Mature stage was characterized by high ascorbic acid content, and

antioxidant activity. Quercetin content on an average showed 6-7 fold reduction with

advancing maturity. Antioxidant activity ranged between 3.12 - 7.17 and - µ mol

TEAC/g at GS and MS, respectively. Interestingly, the fruits at MS (red/ yellow stage)

had higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential than those at immature

green stage (GS). Results suggest that mature capsicum (red or yellow) fruits have high

antioxidant content and anti-diabetic potential and may be explored as a functional food and to develop new

novel products.

69

Two varieties of greenhouse tomato (Pant Polyhouse Bred

Tomato-2 and Pant Polyhouse Bred Hybrid Tomato-1)

and two varieties of greenhouse cucumber (Pant

Parthenocarpic Cucumber -2 and Pant Parthenocarpic

Cucumber -3) have been released. The characteristics of

varieties are given below:

A) Pant Polyhouse Bred Tomato-2

1. Tomato variety suitable for Polyhouse condition in

India.

2. The variety is having 5-6 fruits per cluster.

3. The single fruit weight is 100-105 gm.

4. Its average yield is 1291 q/ha.

5. This cultivar has better storage quality because of its

thick pericarp

(0.9-1.0 cm)

B) Pant Polyhouse Bred Hybrid Tomato-1

1. Tomato variety suitable for Polyhouse condition in

India.

2. The variety is having 7-8 fruits per cluster.

3. The single fruit weight is 130-140 gm.

4. Its average yield is 1616 q/ha.

5. This cultivar has better keeping quality because of its

thick pericarp (1.0-1.25 cm).

C) Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber -2

1. It is Parthenocarpic Cucumber variety suitable for Polyhouse cultivation in India

2. Plant bears only female flowers (gynoecious), 551 in number per plant

3. The single fruit weight is 630 gm.

4. The average yield is 1755 q/ha.

5. Plant produces seedless fruits (Parthenocarpic in nature)

D) Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber -3

1. It is Parthenocarpic Cucumber variety suitable for Polyhouse cultivation in India

2. Plant bears only female flowers (gynoecious), 465 in number per plant.

3. The single fruit weight is 415 gm.

4. The average yield is 1605 q/ha.

5. Plant produces seedless fruits (Parthenocarpic in nature)

1. Standardization of Fertigation scheduling for cucumber grown under protected

cultivation: Fertigation scheduling has been developed and standardized for cucumber grown

under protected cultivation. Stage wise dosage of major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous and

potassium has been developed and standardized for cucumber grown round the year inside

protected cultivation as shown in table 2.

Pant Polyhouse Bred

Tomato-2

Pant Polyhouse Bred

Hybrid Tomato-1

Pant Parthenocarpic

Cucumber -2

Pant Parthenocarpic

Cucumber -3

70

Table : Fertigation Scheduling for Cucumber grown under Protected Cultivation

Crop Fertigation Schedule Dosage of Major Nutrients (ppm)

Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

Cucumber

(Aug- Oct)

Vegetative stage

Flowering


120

180

180

60

80

80

120

200

200

Cucumber

(Nov- Jan)

Vegetative stage

Flowering


160

220

220

80

80

80

160

240

240

Cucumber

(Feb-April)

Vegetative stage

Flowering


120

180

180

60

60

60

120

200

200

2. Studies on nutrient dynamics, Crop water Productivity and Fertigation Scheduling for

capsicum grown in protected conditions: The total crop water requirement was found to be

2000 m3

and 1980 m3 respectively for capsicum grown under pressurized and low pressure

drip irrigation system for one hectare greenhouse. The total crop water productivity was

found to be 50 and 40 Kg/m3 respectively for capsicum grown with pressurized and low

pressure drip irrigation system. Two sets of tensiometers of depth 15 and 30 cm were found

suitable for fertigation scheduling and nutrient dynamics study of 1000 m2 greenhouse.

Nutrient dynamics study showed that nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium moved to a depth

of 45, 25 and 40 cm respectively for drip fertigation.

Table: Crop water requirement and Productivity for Greenhouse Capsicum

Type of

greenhouse

Type of Pressurized

irrigation

Total crop water

requirement (m3)

Crop water

productivity

Semi-climate

Controlled

Pressurized drip

fertigation

2000 50 Kg/m3

Naturally

ventilated

Low Pressure drip

fertigation

1980 40 Kg/m3

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Low pressure Drip Irrigation system Design for Protected

Cultivation: Low pressure drip irrigation system was techno-economically evaluated for 500 and

1000 m2

naturally ventilated greenhouse and and compared with pressurized drip irrigation

method installed in the semi-climate controlled greenhouse for the same area. The benefit:cost

ratio was found to be highest (2.5:1) for low pressure drip irrigation system installed in 1000 m2

naturally ventilated greenhouse and minimum (1.3:1) for pressurized irrigation system installed in

1000 m2 semi-climate controlled greenhouse. All the systems were evaluated for tomato crop

grown for nine months.

71

Table:. Techno-Economic Evaluation of Drip Irrigation system for Protected Cultivation

Type of greenhouse Area of greenhouse Type of drip Irrigation Benefit-Cost Ratio

Naturally ventilated 500 Low Pressure 2:1

Naturally ventilated 1000 Low Pressure 2.5:1

Semi-climate controlled 500 Pressurized 1.5:1

Semi-climate controlled 1000 Pressurized 1.3:1

Overall salient research achievements are as follows.

• Design of protected structures for different regions

• Design of drip irrigation & fertigation systems for protected Cultivation.

Standardized the production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber for insect proof net

house under semi-arid conditions.

Standardized production technology of capsicum under insect-proof net houses for semi-

arid conditions.

Standardized off-season production technology of Chrysanthemum under naturally

ventilated greenhouses for semi-arid conditions.

• Standardized the production technology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions.

Standardized the production technology of tomato and sweet pepper for Zero Energy

Naturally Ventilated greenhouse cultivation for subtropical conditions.

Two varieties of greenhouse tomato (Pant Polyhouse Bred Tomato-2 and Pant Polyhouse

Bred Hybrid Tomato-1) and two varieties of greenhouse cucumber (Pant Parthenocarpic

Cucumber -2 and Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber -3) have been released.


crops.

Development and validation of IPM for greenhouse cucumber, tomato and chrysanthemum

crops.

High antioxidant rich coloured sweet pepper juice.

Field level planting of large number grafted seedlings of green house tomato variety GS-

600 on an identified tolerant root stock was done under highly nematode infested

greenhouse conditions and grafted seedlings were grown successfully up to fruiting and

gave very good results in terms of resistance against the root knot nematode, (Meloidogyne

incognita), which is a serious endemic problem at CPCT greenhouses over a period of

time.

Standardized the greenhouse production technology of tomato, capsicum, cucumber and

carnation for sub temperate conditions of Uttarakhand.

Evaluation of gerbera varieties under Newly Designed Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse.

72

Maintenance of mother stock in Chrysanthemum under protected conditions and

multiplication of planting material in chrysanthemum under protected nursery.

Photoperiodic Regulation in Chrysanthemum for Off Season Flower Production studied.

Standardization of fertigation scheduling for Gerbera and Chrysanthemum under Protected

conditions.

Estimation of carotenoid content in red pepper through enzymatic process.

Value chain approach for greenhouse grown tomatoes.

5. Innovations: Indigenous Design of Naturally ventilated Greenhouse, semi-climate controlled

greenhouse, insect proof net house and nursery.

Design of drip irrigation & fertigation technology for protected Cultivation.


crops.

IPM technology for greenhouse cucumber, tomato and chrysanthemum crops.

Nutraceutical-enriched capsicum-tomato salsa /puree

6. Process/Product/Technology Developed:

Dip irrigation & fertigation technology for protected Cultivation

Production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber and capsicum for insect

proof net house under semi-arid conditions.

Production technology of Chrysanthemum under naturally ventilated

greenhouses for semi-arid conditions.

Production technology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions.

Production technology of tomato and sweet pepper for Zero Energy Naturally

Ventilated greenhouse cultivation for subtropical conditions.

IPM technology for greenhouse cucumber, tomato and chrysanthemum crops.

Grafting technology for seedlings of greenhouse tomato and parthenocarpic

cucumber crops.

Nutraceutical-enriched capsicum-tomato salsa /puree

7. Patents (Filed/ Granted): Nil

8. Linkages and Collaborations:

MOU done of capsicum salsa with M/S Integrated Unit for Mushroom Development, Sonipat,

Haryana. Ten Partners in Place for establishment of value chain related to design of

greenhouse and drip fertigation system, IPM & GAP, PHT.

73

10.Status on Environmental and Social Safeguard Framework:

A document on safeguard matrix, GAP protocols and safety instruction boards was prepared and

displayed at vantage points. Education and training of growers and end users on the use of complete

technology for protected cultivation of high value vegetables and cut flowers including IPM, post

harvest handling, on farm value addition and marketing conducted in the sub project.

Awareness of risk related factors addressed to the stakeholders through orientation sessions on topics

such as adoption of Improved package of practices in holistic way, by using technologies such as

design of structures and drip fertigation system, modern nursery raising, complete production

technology, IPM, post harvest handling of the high quality produce, on farm value addition,

packaging etc. Issues like safe disposal of pesticide containers, polythene and other non-degradable

byproducts, judicious use of pesticides and biosafe inputs, crop health, workers‟ safety, healthy

packaging interventions and projection of GAP issues addressed across all the stakeholders. The same

was duly inculcated through training/HRD programmes for addressing such environment safety and

biosafety issues especially in the unorganized sector including utilization of biodegradable packaging

materials as far as possible.

Environmental safeguard: Activities, issues, impact and mitigation measures

Activities1

Issues

Anticipated level of

Impacts3

Mitigation measures

(Negative Impact) 4

Positive Negative

1.Baseline survey Timely and accurate data

collection

- 2

2. Design and

development of

protected structures

and drip fertigation

system

Region specific and cost

effective design

Polythene disposal

4 1 Farmers/growers/stakeh

olders would be trained

for safe disposal of

plastics

4. Standardization of

production

technology

Region and crop specific


4 -

5. Crop and region

specific IPM

intervention

Healthy planting material,

crop hygiene, appropriate

plant protection, pesticide

over-use

4 1 Environmental friendly

IPM interventions

6. Demonstration

and transfer of

technology

Indiscriminate intensive

pesticide application,

disposal of used pesticide

containers

4 1 Farmers/growers/stakeh

olders would be trained

for safe disposal

7. On farm value

addition

Post harvest pesticide

application to improve shelf

life

3 -

8. Establishment of

cool chain

management system

Post harvest loss and

pesticide application

4 -

9. Development of

marketing linkages

Nil

10. Entrepreneurial

skill development

Nil

74

Social safeguard: Activities, issues, impact and mitigation measures

Activities1

Issues

Anticipated level of

Impacts3

Mitigation

measures (Negative

Impact) 4 Positive Negative

1.Baseline survey Timely and accurate data

collection

3 2 Uniform data sheet

and parameters of

data collection.

Participatory data

collection through

audio visual help.

2. Design and development

of protected structures

and drip fertigation

system

Region specific and cost

effective design

4 1 Indigenous design

for economic

acceptability of

local growers

3. Selection/development of

indigenous varieties of

few high value vegetable

and flower crops

Availability, acceptability,

marketability and time

constraint

4 -

4. Standardization of


Region and crop specific


4 -

5. Crop and region specific

IPM intervention

Healthy planting material,

crop hygiene, appropriate

plant protection. Crop/region

specific IPM interventions

4 1 Awareness about

pests/natural

enemies and

judicious use of

pesticides

6. Demonstration and

transfer of technology

Lack of knowledge about

protected cultivation

technology

Nil -

7. On farm value addition Income generation and rural

employment

5 -

8. Establishment of cool

chain management

system

Post harvest management

leading to economic losses

4 1 Assured power

supply and effective

maintenance

9. Development of

marketing linkages

Poor marketing

knowledge/opportunities

4 1 Empowerment of

linkages and

transportation

facility

10. Entrepreneurial skill

development

Lack of knowledge Nil

75

11. Constraints if any and Remedial Measures Taken

S. No. Constraint Remedial measure

1. Delay in construction of greenhouses

as the tenders could not be floated for

considerably long period of time due

to administrative/financial objections

for their inclusion in works items at

IARI New Delhi.

Similarly at ARS Durgapura,

Comptroller of the University kept

contending for the construction of

greenhouses through state govt rate

contracts, to which the World Bank

procedures were non compliant

The matter was vigorously pursued and the matter

was sorted out among consortium lead,

administration and NAIP. The construction of

greenhouses was finally allowed.

The friction between consortium partner- ARS

Durgapura and Comptroller of the University on

construction of greenhouses was pursued regularly

but the matter could not be sorted out in spite of

mediation by consortium lead centre. Hence finally

ARS Durgapura consortium partner was finally

dropped

2. Weather, electricity and workers at

Lohaghat Centre

The matter was vigorously pursued and it was

sorted out.

3. Inadequate Support and

Technological Compliance by

Associate partner Bharti Walmart

due to FDI Issues in the country and

split of Bharti WalMart Joint Venture

The matters of marketing linkages and cool chain

management were regularly pursued with the

associate partner, however, due to situations

described the same could not be sorted out due to

uncertainties at administrative level with them

12.Publications:

Research Papers

1. Singh Balraj, Tomar B. S and Hasan M. (2010). Plug Tray Nursery Raising Technology for

off season cucurbit cultivation. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 871: 279-282.

2. Sikha Deka, R. K. Tanwae, R. Sumitha, Naved Sabir, O. M. Bambawale and Balraj Singh

(2011). Relative efficacy of agricultural spray oil and azadirachtin against two spotted spider

mite (Tetranychus urticae) on cucumber under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81(2): 158-62.

3. Naved Sabir, R. Sumitha, Balraj Singh, M. Hasan, Anupama, Poonam Chilana, Sikha Deka,

R. K. Tanwar and O. M. Bambawale (2011) Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Efficient

Biocontrol of Root Knot Nematodes for Healthy Tomato Nursery Current Science 100 (5):

635-637

4. Deka S, Tanwar R K, Raj S, Sabir N, Bambawale O M and Singh B. 2011. Relative

Toxicity of Agricultural Spray oil (Servo Agrospray ®) and Azadirachtin against two-spotted

spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumber under greenhouse and laboratory

conditions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 81: 158–62.

76

5. Sabir N, Raj S, Singh, B, Hasan M, Chilana Anupama, P, Deka, S, Tanwar R K and

Bambawale O M.2011. Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Efficient Biocontrol of Root Knot

Nematodes for Healthy Tomato Nursery. Current Science 11: 635-637.

6. Sabir N, Deka, S.; Singh, B.; Raj, S.; Hasan, M.; Kumar, M.; Tanwar, R.K and Bambawale,

O.M. 2011. Integrated pest management for greenhouse cucumber: A validation under north

Indian plains. Indian Journal of Horticulture 68: 357-363.

7. Christos I. Rumbos, E.M. Khah and Naved Sabir .2011. Response of heirloom and

commercial tomato cultivars and rootstocks to Meloidogyne javanica infestation. Australian

Journal of Crop Science 5(11):1388-1395

8. Sabir, N.; Deka, S.; Tanwar, R.K.; Singh, B.; Sumitha, R.; Adhikari, S. and Sindhu, SS.

(2012). Comparative Evaluation of Pesticides and Biorationals against Key Pests of

Greenhouse Chrysanthemum. Indian Journal of Horticulture (Accepted).

9. Singh A. K., Singh B. and Gupta R. (2011). Performance of sweet peeper (Capsicum annum)

varities and economic under protected and open field conditions in Uttarakhand. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 81 (10): 973-975.

10. Kaur C; Walia S; Nagal S; Walia S; Singh J; Singh B; Saha S; Singh B; Kalia P; Jaggi

S and Sarika (2013) Functional Quality and Antioxidant Composition of Selected

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon L) Cultivars grown in Northern India. LWT- Food

Science and Technology 50 : 139-145.

11. Kumar A., Sindhu S. S., Jankairam T., Singh M.C., Singh Anupama, Singh Bhupinder

and Sharma R. R.(2013). Influence of vermi- products and pusa hydrogel on growth

and flowering of landscape gerbera under greenhouse condition. International J.

Agric. Env. Biotech 6(1): 109-115

Technical Bulletins

1. Greenhouse Cucumber – Production and Protection (2011). Technical Bulletin, Balraj

Singh, Naved Sabir, M. Hasan and A.K. Singh. Published by Indian Agricultural Research

Institute, New Delhi and National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi p. 20

2. Low Cost Drip Irrigation Technology for Horticultural Crops (2010). Technical Bulletin.

Eds. M. Hasan, Balraj Singh, MC Singh & Naved Sabir, IARI, New Delhi (in English). P. 16

3.Fertigation Scheduling for Horticultural Crops (2010). Technical Bulletin. Editors M.

Hasan, Balraj Singh, MC Singh, AK Singh, SV Kaore, Naved Sabir, BS Tomar and

Tarunendu. IARI, New Delhi (in English and Hindi). P. 44

4.Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM in Protected Cultivation. Sabir N., Singh B.,

Hasan M., Sumitha R., Deka, S., Tanwar R., Ahuja D.B., Tomar B.S., Bambawale O.M.,

Khah E.M. (2010). Technical Bulletin No. 23. (in English and Hindi).

Technical Articles

1. Tomar, B. S. Balraj Singh and Malavika Dadlani (2011).Quality seed and planting

material of vegetables and flowers pays. Indian Horticulture. 56(3): 57- 60

77

2. Kaur Charanjit, Balraj Singh, and Shweta Walia (2011). Noval value added product:

Mouth watering salsa sauce to capture market. Indian Horticulture. 56(4):28-29

3. Som Dutt and Balraj Singh (2011) Protected cultivation for sustainable horticultural

production. Indian Horticulture. 56 (2): 33-35.

4. Singh Balraj (2011) Insect proof net house for cultivation for high value vegetables. ICAR

News. 17 (3) : 6

5. Avani Kumar Singh, Balraj Singh, Mukul Kumar and Rakesh Kumar (2011)

Kadduvargiya Sabjiyon Ka Sanrakshit Beej Utpadan Taknik (In Hindi). Nand Prasar

Jyoti.3, 3-7

6. Singh Balraj, Arvind Singh, Mukul Kumar and Shailja Thakur (2011) Sabjiyon Ki Adhik

Utpadakta Hetu Adhunik Prodyogikiyan (In Hindi). Prasar Doot. IARI, 31-35.

7. Avani Kumar Singh, Balraj Singh, M. Hasan, Mukul Kumar, Arvind Singh and

Dharinder Rana (2011) Shunya Urja Prakritik Roop Se Vaayu Sanvahit Green House

Main Sabji Utpadan Dwara Laabh V Adhik Rojgar Srijan. Prasar Doot. IARI, 36-37.

8. M. Hasan, Balraj Singh, Avani Kumar Singh, Mukul Kumar, Arvind Singh and

Dharinder Rana (2011). Walk in Tunnel Taknik Dwara Sardi Ke Mausam Main Sabjiyon

Ki Bemausami Kheti Dwara Adhik Laabh. Prasar Doot. IARI, 38-41.

9. Lawwa Rupesh and Balraj Singh (2011) Plastic Low Tunnel Technology for Off-season

Cultivation of Cucurbits. Financing Agriculture 43: 20-21

10. Sindhu S.S., Singh P., Rani S., and Kumar R. (December 2012) Guldaudi ki

sanrakshit kheti: Adhik aai ke liye krishi vayvasai ka ek vikalp. Prasar Doot p-24-

26.

11. Singh B., Kumar R., and Rani S. (Dec. 2012). Greenhouse me tamatar ki utpadan

prodoungiki. Prasar Doot. p. 24-25.

12. Singh, B., Singh, A. K. and Kumar Mukul. Aishae hogi sabkiyon ki sarankshit

kheti. Phal-Phool. May-June-2012

Edited Book

Singh, Brahma; Singh, Balraj; Naved Sabir and Hasan, M. (Eds) (2013). Advances in Protected

Cultivation. Published by New India Publishing Academy, New Delhi based on the papers

presented in National seminar on Advances in Protected Cultivation organized by Indian Society

for Protected Cultivation, New Delhi, P. 235

Bulletins 1. M. Hasan, Balraj Singh, MC Singh and Naved Sabir (2009). Low Pressure Drip Irrigation

Technology for Horticultural Crops. Technical Bulletin TB-ICN: 57/2009. Published by

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi p10

2. Naved Sabir, B. Singh, M. Hasan, R. Sumitha, S. Deka, R.K. Tanwar, D.B. Ahuja, B.S.

Tomar, O.M. Bambawale and E.M. Khah (2010). Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for IPM

in Protected Cultivation, Technical Bulletin No. 23, July 2010, National Centre for Integrated

Pest Management, New Delhi, 110 012 INDIA P. 16

3. M. Hasan, Balraj Singh, MC Singh, AK Singh, SV Kaore, Naved Sabir and BS Tomar

(2010). Fertigation Scheduling for Horticultural Crops. Technical Bulletin TB-ICN: 80/2010

Published by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and Indian Farmers Fertilizer

Cooperative Limited (IFFCO), New Delhi -110017 p. 44.

4. (2010).

- ICN: 100-2010

110012 , 110 017 p. 44.

5. Balraj Singh, Naved Sabir, M. Hasan and A.K. Singh (2011). Greenhouse cucumber:

Production and protection. Technical bulletin (TB-ICN: 84/2011) of CPCT, IARI, New

78

Delhi- 110012

6. Heralding Success in Protected Cultivation - Success Stories (2013). Published by Indian

Society for Protected Cultivation. New Delhi during National Seminar on Advances in

Protected Cultivation, on 21st March 2013.

7. (2014).

110 012 P. 8

13.Media Products Developed/ Disseminated:

CD, Bulletins, Brochures, etc. No. of copies Distribution

Brochure : 01

a) Protected Cultivation of High Value

Vegetables and Cut Flowers – A Value

Chain Approach

1000

950

Bulletins : 03

a) Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for

IPM in Protected Cultivation

b) Fertigation Scheduling for Horticultural

Crops (In English).

c)

1000

10,000

10,000

500

5000

5000

14.Meetings/ Seminars/ Trainings/ Kisan Mela, etc. organized: S.No. Details of Meetings/ Seminars/ Trainings, etc. No. of Persons trained

1 Training on “Protected cultivation of high value

vegetables and cut flowers”

50

2 One day workshop on “Production to Consumption

value Chain for high Quality Vegetables and Cut

Flowers”

30



Flowers”

30

4 One day Workshop on “Protected Cultivation of

High Value Vegetables and Cut Flowers” under

NAIP Component-II at KVK Lohaghat. Organized

by GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, August 22, 2010

200

5 One day Workshop on “Protected Cultivation of

High Value Vegetables and Cut Flowers” under

NAIP Component-II at KVK Lohaghat. Organized

by GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, june 19, 2011

150

6 National Seminar on Protected Cultivation of

Vegetables and Flowers: A Value Chain Approach

at GBPUAT, Pant Nagar Jan 11-12, 2012

200

7 “Protected cultivation of high value vegetables and

cut flowers”

50



Flowers”

30

9 Workshop on “Protected cultivation of High value 30

79

vegetables and cut flowers and Value addition at

farm level” 11th June 2012

10 Training Program on Protected Cultivation

Technology for Farmers and Officials of Udaipur,

Rajasthan 21-25 Aug 2012

30


Technology for Farmers and Officials of

Uttarakhand 1-7 Sept 2012

30


Technology for Farmers and Officials of

Uttarakhand 3-9 Sept 2012

30

13 Greenhouse Technology for Horticulture Crops,

May 3-6, 2011

30

14 Greenhouse Technology for Horticulture Crops,

May 7-10, 2011

30

15 Training of Horticulture officers IFFCO

Foundation, June 14-17, 2011

13

15. Participation in Conference/ Meetings/ Trainings/ Radio talks: Sr.No Name of the Conference/Meeting Date Personnel

Attended

1 National Conference on “Rural Prosperity

through Better Agriculture” organized by

Crop care federation of India, Ministry of

Agriculture and Chemicals, GOI at Vigyan

Bhawan, New Delhi

December 03-

05, 2010

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr M. Hasan

Dr A.K. Singh

2 National Seminar on Protected Cultivation

organized by Department of Horticulture,

Govt of M. P., at Hotel Lake View Ashoka,

Bhopal

September 14-

15, 2010

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr Naved Sabir

Dr A.K. Singh

3 National Conference on KVKs 2010 at

Udaipur, organized by ICAR, New Delhi

and MPUA&T, Udaipur

December 22-

24 2010

Dr Balraj Singh

4 Conference on “Disease & Pest

Management under Protected Conditions”,

organized by Department of Horticulture,

Govt. of Rajasthan.

December 15-

16, 2010

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr Naved Sabir

5 National Meet on Technological

Innovations in Agriculture under NAIP at

NASC Complex, New Delhi.

May 21-22,

2010

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr Naved Sabir

6 Brain Storming Session on “Protected

Cultivation” organized by SKAUST, Sri

Nagar. Presented a paper and participated

in discussion for formulation of a Status

paper on “Protected Cultivation in North

West Himalayas.

June 12, 2010 Dr Balraj Singh

Dr B.S. Tomar

7 one day Seminar on “Protected Cultivation August 8, 2010 Dr Balraj Singh

80

of Vegetables and Flowers” at Najafgarh

organized by NHRDF

Dr B.S. Tomar

8 National Conference on “Production of

quality seeds and planting material – health

management in horticultural crops” held at

NASC Complex, New Delhi.

March 11-14,

2010

Dr Balraj Singh

9 National Seminar on “Technology for

vegetable production, post harvest

management and marketing in Peri-urban

area” held at M P Hall in Govt. Boys Sen.

Sec. School, Ghumenheda, New Delhi.

March 14-15,

2010

Dr Balraj Singh

10 International Conference: “Heralding New

Horticulture revolution for investments,

production, value addition, marketing and

exports” held at Pragati Maidan, New

Delhi.

June 6-7, 2009 Dr Balraj Singh

11 International conference on horticulture

(IHC- 2009) on “Horticulture for livelihood

Security & Economic Growth” held at

Bangalore.

November 9-

12, 2009.

Dr Balraj Singh

12 Participated in India- Latin America and

Caribbean Cooperation for Sustainable food

Security held at NASC Complex, New

Delhi.

November 29

– December 1,

2009

Dr Balraj Singh

13 National seminar on precision farming in

horticulture, organized by college of

horticulture and forestry (MPUA&T),

Jhalawar, Rajasthan

28-29 Dec,

2010

Dr D. K. Singh

14 National symposium on lifestyle

floriculture: challenges and opportunities

held at Dr. Y.S. Parmer University of

Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, HP

14-21 March,

2010

Dr D. K. Singh

15 Recent global development in the

management of the plant genetic resources

organized by NBPGR, New Delhi

17-18 Dec,

2009

Dr D. K. Singh

16 4th Horticulture Congress Organized by

Indian Society of Horticultural Science

Held at New Delhi

5th to 6

th

December2010

Dr D. K. Singh

17 29th Group meeting of All India

Coordinated Vegetable Improvement

Programme held at Gujarat Agricultural

University, Junagarh

27th-30

th Jan,

2011

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr M. Hasan

18 Lead Lecture on “Protected Technologies

For Higher Productivity and Profitability in

Vegetables” at International Conference on

Emerging Trends on Food and Health

23-25 Sept,

2011.

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr M. Hasan

81

Security in Cold Desert

19 Lead Lecture on “Protected Cultivation

Technologies for Agri-Business for Asia

and Africa”

06-08, Feb,

2012

Dr Balraj Singh

Dr M. Hasan

20 International Symposium on food Security

Dilemma: Plant Health and Climate Change

Issues

December 7-9,

2012

Dr M. Hasan

21 5th Annual workshop of NAIP Component

II at NASC New Delhi

11th-12

th

March, 2013

Dr.M.Hasan and

Dr.Naved Sabir

22 Annual workshop of NAIP Component II

at NASC New Delhi

21-22 Feb,

2014

Dr.M.Hasan and

Dr.Naved Sabir

T.V. Talks

1 Construction of Low cost Greenhouse 30 minutes Dr M. Hasan

2 Solar Operated Greenhouse 30 minutes Dr M. Hasan

3 Low Pressure Drip Irrigation and

Fertigation Technology

05-10 minutes Dr M. Hasan

4 Water Harvesting for Protected Cultivation 05-10 minutes Dr M. Hasan

5 Naturally-ventilated Greenhouse

Technology

05-10 minutes Dr M. Hasan

6 Maintenance of Agricultural Machineries 30 minutes Dr M. Hasan

7 Drip Irrigation System and Maintenance 30 minutes Dr M. Hasan

8 Role of Insect Proof net and shade net in

Protected vegetable cultivation.

45 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

9 Virus free healthy nursery raising

technology for vegetable production.

10-15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

10 High quality vegetable production under

insect proof net house.


11 Tomato production under greenhouse. 10-15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

12 Cucumber production under Naturally

Ventilated Greenhouse.


13 Protected cultivation of vegetable crops. 45 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

14 Tomato production under Naturally



15 Capsicum production under Naturally



16 Off season vegetable cultivation under

walk-in-tunnel during winter season.



plastic low tunnel.

45 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

18 Role of shade net and Insect Proof net in

Protected vegetable cultivation.



walk-in-tunnel during winter season


20 High quality vegetable production under 10-15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

82

insect proof net house.

21 Tomato production under greenhouse. 10-15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

22 Cucumber production under Naturally



23 Protected cultivation of vegetable crops. 10-15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

24 Virus free healthy nursery raising

technology for vegetable production


25 Colored Capsicum production under green

house


26 Vegetable production under Protected

condition


Radio Talks

1 Commonwealth games and vegetable

production.

1hr 15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

2 Protected cultivation of vegetable crops. 1hr 15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

3 Off season vegetable production. 1hr 15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

4 Vegetable production 1hr 15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

5 Market of vegetable crops. 75 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

6 Vegetable production 15 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

7 Market of vegetable crops. 75 minutes Dr Balraj Singh

8 Livelihood through Protected Floriculture 10-15 minutes Dr S.S. Sindhu

9 Nursery Management of Hi value flowers 20 minutes Dr S.S. Sindhu

16. Foreign Trainings/ Visits Name of the

Scientist

Institution/Place of

Visit

Name of the

Training

Duration

of

Training

Date of

Deputation

Seminar/Report

Dr.M. Hasan APR Greenhouses

Technology,

Novedades

Agricolas, Spain

Advances in

fertigation for

protected

cultivation

Feb 15 to

March 15,

2010

28th March, 2010

Dr. Naved Sabir Dept. of

Agriculture Crop

Production and

Rural

Environment,

University of

Thessaly, Volos,

Greece

Grafting as an

IPM Tool for

Management of

Soil-Borne

Pathogens in

Greenhouse

Vegetables

Feb 18 to

March 17,

2010

20th April, 2010

83

17. Performance Indicators:

Sl.

No Indicator

Performance as

on 31.3.2013

Performance

from April

2013 to

March 2014

Cumulative

Performance

from Inception

to March 2014

1 No. of production technologies released

and/or adopted 05 01 06

2 No. of processing technologies released

and/or adopted 02 Nil 02

3 Number of technologies / products

commercialized based on NAIP research NIL NIL NIL

4 No. of new rural industries / enterprises

established / upgraded NIL NIL NIL

5 No. of product groups for which quality

grades developed and agreed NA NA NA

6

Total no. of private sector organizations

(including NGOs) participating in

consortium

03 Nil 03

7 No. of farmers involved in consortia

activities 12 NIL 12

8 Total number of farmers‟ group for

marketing and processing 02 NIL 02

9

Number of patent/intellectual property

protection applications filed based on NAIP

research

NIL NIL NIL

10

Number of patents / intellectual property

protections granted / published based on

NAIP research

NIL NIL NIL

11 Number of scientists trained overseas in

consortium-based subject areas 02 Nil 02

12 Success stories 01 01 01

13

Incremental employment generated (person

days / year / HH)

Baseli

ne

Jan. 31,

2013

Baseli

ne

Jan. 31,

2013

NIL NIL NIL

14 Increase in income of participating

households (Rs. per annum)

Baseli

ne

Jan. 31,

2013

Baseli

ne

Jan. 31,

2013

NIL NIL NIL NIL

15 Publications

NAAS rated Journals 08 02 10

Other journals 02 NIL 03

Book NIL 01 01

Book Chapter 04 NIL 04

Thesis NIL NIL NIL

84

Sl.

No Indicator

Performance as

on 31.3.2013

Performance

from April

2013 to

March 2014

Cumulative

Performance

from Inception

to March 2014

Popular Article (English) 05 03 08

Newspaper Article 5 NIL 05

Seminar/Symposium/Conference/Workshop

Proceedings 10 04 14

Technical Bulletin 01 04 05

Manual NIL NIL NIL

Seminar/Symposium/Conference/Workshop

Presentation 10 04 14

CDs/Videos NIL NIL NIL

Popular article in other Language 04 01 (Hindi) 05 (Hindi)

Folder/Leaflet/Handout 02 NIL 02

Report 05 02 07

18. Employment generation: The net employment generated varied from 1880 to

2400 man days/year/ha naturally ventilated greenhouse for growing tomato, capsicum and

cucumber.

19. Assets Generated:

S. NO. NAME OF THE ITEM APPROVED

IN SANCTION LETTER*

ESTIMATED

COST

(in Lakh)

VALUE OF

PURCHASE

DATE OF

PURCHASE

ORDER

CPCT

1. Spectrophotometer (UV-Visible range) 6.00 420750/- 31/03/2010

2. Automatic weather station 3.00 229833/- 14/03/2011

3. Soil and water analyzer with photometer 3.00 298125/- 02/03/2010

4. CO2 Meter 2.50 395500/- 29/03/2010

5. Data logger with sensors 9.00 895500/- 22/03/2010

6. Light quantum sensors 0.30 42661/- 25/03/2010

7. Light meter 0.50 49899/- 25/03/2010

8. Thermo-hygrograph 0.50 37688/- 26/03/2010

9. Infrared thermometer 2.00 84375/- 20/03/2010

10. Temperature/RH meter 1.00 75375/- 26/03/2010

11. Anemometer 0.50 109688/- 15/03/2010

12. Irrigation control head 4.00 109460/- 29/03/2010

13. Fertigation machines 10.00 969445/- 25/03/2010

14. Soil moisture profiler with PC 3.00 275625/- 20/03/2010

15. Fully automatic Kjeldall Nitrogen

analyzer

9.00 850000/- 31/03/2010

16. Plant canopy analyzer 3.00 215737/- 26/03/2010

17. Tensio-meters 0.50 55987/- 18/03/2010

18. Soil testing kit for major nutrients 2.00 141750/- 24/05/2010

85

19. Soil fertility testing kit 2.00 157950/- 25/03/2010

20. Nitrate meter 1.00 70875/- 30/03/2010

21. Irrigation controller 1.00 69300/- 18/03/2010

22. Electric pollinator 0.60 56250/- 29/03/2010

23. Deep Freezer 1.00 67331/- 11/01/2010

24. Farm equipment (rotavator, harrow,

trolly, mower, sprayer) each

3.00 30000/-

79000/-

90376/-

01/01/2010

18/01/2010

11/01/2010

25. Drip Irrigation and fertigation system 2.00 209500/- 20/02/2010

26. EC meter 1.00 180000/- 29/03/2010

27. pH meter 1.00 60750/- 29/12/2009

28. Electronic balance 1.00 44720/- 06/01/2010

29. Refrigerated centrifuge 5.00 397900/- 31/03/2010

30. Microwave oven 0.30 29385/- 17/02/2010

31. Moisture analyzer 4.00 225000/- 21/01/2010

32. Digital refracto-meter 0.20 84375/- 20/03/2010

33. Dehydrator 3.00 260000/- 25/03/2010

34. Processing unit including gas stove,

cylinder and sealing machine

0.70 67612/- 17/03/2010

35. Automatic Vacuum Pouch Sealing

Machine

1.00 199680/- 29/03/2010

36. Horizontal Autoclave 1.00 123750/- 19/02/2010

Equipments for office

37. Laptop Computer with accessories 0.75 69676/- 09/11/2009

38. Computer with accessories 1.50 149332/- 12/01/2010

39. Photocopier 1.00 95692/- 30/12/2009

40. LCD projector with accessories 1.00 100000/- 16/03/2010

41. Digital Camera 0.50 34312/- 31/12/2009

Books

42. Books Related to Protected Cultivation

Technology

86825/- 24/03/2011

S. No. NAME OF THE WORK APPROVED

IN SANCTION LETTER*

ESTIMATED

COST

(in Lakh)

VALUE OF

PURCHASE

DATE OF

WORK

ORDER

1. Refurnishing of Conference Room 98,000

95377/-

10/2/2010

2. providing and fixing the Roof false

ceiling

90,000 64969/- 5/3/2010

3. providing and fixing Vertified Floor

tiles

95,000 45467/- 5/3/2010

4. Providing and fixing a Laboratory Table 90,000 88875/- 8/3/2010

5. Providing and fixing Vegetable

Processing Unit

70,000 67612/- 8/3/2010

6. Repair of Cold Storage Refrigerated Unit 90,000 88988/- 27/3/2010

7. Semi Climate Controlled Greenhouse 1800000/- 1299480/- 28/03/2011

8. Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse 900000/- 845430/- 28/03/2011

9 Fabrication of Modern

Nursery Rising Facility

(500sqm).

18,00,000/- 1673172/- 18/11/2010

86

10. Fabrication of

Net House (1000sqm).

500000/- 346816/- 24/07/2010

11. Drip Irrigation and

Fertigation System

1000000/- 999859/- NIL

GBPAUT, Pantnagar : List of equipments

S. NO.

NAME OF THE ITEM

APPROVED IN SANCTION

LETTER*

ESTIMATED

COST

(in Lakh)

VALUE OF

PURCHASE

DATE OF

PURCHAS

E ORDER

42. Automatic weather station 3.00 3,09,000 31.03.10

3. Research Microscope 5.00 3,69,000 31.03.10

44. Digital Camera 0.50 44,950 31.03.11

45. Light quantum sensors 0.30 54,862.50 10.12.10

46. Light meter 0.50 21764.21 10.12.10

47. Thermo-hygrograph 0.50 48,070 10.12.10

48. Refrigerator 0.50 34,950 6.01.10

49. Temp/RH meter 0.25 17,425.37 10.12.10

50. Irrigation control head 2.00 2,22,680.70 01.03.11

51. Drip Irrigation and fertigation system 1.00 1,20,224 01.03.11

52. EC meter 0.50 38,000 31.03.10

53. pH meter 0.50 31,700.00 31.03.10

54. Deep freezer 1.00 79,950 31.03.10

55. Farm equipment (rotavator, harrow,

trolly, mower, sprayer)

1.00 - -

56. Drip Irrigation and fertigation

system(for Lohaghat)

1.00 1,01,925 31.03.11

57. EC meter (for Lohaghat) 0.50 38,000 31.03.10

58. Tensio-meters 0.25 32,366 22.03.11

59. Soil testing kit for major nutrients 1.00 99,275 10.12.10

60. Soil fertility testing kit 1.00 1,01,365 10.12.10

61. Nitrate meter 0.30 61,760 31.03.11

62. Irrigation controller 0.30 32,476 31.03.11

63. Electric pollinator 0.30 - -

64. Minor need based equipment 0.50 49,115 23.01.10

GBPAUT, Pantnagar : List of works

S. No. NAME OF THE WORK


LETTER*

ESTIMATED

COST

(in Lakh)

VALUE OF

PURCHASE

DATE OF

WORK

ORDER

1 Fabrication of net house(2 nos

500m2)for pantnagar

500000/-

2373226/-

2 Fabrication of naturally ventilated

green house(500m2) for Pantnagar 2

nos

900000/-

3 Modern nursery raising facility

(500m2)for pantnagar

1800000/-

87

4 Semi-climate controlled ventilated

green house-500sqm for Pantnagar 2

nos

1800000/-

5 Fabrication of shade net house (256

mt2) for lohaghat

2645093/-

6. Supply of fabrication of naturally

ventilated green house (200m2) for

loghaghat

7.

Modern nursery raising facility

(123.50mt2)lohaght

1800000/-

8.

Semi –climate controlled ventilated

green house -200sqm for lohghat

9. Pump shed, Giridhari Singh Fartyal

42522/-

10 Platform for installation of weather

station

49800/-

11.

Networking of irrigation and

fertigation system

100000/-

372165/-

12. Irrigation Networking

154286/-

13.

Lab renovation at Pantnagar and

Lohaghat, Deepak Dhanda 100000/- 963431/-

NCIPM : List of equipments

S. NO.

NAME OF THE ITEM


LETTER*

ESTIMATED

COST

(in Lakh)

VALUE OF

PURCHASE

DATE OF

PURCHAS

E ORDER

1 Computer system with accessories 0.60 62179/- 14/10/2009

2 Digital camera (SLR) with

accessories

1.20 80690/- 15/02/2010

3 Other sprayers and nozzles 1.00 59665/- 29/03/2010

4 Leaf area meter 2.50 222621/- 15/03/2010

5 Laminar flow 1.00 33525/- 30/03/2010

6

Minor need based equipment

0.50

16537/- 29/03/2010

14200/- 30/03/2010

38995/- 15/02/2010

7 Rhizotron 12.00 1193136/- 15/04/2010

8 Research Microscope (compound)

with image analysis, photography

and other accessories

8.00 730422/- 30/09/2010

9 Fluorescence Meter 1.75 185382/- 30/09/2010

88

20. Awards & Recognitions

S.No. Name , designation, address

of the person

Award/ Recognition (with date) Institution/

Society

Facilitating

1. Dr. M.HASAN, CPI & Senior

Scientist, CPCT, IARI

DIPLOMA awarded on 15th March,

2010

NOVADADSE

AGRICOLAS,

ETIFA,

ALMERIA,

SPAIN

2. Dr. M.HASAN, CPI & Senior

Scientist, CPCT, IARI

Management Development

Program Certificate, 23rd

Oct 2009

IIM, Lucknow

3. Dr Balraj Singh, CPCT, IARI,

New Delhi

Dr M. Hasan, CPCT, IARI,

New Delhi

Dr Naved Sabir, NCIPM,

New Delhi

Dr DK Singh, GBPUAT,

Pantnag

Received one Appreciation

Certificate in “Protected

Cultivation of High Value

Vegetables and Cut Flowers: A

Value Chain Approach”, held at

NASC Complex, New Delhi from

May 21-22,2010 for doing very

good work in NAIP Project.

National Meet

on

Technological

Innovations in

Agriculture for

NAIP

Component-II

Project

4. Dr.M.Hasan, Dr Balraj Singh

and Dr.Naved Sabir, CPCT,

IARI, New Delhi

Outstanding work in the area of

Protected Cultivation in National

Seminar on Protected Cultivation of

Vegetables and Flowers: A Value

Chain Approach held on January

11-12, 2012.

GBPUAT,

Pantnagar,

India

5. Dr Naved Sabir Principal

Scientist & Co-PI of Project

NCIPM, Pusa Campus

New Delhi-12

Late Shri. P.P.P. Memorial Award

2013 during 10 National

Symposium on Biotech Approach

27-29 Jan. 2013 at Goa for

significant contribution in the field

of Nematology.

Society for

Plant

Protection

Science

21. Steps Undertaken for Post NAIP Sustainability:

Protected cultivation technology in a holistic way has been expanded in the last few years among

the farmers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and industrialists throughout the country due to

successful demonstration, HRD, training program, workshop etc under this project located at

Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, PUSA New

Delhi. The centre is in direct contact with around 100 protected growing farmers in and around

Delhi and in other states and actively providing them all the necessary information and technical

guidance required for the successful implementation of protected cultivation technology. The

centre is also providing the expertise and technologies related to protected horticulture to different

agencies of central and state government, who are responsible to popularize the protected

cultivation technology throughout the various parts of the country. The centre is also providing/

supplying large number of virus free healthy vegetables and chrysanthemum seedlings to the

protected growers in various states around Delhi. Round the year sustainable income and

employment generation is possible from protected cultivation technology. Economically, it is

profitable production technology for protected cultivation of capsicum, tomato, cucumber, gerbera

and chrysanthemum. Protected cultivation technologies have very high entrepreneurial value and

profit maximization leading to local employment, social empowerment and respectability of the

growers. The net annual return estimated varied from 9.0 to 11.7 lakhs/year/ha naturally-ventilated

greenhouses for growing tomato, capsicum and cucumber. The net employment generated varied

89

from 1880 to 2400 man days/year/ha naturally ventilated greenhouse for growing tomato,

capsicum and cucumber.

22. Possible Future Line of Work:

Protected cultivation technology has been growing rapidly throughout the world and particularly in

India due to unpredictable weather pattern, global warming, biotic and abiotic stress related

symptoms prevailing and affecting our entire Agri habitat. The Centre for Protected Cultivation

Technology located at IARI, Pusa New Delhi has contributed a lot in the vertical and horizontal

expansion, refinement, location specific technology generation related to Protected Cultivation

Technology, particularly through this World Bank sponsored NAIP Project. Significant indigenous

infrastructures and technologies related to Protected Cultivation Technology have been developed

and evaluated in the last five years under the NAIP Project “Protected Cultivation of High Value

Vegetables and Cut Flowers – A Value Chain Approach”. However the rapidly expanding world of

Protected cultivation technology has been emerging with new challenges and dimensions. In the

above context, some of the most relevant possible future line of works are as follows.

Integrated IPM and GAP Protocols development for Protected cultivation technology

Grafting technology development and refinement for Protected cultivation technology

Automation and Sensors development for precision management of climate, water and nutrient

inside greenhouses.

Technology and Policy guidelines development for Solar energy operated greenhouse.

Holistic programs for varietal development for greenhouse vegetables and flowers mainly through

advance biotechnological tools

Based on the above important and relevant future line of works there is a need for

“Entrepreneurship Project development in PPP mode by extending the concept of Value

Chain and covering the entire gamut of protected cultivation technology through different

stake holders”.

23. Personnel: S.No. From – To (DD/MM/YYY)

Research Management (CL)

1. Dr S. A. Patil Start to 31st March 2009

2. Dr H. S. Gupta 1st April 2009 - continued

Scientific (CPI, CCPI, Others)

3. Dr. Balraj Singh

CPI, Principal Scientist & In-Charge (IARI)

March 2009- August 2012

4. Dr. Murtaza Hasan, CPI, Senior Scientist (IARI) Co-PI : March 2009-August 2012

CPI: September 2012 – till Date

5. Dr. M. C. Singh, Co-PI, Senior Scientist (IARI) March 2009- Feb- 2011

6. Dr S. S. Sindhu, Principal Scientist March 2011 – till date

7. Dr Avani K. Singh , Senior Scientist (IARI)

8. Dr. B. S. Tomar, Principal Scientist (IARI) 2009 – 2014

9. Dr. Charanjit Kaur, Principal Scientist (IARI) 2009 – 2014

10. Dr. R. R. Sharma, Senior Scientist (IARI) 2009 – 2014

11. Dr. Pramod kumar, Senior Scientist (IARI) 2009 – 2014

12. Dr. Anupama, , Senior Scientist (IARI) 2009 – 2014

13. Dr D.K. Singh, Co-PI, Associate Professor 2009 – 2014

90

(GBPAUT)

14. Dr Ajit Kumar, Assistant Professor (GBPAUT) 2009 – 2014

15. Dr Naved Sabir, Co-PI, Senior Scientist (NCIPM) 2009 – 2014

16. Dr R.K. Tanwar, Principal Scientist (NCIPM) 2009 – 2014

17. Dr O.M. Bambawale, Director (NCIPM) 2009 – 2012

18. Dr V.S. Yadav, Co-PI, (RAU) 2009-2012

19. Dr B.D. Yadav, (RAU) 2009-2012

24. Governance, Management, Implementation and Coordination

Composition of the various committees (CAC, CIC)

Consortium Advisory Committee

S.No. Name Address Designation in CAC

1. Dr Brahm Singh Former Director, DRDO Chairman

2. Dr B.K. Srivastava Prof. of Vegetable Science (Retd.),

GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

Member

3. Ms. Archana Singh Chairman, Ambapali, NGO, New Delhi Member

4. Mr. Yudhveer Singh

Shergill

Progressive Farmer,

Pholriwal, Jalandhar, Punjab

Member

Consortium Implementation Committee

S.

No.

Name Profile Designation in CIC

1. Dr H.S. Gupta Director, IARI, New Delhi Head of the

Consortium

2. Dr Balraj Singh Principal Scientist & In-charge, CPCT,

IARI

PI & Member

Secretary

3. Dr Murtaza Hasan Sr. Scientist, CPCT, IARI Co-PI

4. Dr Naved Sabir Sr. Scientist, NCIPM Co-PI

5. Dr V.S. Yadav Associate Prof. (Veg. Breeding), RAU,

ARS, Durgapura, (Jaipur)

Co-PI

6. Dr D.K. Singh Associate Professor (Vegetable

Breeding), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

Co-PI

7. Dr Charanjit Kaur Principal Scientist (PHT), IARI Co-PI

8. A.A.O. CPCT, IARI Member

9. C.F. & A.O. IARI Member

91

25. Annexure 1: Schematic representation of value chain models

26. Annexure 2: Institutional mechanisms to sustain the gains

after project closure

The prime objective of the project is to make the sustainable value chain of high value vegetables and

cut flowers grown under protected structures which can be replicated elsewhere to benefit the farming

communities across the globe. Based on our research, we feel that the sustainability of the entire value

chain can be achieved through following.

The centre is in direct contact with around 100 protected growing farmers in and around Delhi and in

other states and actively providing them all the necessary information and technical guidance required

for the successful implementation of protected cultivation technology. The centre is also providing the

expertise and technologies related to protected horticulture to different agencies of central and state

government, who are responsible to popularize the protected cultivation technology throughout the

various parts of the country. The centre is also providing/ supplying large number of virus free healthy

vegetables and chrysanthemum seedlings to the protected growers in various states around Delhi.

Round the year sustainable income varying from 9.0 to 12 lakhs/year/ha is being generated from

growing tomato, capsicum and cucumber inside greenhouses for managing the greenhouses. The net

income generated from the 500 sqm modern nursery varied from 4.5-5.0 lakhs during the last three

years by growing approximately 10 lakhs healthy vegetable seedlings annually. The protected

infrastructures developed under NAIP project are being used for round the year trainings of farmers,

state and central government officials of different agencies on charge basis. The developed

infrastructures will also be used under the institute funded projects for meeting the various objectives

and technical programmes related to protected cultivation.

92

Part II: Budget and its Utilization

93

94

Part III: DECLARATION

This is to certify that the final report of the sub-project has been submitted in full consultation

with the consortium partners in accordance with the approved objectives and technical

programme and the relevant records and materials are available for the same.

Place: New Delhi

Date: Signature of Consortium Principal Investigator

Signature & Date

Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

Signature & Date


Signature & Date


Documents

Contentsnaip.icar.gov.in/download/c2-204901.pdf · · 2016-09-06of the few researchable issues though the training of large number of human resources ... (Pant Polyhouse Bred Tomato-2