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8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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anuscript REV1
ick here to download Manuscript: Manuscript REV1.pdf Click here to view linked References
1
The feasibility of hybrid solarbio!ass power plants in"ndia
2
3 J. D. Nixon
a
, P. K. Dey
b
and P. A. Davies
a*
4
5
16aSustainable Environment Research rou!, School o" En#ineerin# and A!!lied Science
7
8
9
A
b
#
$
!lants "or use in %ndia in various
a!!lications includin# trieneration, electricity #enerationand !rocess heat. 'o cover thisbreadth o" scenarios (e analyse,(ith the hel! o" simulation models,case studies (ith !ea)
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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t
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and .+-./ in cost !ere"
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Keywords:solar
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$o!enclature
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0'
1lu
idtem!erature
rise2K3A
r
Areao"
receiver2m
3A
S
1
A!ertureareao"
solar"ield
2m3
4saved 4iomass saved 2tonnes5a3
cbio 6ost o" biomass "eedstoc) 275a3
cboiler 6ost o" boiler 273
6ca!ital 6a!ital cost 273
cchiller 6ost o" chiller 273celec 6ost o" electricity 273
cins Annual insurance costs 275a3
cland 6ost o" land 273
689: 8!erations and maintenance cost 275a3
cP4 6ost o" rest o" !o(er bloc) 273
6!el 6ost !er exer#y loss
6!i S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" ice 2)J5)#K3
6!s S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" steam 2)J5)#K3
6!( S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" (ater 2)J5)#K3
cs" 6ost o" solar "ield 273cs!are Annual re!lacement costs 275a3
csta"" 6ost o" em!loyees 275a3
cturb 6ost o" turbine 273
c(ater 6ost o" (ater 275a3
DN% Direct normal irradiance 2$5m3
Eel Electricity !roduced 2:$he5a3Eel,;bio Percenta#e o" electricity "rom biomass in!ut
Eel,;sol Percenta#e o" electricity "rom solar in!ut
Eel,aux Auxiliary electrical re > 6ollector "lo( "actor 2&3
16R 1ixed char#e rate 2&3
"P4sta"" Number o" em!loyees "or !o(er bloc) 2&3
1R ?eat removal "actor 2&3
1S Solar share & 1raction o" total use"ul ener#y "rom solar in!ut 2;3
"S1sta"" Number o" em!loyees "or solar "ield 2&3
ene""enerator e""iciency 2;3
%A: %ncidence an#le modi"ier 2&3
%se"" 'urbine isentro!ic e""iciency 2;3
%val =alue o" %ce 275a3
)d %nterest rate on debt 2;3
1L @en#th o" receiver !i!e 2m3@68E @evelised cost o" electricity 2/5)$h3@E6 @evelised ener#y cost 2/5)$h3
@e( @atent heat o" eva!oration "or (ater 2)J5)#3@"( @atent heat o" "usion "or (ater 2)J5)#3@?= @o(er heatin# value 2)J5)#3
@saved
@and saved 2ha3:bio :ass o" biomass 2tonnes3
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:ice :ass o" ice 2tonnes3
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8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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ms
ol
:ass"lo
( in solar "ield 2)#5s3
mturb :ass "lo( in turbine 2)#5s3
:(ater :ass o" (ater 2tonnes3
Par Pro"its a"ter ca!ital re!ayments 275a3
Pexit 'urbine exit !ressure 2bar3
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Pi
nlet
'urbineinl
et!ressure2bar3P
Pc
a!6a!italco
st!aybac)!eriod2years3P
Ps
ol
Solarinvestment!aybac)!eriod2years
3P(
r
Pro"its(ithca!italre!ay
ments275a3
b
oile
r Bse"ul ener#y "rom boiler 2J5a3
e ?eat absorbed by chiller 2J5a3
in*
Solar radiation rate o" on solar "ield 2J5a3
reCect,h ?i#h #rade reCect heat "rom solar "ield 2J5a3
reCect,l @o( #rade reCect heat "rom chiller 2J5a3
u Bse"ul ener#y #ained "rom solar "ield 2J5a3year Annual solar insolation 2J5m5a3
1S Absorbed solar radiation 2$5m3
' 'urbine inlet tem!erature 263
' 'urbine exit tem!erature 263
'a Ambient tem!erature 2K3
'AS1 'otal land usa#e o" solar "ield 2K3
'exit Exit tem!erature "rom solar "ield 2K3
's ?eat trans"er "luid tem!erature 2steam3 2K3
'ice 'em!erature o" ice 2K3
'in %nlet tem!erature to solar "ield 2K3': 'y!ical meteorolo#ical year 2&3
B@ ?eat loss coe""icient 2$5m.K3
Bo 8verall heat loss coe""icient 2$5m.K3
$net Net (or) o" !lant
$turb $or) at turbine 2J5a3
(=0) 8!tical e""iciency at normal incidence 2;3
% Ener#y e""iciency
%% Exer#etic e""iciency
Subscripts
1c 6ollector 2solar thermal "ield3
1b 4oiler 2biomass3
hc ?eat cycle
os 8verall system
F
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1. "ntroduction
11 %ndia receives a hi#h level o" Direct Normal %rradiance 2DN%3, GH )$h5m!er day. 'hus,2
there is a vast !otential "or decentralised solar ener#y a!!lications usin# 6oncentratin#Solar3
14 thermal Po(er 26SP3. ?o(ever, 6SP technolo#ies are currently ex!ensive and the u!ta)e in5 %ndia has been slo(. 'he Ja(aharlal Nehru National Solar :ission (as established inII6
17 and outlined su!!ort "or solar ener#y a!!lications to encoura#e mar)et !enetration o" #rid18 connected and decentralied o""rid a!!lications, to !rovide ener#y services in %ndia , L.
9
10
11
12
13
8 desi#n. 'he @1R uses multi!le ro(s o" lo(
!ro"ile mirrors to "ocus solar radiation onto
a "ixed tar#et !i!e to #enerate steam
directly. Such
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14 Direct Steam 15 'rans"er 1luids2?'1s3
synthetic oil and moltensalt and has the!otential to increase 6SP
16
17
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22
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34
!
'
?
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35 day thesunMsrays canbeharnessed bysolarcollectorsandbiomass"eedstoc) can beburnt as
36 asu!!lementary "ueltoachieveconstantbase loado!eration.6SP!lantsbene"it"rom
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37
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41
h
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42 sol a ener#y co used to inc r 44
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s re
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simulation tool. Key economic indicators "rom the study included the @evelised 6ost o"11 Electricity 2@68E3 and avera#e annual !ro"it a"ter interest rate re!ayments. 'he @68E is the2
!ayment a !lant must receive "or each unit o" electricity in order to meet o!erational costs.34
5
4ermeCo et al. L tested an @1R solaras coolin# !lant to identi"y desi#nim!rovements617 that could be made on solar collector sie, o!eration control and cou!lin# to chiller. 6ot et al.18 FL !resented the conce!t o" Q'ermosolar 4or#esM a hybrid 6SP !lant that (ill o!erate (ith a
9
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# transients and a biomass boiler at ni#ht.'ermosolar 4or#es (ill be the (orldMs "irst
hybrid 6SP !lant, and is ex!ected to
commence sellin# electricity to the S!anish
#rid in January IF. A small scale
demonstration !roCect
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14 aimin# "or com!letioni 15 !o(er !lant "or trieneration
2electricity, heat andre"ri#eration3 GL.
16
17
18
19
20
S
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21 !lant!er"orm
a:u
3,(hich
is de"inedas theratio o"
th
"ieldmirror
a!erturearea tothe sie
23
24
25
26
27
o
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28 sc a have also estima6SP !o (
e30
31
32
33
34
Eand
exer#y
analyse
s 2or
"irst la(
and
second
la(
analyse
s3 have
been
(idely
ado!te
d to!rovide
a
com!re
hensive
assess
ment o"
thermo
dynami
ccycles.
Exer#y
is
!articul
arly
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35 us e"ul in as37 3
8
39 40 4
1
and e anal ysis o" ah #as& biomass sc
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s occur
redinthesolarthermal"ield.
Ex
er#
etic
ana
lys
es
hav
e
als
o
bee
n
co
mbi
ned
(it
h
eco
nomic
stu
die
s
as
exe
r#y
is
the
!ar
t o"
ene
r#y
that
is use"ul
to
societyand
there"or
e has
economi
c value
, FL.
Such
exer#oe
conomic
analyses
are
ty!ically
used "or
desi#n
o!timisa
tion,
assessin
#
"easibility, and
com!ari
n#
system
o!eratin
#
conditio
ns and
technolo#ies, by
evaluati
n# the
cost
associat
ed (ith
the
exer#y
loss in
system
com!on
ents
GL.
Rosen
-
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?e!basli HL !rovides a com!rehensive revie( o" exer#etic studies o" sustainable ener#y11 systems.2
3
4 ?ybrid !lant studies in the literature have been !rimarily "ocused on the @68E (ith5
electricity as the sole out!ut. As indicated, the conce!t o" exer#y has been (idely ado!tedin6
17 the !o(er #eneration sector, but no assessment o" hybrid solar&biomass systems has been18 made. A ran#e o" hybrid solar&biomass a!!lications and the resultin# dra(bac)s and bene"its
9
10
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12
13
" !rovide heat "or industrial !rocesses. A
!romisin# hybrid a!!lication in %ndia is a tri&
#eneration !lant, !roducin# electricity, ice
and reCect heat,
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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14 throu#h the use o" an@ 15 21i#ure 3. :anyindustries have a
lar#e demand "or steamand, in "ood&!rocessin#"acilities,
16
17
18
19
20
r
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21 term " !re servation 22 !la nts.23
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28 o" a !lication s consider ed i30
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a
.
$hatisthea!!ro!riatesolarmu
lti!le"orahybrid!lant
.
?o(
dothelev
elisedene
r
#ycosts o"alter
nativehybrida!!licationscom!areto
otherener#ysources,rene(ableand
conv
entional
F.?o(doesthehybrid!la
ntcom!aretoabiomass&only!la
nt
G.$hichi
sthemost
"easiblea!!licatio
n "orahybridsolar&biomass!o(er
!lant trieneration,electricity#eneration
or
industrial!ro
cessheat
'
evaluatehybrid!lants
and torecommendon thebesta!!licationso"such!lants.'his(illhaveim!lications"or!olicyma)ers
interes
ted inincentivisin# biomassand solar
ener#y and"or !lantdesi#nersandinvestors.
'hemethodolo#y o" this!a!er isbased on"ive casestudieschosen tocover aran#e o"scenarios"or hybrid@1R&biomass
! e sieso" solar"ield,as
re!resented bythesolarmulti!le.Evaluationsandcom!ar
isons(illthus bemadea#ainst
t echni c inanci al above. 'ec58 5
9
60 61 assessment is m a#ai nst the c
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6
2
T63
6
4
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2. Evaluation criteria and assu!ptions11 'he evaluation (ill re
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3
3
the chiller, Qe. 'he auxiliary load o" the !lant
is assumed to be .- times the auxiliary3
4 electrical
re
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6
4
6
5
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2G31
2
3'hus, the ener#y e""iciency o" the solar "ield, I,c, is #iven by
u5in.45
16 Each case study is evaluated to determine the exer#y received and delivered by each system7
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c
(h'
(
'h
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23
2I3
23
23
+
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'he main out!uts "rom the !lant include the electricity !roduced, Eel, mass o" ice,Mice, and11 lo( and hi#h #rade reCect heat. Sur!lus heat "rom the solar thermal "ield is cate#orised as2
hi#h #rade reCect heat, Qreect,h, as tem!eratures (ill be the re#ion o" FII 6. @o( #radereCect3
14 heat, Qreect,l, tem!eratures less than II 6, (ill be !roduced "rom the chiller.5
6
17 'he total mass o" ice !roduced is determined "rom the "ollo(in# FL,8
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(here !pwand !piare the s!eci"ic heatca!acity o" (ater and ice, "#wis the latentheat o" "usion "or (ater, and $aand $icearethe ambient tem!erature and desired icetem!erature.
2.2 &inancial'he ca!ital cost !er exer#y loss, !pel,"or each !lant com!onent 2solar "ield,!pel,c, boiler, !pel,b, heat cycle, !pel,hc,and overall system,!pel,os3 is evaluated"romU
'he ca!ital cost o" the !lant, !capital,and cost o" o!erations andmaintenance, !%&M, "or the hybrid !lantare calculated "romU
%t has been estimated that an @1R solar "ield,based on a!erture area, must cost belo( +
75m2TV5m3 to be com!etitive (ith other
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6SP technolo#ies FFL. 'y!ical costs "or an @1Rs
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solar "ield is assumed to be three times that o" its a!erture area. 'he cost o" land !rocurement11 and !re!aration, avera#e salary o" a medium s)illed em!loyee and value o" ice are ta)en to be2
I75m
, 7III !er annum and
GI
75tonne res!ectively, (hich are values #athered bythe
3
14 authors durin# site visits to com!anies in uCarat. 'he cost o" the biomass boiler, cboiler, is5 assumed to be 7-G,III !er tonne o" steam !roduced !er hour. De!endin# u!on the amounto"6
17 ice !roduced !er hour the cost o" the chiller, cchill, is ta)en to be 7-,III !er tonne o" ice8
9
10
11
12
13
! cpb, is assumed to be GI 75:$he. 8ther
o!erational costs include the biomass, cbio,(hich (ill de!end on "eedstoc) ty!e and sitelocation. 'he number o" sta"" re
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14 the !lant is assumed tob 15 ice, re!airs,security, etc.3 'he
cost o" the (aterconsum!tion is ta)en tobe .HF 75:$h FIL.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
A
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2I3
23
32 (here t34
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50
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%
year, etc. a "ixedvalue o"
/5)$h ista)en "orsolar, assolar
!roCectscommission
ed a"ter Fst
DecemberII (ere
eli#ible "orthis rate in
%ndia FHL.'he
assum!tion
is madethat
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53 ele c city #e n ated "ro m
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5
7
5
8
W
W
2F3
5
96
0
6
1
6
2
I63
6
4
6
5
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'he annual !ro"it o" the !lant a"ter 16R re!ayments, 'ar, and (ith 16R re!ayments2e.#. loans3, 'wr,is determined "romU
2G3
2-3
'o investi#ate the bene"it o" a hybrid !lant in com!arison to a biomass&only !lant it isuse"ul to determine the !aybac) !eriod "or the additional investment in solar ener#y,
''sol, (hich is s!eci"ied by the ca!ital cost and !ro"it o" a hybrid !lant "or a #ivensolar multi!le 2S: X (3 and a biomass&only !lant 2S: X I3U
2T3
'he !aybac) !eriod or brea)even time "or the overall !lantMs ca!ital cost, ''cap, isalso included as it is a )ey indicator "or investors o" (hether a !roCect is "inancially"easible. 'ax rates and other "inancial incentives such as carbon credits are notconsidered. All monetary values in this !a!er are !resented in BS dollars, convertedat an exchan#e rate o" %ndian Ru!ee 2%NR3 X I.I BS Dollar 2BSD3.
2.3 Environ!ental
'he )ey environmental "actors considered are the amount o" biomass and landsaved, )sa*ed and "sa*ed, relative to biomass&only o!eration. 'he land usa#e iscalculated based on a cro! yield assum!tion o" F tonnes !er hectare annum F+L.
3. 'i!ulation !odel of hybrid plant
Several so"t(are !ac)a#es (ith the ca!ability to enable users to model solar thermal and
rene(able ener#y based !o(er !lants are available. Exam!les includeU 'hermo"lex, Ebsilon,
%PSE!ro, 'RNSS, SA:, reenius and 6olSim. 1or the !ur!oses o" this study a hybrid
@1
43 'RNSS, a validated'RaNsient Sstem
Simulation so"t(are tool. %t is a#ra!hical so"t(are
44
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5
4
6
4
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4
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4
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0
5
1
5
2
5
3
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environment, ty!ically usedto model the !er"ormance o"thermal and electricalener#y #eneratin# systems,and has been !reviouslya!!lied in the "ield o" 6SPF, GIL. Each com!onent"ormin# the hybrid !lantmodel is no( described.:athematical models andassum!tions used areex!licitly !rovided.
3.1 (io!ass boiler
A 'RNSS steam boiler
c the literature G&G-L.1or a #iven steam
demand, tem!erature
and !ressure, the boiler
e""iciency, "lue #as
tem!erature and
biomass "eed rate are
calculated. @osses due
to "lue #as, blo(do(n,
ash removal, radiationand convection are
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also considered. 'he boiler is considered as a counter "lo( heat exchan#er (ith the "lue #as11 exchan#in# heat to the su!!ly (ater throu#h an economier, eva!orator and su!erheater2
section.34
5
).% 'olar fieldoperation6
17 'o model the solar "ield a custom com!onent has been develo!ed in 'RNSS. 'he hourly18 !er"ormance o" the solar "ield is modelled based on the ty!ical !arameters "or an @1RU
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1819
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
6o at normal incidence, +-./ and heat loss coe""icient, 0"GTL.
'he solar "ieldMs "lo( characteristics aremodelled usin# a series o" e
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to be treated individually. 'hus, "or a #iveninlet tem!erature the mass "lo( can bedetermined to achieve a s!eci"ied exit
tem!erature, $exit.
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2FF3
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%terative calculations are re
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28 chiller iss as &I 6. %ti30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
6263
64
65
i
T
'
4'&G and
SS'&ITI is
7I,III
and
7TTI,IIIres!ectively
. 'he
o!erational
ran#e in
terms o" "ull
and !art
load "lo(
rates,
mechanicalout!uts,
!ressures,
tem!eratur
es, and
e""iciencies
are #iven in
'able . A
cost o"
7+II,III is
assumed
"or the
condensin#
turbine.
4. Casestudie
s%n thissection,the )ey"eatures o"the "ivehybrid!lant casestudiesare
!resented2assummarised in'able 3.Each case
includes detailson !lanta!!lication, sitelocation, siin#,
o!erational!arameters andassum!tions.Results "or theevaluationcriteria de"inedin section are!lotted a#ainstS:.
4.1 Casestudy 1+,u-aratpilotplant
'he uCarat
hybrid !lant is a
!ilot system to
be im!lemented
in =a!i, %ndia.
'he !roCect is
!art "unded by
research #rants
and there"ore
has a lo( 16R
o" -;. 'he !lant
(ill !rovide
F
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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electricity to the #rid, and ice to nearby "isheries and chemical !lants. %n the "uture, sur!lus11 heat (ill be used "or additional !rocess steam a!!lications. 'he !lant (ill o!erate (ith a F2
tonne boiler and 4'&G steam turbine. Rice hus) "eedstoc), (ith an @?= o" G :J5)#, (illbe3
14 sourced at a cost o" GI 75tonne.5617 'he uCarat !lant is modelled usin# the "ollo(in# conditions. At the biomass boilerMs "ull
8
9
10
11
12
13
l the solar "ield until the mass "lo( reaches
I.G- )#5s at this state the biomass boiler
is s(itched to !art load 2i.e. the t(o "lo(
streams are combined to achieve the !art
load o" the turbine3. %" the solar "ieldMs
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14 mass "lo( reachesI 15 re
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28 theircam!usbuildin#s. %naddition,they arealsointerested indesi#nin# asystemthat best
29 meetstheirdemand.'hreecasestudiesarethere"oremodelled.
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30
31
32
33
34
6
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35 chi l . 1or ca s37
38
39
40
41
" steam
rate o"
.+
)#5s is
chosen.
6ase F
is
controll
ed so
that a
constan
t base
load is
achieved. 1or
this
case a
lar#er
I.+
tonne
boiler
2steam
rate
e
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42 I I; o" it ea) th44
45
46
47
48
t "ield
"or
"lo(
rates
#reat
er
than
.+
)#5s.
?o(
ever,
i" the
solar
"ieldachie
ves a
stea
m
"lo(
o" F
)#5s
the
biom
ass
boiler
is
turne
d o""
and
hot
ban)
ed.
Sur!lus
"lo(
is
there
"ore
!rod
uced
"or
"lo(
rates
#reat
er
than
F
)#5s. 1or
both
cases
and F, the
assum!tio
n is made
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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that e y and ice!51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
b
6
ele
ctri
city
2ca
se
G3
is
mo
dell
ed
sim
ilarl
y to
case
F,
exc
e!t
tha
t a
con
de
nsi
n#
tur
bin
e is
use
d
rat
her
tha
n abac
)
!re
ssu
re
tur
bin
e&
chiller
co
mbi
nati
on,
2see
1i#ure
-ad3.
%n all
cases
the
(eather
data
"rom the
6oimbat
ore
(eather
station
is used"or the
':.
6ases
are
assume
d to be
"unded
by a
#overn
ment
loan
(ith a
-;
interest
rate,
thus an
16R o"
+; is
G
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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modelled. 1or the 6olle#e case studies a solar multi!le o" re
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14 cost o" the bio&bric)sh 15 I, and aresu""erin# "rom an
inconsistent "eedstoc)su!!ly. 'hus, to reducebiomass
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
d
'
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28 re
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56 !e a load stu ses an d58 5
9
60 61 and !rocess h -3 studies had a
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6
2
-63
6
4
65
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investment bein# indicated. As ex!ected the ca!ital cost !aybac) !eriod increased "or lar#er11 solar multi!les, but increased more #radually "or an S: X I.-.-. 1or a lar#e S: the
2biomass and land saved also became less substantial in com!arison to increased values "or
the3
14 "inancial criteria.5
6
17 Q64 7ow do the le*elised ener8y costs o# alternati*e hybrid applications co(pare to other8
9
10
11
12
13
e
'
modelled (ere lo(er than !hotovoltaic and
com!arable to (ind turbines 2see 1i#ure H3.
1urthermore, the
14 levelised electricitycth
extendin# %ndiaMselectrical #rid torural areas, (hich
ran#e "rom T.G
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
G lo(er electricityand ener#y costvalues.
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28 Q947owdoesthehybrid
plantco(pare t o abio(assonlyplant5
29 'hehybrid!lantsMener#yandexer#etice""iciencies (erelar#elyinsensitive to anincreasin#
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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30
31
32
33
34
S
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35 biomass!o(er!lants(ere"inancialho(everthe
re(erealsoenvironmentalad
vanta#es.1or
36 theselectedS:ssho(nin'able Fthecos
t!erexer#ylossandlevelisedener#ycost
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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37
38
39
40
41
i "rom
+.F to
G.+
75J5a
and .+
to -.
/5)$h
res!ect
ively in
com!ar
ison to
biomas
s&only.
A more
si#ni"icant
dra(ba
c) is
the
lon#
!aybac
)
!eriods
"or the
hybrid
!lant.
$ith a
hi#h
solar
share,
the
!ea)
load
studies2cases
and
3 had
the
minimu
m solar
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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i loss inc4445
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
2 sres!ectively
2see'able F3.?o(ever,!aybac)!eri
ods"ortheca!italcost(ould bedecreas
ed i"lar#ersubsidies,suchasthos
e "orun&electri"iedruralareas o"%ndia
(ereavailable, orlar#
er"acilities(erebuilt (ith
hi#her!er"ormanceturbinesandchillersim!lemented. Asolar
"ieldsubsidyo" TI;(ouldhaveresultedin aca!italcost!aybac)
!eriod o"I years"or case and years "orcase F.
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Anincreasein"eedstoc) !rice
(ouldhaveresultedin thesolar!aybac)!eriodsbein#considerablyreduced.4iomass"eedstoc)!rice "orrice hus)
hasincreasedsi#ni"icantly in
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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58 5
9
60 61 rec ent y 75tonne to
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6
2
T63
6
4
65
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14 amounts o"a 15 hus), it could bear#ued that there
is no land re
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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21 es!ecially asa#ricultural landis used"or
#ro(in#ediblecro!s.'here"ore, thereduced
22 de!endency onbiomassin thesehybrid!lants isconsidered asi#ni"icantbene"itdue to
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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23
24
25
26
27
i
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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28 Q ; Which is t ost #e a30
31
32
33
34
' "easibili
ty o"
alternati
ve
hybrid
solar&
biomas
s !o(er
!lant
a!!licat
ions (ill
be
hi#hly
de!endent on
re#ional
ener#y
!olicies
. 1or
the
case
studies
!resented,
(hich
assume
d
similar
"inancin
# and
)ey
desi#n
!rioritie
s, the
tri&
#enerat
ion and
industri
al
!rocess
heat
a!!lications
8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India
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35 ar e co nsider ed37 3
8
39 40 4
1
hybrid ! scen ario 2casee
44
45
46
47
48
s !re
sen
tan
eve
n
mo
re
attr
acti
ve
o!ti
on
"or
inv
est
ors
.
$it
h
the
curren
t
tec
hn
olo
#ie
s
on
the
ma
r)e
t,
ho
(e
ver,
lar
#er
sub
sidies
(o
uld
be
re