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The Fall of Rome and the Origins ofEurope (400-1000)(2017-18)

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344 items

This reading list is in 2 parts: (i) Tutorial and essay readings, (ii) Bibliography - use Table ofcontents button above to navigate.

 

TUTORIAL AND ESSAY READINGS

1. 'Laying Down the Law': The Age of Theodosius II (21 items)How was the Roman Empire organised and run from 395 AD onwards? What does sourceextract 3 tell us about relations between the Eastern and Western empires in the reign ofTheodosius II?What was the basis for Theodosius II's authority? Was he a weak or a strong emperor?Why did he order the compilation of a legal code? What material was included in thatcode?Why was it compiler in Latin, when the Eastern empire was (mainly) governed by and forGreek-speakers?What kinds of difficulties and problems confront us when we try to use the TheodosianCode, or indeed subsequent Late Antique and early medieval 'lawcodes', as historicalsource material?

Tutorial readings (5 items)

Imperial politics at the court of Theodosius II - Hugh EltonChapter

The Construction of Authority - Jill HarriesChapter | (Chapter 3, pp. 56-76 )

Law and Legal Culture in the Age of Attila - Caroline HumfressChapter

Review: Decoding Late Roman Law - A. Douglas Lee, 2002Article

NB for all primary sources for tutorial reading see the ME1003 course-book

Further reading (4 items)

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From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: the transformation of ancient Rome - A. DouglasLee, 2013

Book | Chapter 7.

The Cambridge companion to the Age of Attila - 2014Book

A Greek Roman Empire: power and belief under Theodosius II (408-450) - Fergus Millar,2006

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: the transformation of the ancient world -Stephen Mitchell, 2007

Book | Chapter 4.

Essay readings (12 items)

Essay questions:

Did the Eastern Roman empire survive the fifth-century (unlike the West) because ofTheodosius II's administrative and legal reforms?

What can Mark the Deacon's Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza tell us about late Romanimperial power and authority?

Early Christian hagiography and Roman history - Timothy Barnes, 2010Book | Read pp. 260-283 only (on Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza).

The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, AD 395-600 - Averil Cameron, 1993Book | Esp. chapter 1. (Available in the Library and as an e-book)

The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, 395-700 AD - Averil Cameron, 2012Book | (2nd edition of the above) Esp. chapter 1.

Imperial politics at the court of Theodosius II - Hugh EltonChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

Law and empire in late antiquity - Jill Harries, 1999Book | Esp. Chapter 3 'The Construction of Authority'. (Available in the Library and as an

e-book)

Theodosian empresses: women and imperial dominion in late antiquity - Kenneth G. Holum, 1982

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Law and Legal Culture in the Age of Attila - Caroline HumfressChapter

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Theodosius II: rethinking the Roman empire in late antiquity - Christopher Kelly, 2013Book

The Cambridge companion to the Age of Attila - 2014Book

A Greek Roman Empire: power and belief under Theodosius II (408-450) - Fergus Millar,2006

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Mark the Deacon, Life of St Porphyry of Gaza - Claudia Rapp (trans.)Chapter

2. Barbarian Encounters (18 items)

Tutorial readings (4 items)What do Romans think about barbarians? What do barbarians think about Romans?Can we get at Roman and barbarian attitudes from these sources?What can we learn about Sidonius and Priscus and why they were writing?These sources are from the West and the East of the empire respectively. Did attitudes tobarbarians in the East and West differ?How are why did barbarian leaders come to supplant the agents of the Roman state as therulers of the Empire's western provinces?Are you convinced by the analyses presented by Sivan and Heather?

Sidonius Apollinaris, Theodoric II, and Gothic-Roman Politics from Avitus to Anthemius -Hagith Sivan, 1989

Article

The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe - Peter Heather, 1995Article

Why Did the Barbarians Cross the Rhine? - Peter Heather, 2009Article

Barbarians, Historians, and the Construction of National Identities - Ian Wood, 2008Article

Essay readings (14 items)

Essay Questions: To what extent were men like Theoderic II of Toulouse, born and raised

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within the empire, truly barbarians? Did barbarian invasions bring the Empire down ormerely exploit its collapse?

 

Theodoric of Toulouse:

Sidonius Apollinaris, Theodoric II, and Gothic-Roman Politics from Avitus to Anthemius -Hagith Sivan, 1989

Article

Sidonius Apollinaris: Rome and the barbarians: a climate of treason? - Jill D. HarriesChapter

 

Attila:

The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe - Peter Heather, 1995Article

Neither Conquest nor Settlement: Attila’s Empire and its impact - Christopher KellyChapter

 

Barbarians and Romans:

Introduction: Romans, Barbarians, and the transformation of the Roman Empire - ThomasF. X. Noble

Chapter

Barbarians, Historians, and the Construction of National Identities - Ian Wood, 2008Article

Defining Identities - Guy HalsallChapter

Movers and Shakers: the Barbarians and the Fall of Rome - Guy Halsall, 2003Article

Migrations, Ethnic Groups, and State Building - Walter PohlChapter

Christian Asceticism and Barbarian Incursion: The Making of a Christian Catastrophe -Stefan Rebenich, 2009

Article

3. Imperial Image-Making: Justinian and Theodora (15 items)

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Tutorial readings (5 items)Who was Procopius? How are Justinian and Theodora presented in his works and how doesthis differ from John of Ephesus' portraits?What different genres are these sources? Why do they present Justinian and Theodora indifferent ways?What are the characteristics of a successful emperor/empress? Were these changing? Canwe get at the real Justinian?What roles were available to empresses in Late Antiquity?How would you sum up attitudes to women and ideas about gender in this period?Do you agree with Brubaker that thinking about gender roles helps us to understand theperiod and sources better?

The Age of Justinian - Leslie BrubakerChapter | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Empress Theodora - Clive Foss, 2002Article

Perceptions of Procopius in Recent Scholarship - Geoffrey Greatrex, 2014Article | N.B. also read the addenda to this article, below.

Perceptions of Procopius in Recent Scholarship (Addenda) - Geoffrey Greatrex, 2014Article

Theodora the "Believing Queen": A study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition - Susan A.Harvey, 2001

Article

Essay readings (10 items)

Essay Questions: Why do you think Procopius was so hostile towards the empressTheodora? How did the Roman Empire change under Justinian?

Audience: Uncovering Byzantium's historiographical audience - Brian CrokeChapter

John Lydus’ political message and the Byzantine idea of imperial rule - Sviatoslav Dmitriev,2015

Article

Encyclopaedism and autocracy: Justinian’s Encyclopaedia of Roman law - Jill HarriesChapter

Good luck and good fortune to the queen of cities: empresses and tyches in Byzantium -

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Liz JamesChapter

Writers and audiences in the early sixth century - Elizabeth JeffreysChapter

Justinian and His Legacy (500–600) - Andrew LouthChapter

The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian - Michael Maas, 2005Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Empires of faith: the fall of Rome to the rise of Islam, 500-700 - Peter Sarris, 2011Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Image of the Empress Theodora as Patron - Ulrike Unterweger, 2012Article

4. Letters and Letter-Writing (17 items)

Tutorial readings (3 items)How much do we know about each of our authors? Why are they writing?In what circumstances were they writing and how might their experiences have shapedthese sources?How would you describe the style of each of these sources? What works so they drawupon?What can we learn from these letters about Britain (society, politics, education) in the ageof Patrick, Gildas and Bede?How Christian was Britain by the time of Bede?

St. Patrick and Coroticus - E. A. Thompson, 1980Article

The idea of Government in Sub-Roman Britain - David M. DumvilleChapter

Bede, Beowulf and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy - Patrick WormaldChapter

Essay readings (14 items)

Essay Questions:

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Focusing on either Patrick or Gildas or Bede, discuss the motivation of the writer and thelikelihood that he would have achieved his ends.

What can letters such as these tell us about the authors' assumptions about his audience?

The Book of Ezekiel, from The BibleBook

 

Patrick:

St Patrick and Coroticus - E. A. Thompson, 1980Article

Patrick [section III of 'Conversion to Christianity'] - Thomas M. Charles-EdwardsChapter | Pages 214-232

Saint Patrick, A. D. 493-1993 - David Dumville, 1993Book | ''Coroticus’ and ‘Verba militibus mittenda Corotici: an analysis of St Patrick’s

tract on the crimes of Coroticus', pp. 107-128.

 

Gildas:

The idea of Government in Sub-Roman Britain - David M. DumvilleChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

Gildas [section 3 of 'Wales and the Britons, 350-1064'] - Thomas M. Charles-EdwardsChapter | Pages 202-213

The Britons: from Romans to Barbarians - A. WoolfChapter

 

Bede:

Bede, Beowulf and the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxon Aristocracy - Patrick WormaldChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

Reaction and Reform: Bede, Boniface and the struggle for episcopal governance - JohnBlair

Chapter | Pages 108-117 (in Section 6 of e-book)

Parochial ministry in Early Anglo-Saxon England: the role of monastic communities - SarahFoot, 1989

Article

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5. Contested Queenships (14 items)

Tutorial readings (2 items)What different genres of source material are we working with?How do the different genres and the different intentions of each author affect the portrayalof Brunhild in each extract?Can we get at the real Brunhild? How much power did she actually have?What similarities/differences do you see between Brunhild and Theodora?What were the roles and responsibilities of a Merovingian queen?What do we learn about Merovingian politics, society and the role of the Church andbishops/saints within it?

Queens as Jezebels: The Career of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History - JanetNelson

Chapter

Monks, Kings and the Transformation of Sanctity: Jonas of Bobbio and the End of the HolyMan - Albrecht Diem, 2007

Article

Essay readings (12 items)

Essay Questions:

 

Was the authority of queens rooted in control of the household?

 

Why do the sources on Brunhild present her so differently?

Queens, consorts, concubines: Gregory of Tours and women of the Merovingian elite - E. T.Dailey, 2015

Book

Monks, Kings and the Transformation of Sanctity: Jonas of Bobbio and the End of the HolyMan - Albrecht Diem, 2007

Article

The bishop and the monk: Desiderius of Vienne and the Columbanian movement - YanivFox, 2012

Article

Gregory of Tours: history and society in the sixth century - Martin Heinzelmann,Christopher Carroll (trans.), 2001

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Book

Gender and the Patronage of Culture in Merovingian Gaul - Yitzhak HenChapter

Queens as Jezebels: The Career of Brunhild and Balthild in Merovingian History - JanetNelson

Chapter

Early Rites of Queen-Making and the Shaping of Medieval Queenship - Janet NelsonChapter

Did Women Have a Transformation of the Roman World? - Julia M. H. Smith, 2000Article

Auctoritas as sanctitas: Balthild's depiction as ‘queen-saint’ in the Vita Balthildis - SarahTatum, 2009

Article

Merovingian Gaul and the Frankish conquests - Raymond Van DamChapter

The Merovingian kingdoms, 450-751 - Ian Wood, 1994Book | Chapter 8.

6. Hagiography (16 items)

Tutorial readings (3 items)The exercise for this tutorial draws on two works which have different takes on theworkings of hagiography and the nature of the holy in society:

The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity - Peter Brown, 1971Article

The Use and Abuse of Hagiography in the Early Middle Ages - Ian N. WoodChapter

In addition, tutors will set an individual saint's Life or extracts to help illustrate the ideasunder discussion.

 

Some questions you might want to consider include:

What do saints' Lives tell us about medieval society?

What does the idealisation of holy men and women tell us about medieval values?

Do saints' Lives tell us more about the authors of such texts than about the people they

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describe?

Essay readings (13 items)

Essay Questions

 

What are the challenges in using hagiography as a historical source?

 

How important was political and social conflict to the portrayal of the saint you havestudied?

The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity - Peter Brown, 1971Article

On Defining the Holy Man - Averil CameronChapter

Memory and Narrative in the Cult of Early Anglo-Saxon Saints - Catherine CubittChapter

Monks, Kings and the Transformation of Sanctity: Jonas of Bobbio and the End of the HolyMan - Albrecht Diem, 2007

Article

Merovingian History and Merovingian Hagiography - Paul Fouracre, 1990Article

Saints, Scholars, and Society: The Elusive Goal - Patrick GearyChapter

Seeing and Believing: The Construction of Sanctity in Early-Medieval Saints' Shrines -Cynthia Hahn, 1997

Article

The Carolingian World through Hagiography - Kelly Gibson, 2015Article

Structural Patterns in Early Hiberno-Latin Hagiography - Jean-Michel Picard, 1985Article

The Problem of Female Sanctity in Carolingian Europe c. 780-920 - Julia M. H. Smith, 1995Article

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Saints and their cults - Julia M. H. SmithChapter

The Use and Abuse of Hagiography in the Early Middle Ages - Ian N. WoodChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

7. The Rise of Islam (16 items)

Tutorial readings (5 items)What different sources are available to the historian on the rise of Islam? What languageswere they written in? How do the different genres and the different intentions of eachauthor affect their portrayal of events? How did the authors’ religious framework(Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Zoroastrian) affect their view of events in this period? Howmuch did the authors of our sources know about seventh and eighth-century Islam? Whatare the gaps in our record of events? What are the challenges when trying to reconstruct anarrative of the Conquests? What do modern scholars criticise about other scholars’ work?What can archaeology add to our understanding of the ‘rise of Islam’?

Modern approaches to early Islamic history - Fred M. DonnerChapter

Muhammad and the rise of Islam - Carole HillenbrandChapter

The Early caliphate and the Inheritance of Late Antiquity - Andrew MarshamChapter

Archaeology and material culture - Marcus MilwrightChapter

The rise of Islam, 600–705 - Chase F. RobinsonChapter

Essay readings (11 items)

Essay Questions

 

What challenges do the Islamic sources for the Conquest era present to the historian?

 

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What challenges do the non-Islamic sources for the Conquest era present to the historian?

The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800 - Jonathan Berkey,2003

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Qur’an in recent scholarship: Challenges and Desiderata - Fred M. DonnerChapter

Muhammad and the believers: at the origins of Islam - Fred M. Donner, 2010Book

Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventhcentury - James D. Howard-Johnston, 2010

Book | Available in library and as an e-book

In God's path: the Arab conquests and the creation of an Islamic empire - Robert G.Hoyland, 2015

Book | Available in library and as an e-book

The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to theeleventh century - Hugh Kennedy, 2004

Book | Available in library and as an e-book

The Great Arab conquests: how the spread of Islam changed the world we live in - HughKennedy, 2008

Book

An introduction to Islamic archaeology - Marcus Milwright, 2010Book | Available in library and as an e-book

The Conquest of Khūzistān: A Historiographical Reassessment - Chase F. Robinson, 2004Article

"Do Prophets Come with a Sword?" Conquest, Empire, and Historical Narrative in the EarlyIslamic World - Thomas Sizgorich, 2007

Article

8. Biography (15 items)

Tutorial readings (5 items)Who was Einhard and why did he write the Life of Charlemagne? For whom was he writing (and when)? What aspects of Charlemagne’s life and reign does Einhard focus upon, and what may hehave left out of his account? How does Suetonius’s Life of Augustus influence Einhard? Why were the Carolingians keenon patronising high culture?Is he at all critical of Charlemagne? What made a good king in Einhard’s view?

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What can we learn about the values of the period, and about education, society and theChurch? What was Charlemagne’s power based upon?How did the Carolingian empire work? What role did Charlemagne’s family play in theFrankish empire?Was there such a thing as Carolingian ‘government’?What was the Carolingian Renaissance? How important were spiritual leadership andeducational reform to the Carolingians?

Charlemagne's courtier: the complete Einhard - Paul E. Dutton, 1998Book | pp. xi-xli

The Carolingians and the Frankish monarchy - François Louis Ganshof, trans. JanetSondheimer, 1971

Book | Pages 1-9, 'Einhard, biographer of Charlemagne'

Einhard’s Charlemagne: The Characterization of Greatness - David GanzChapter

The Writing of History - Rosamond McKitterickChapter

Einhard: The Sinner and the Saints - Julia M. H. Smith, 2003Article

Essay readings (10 items)

Essay Questions:

 

Why did Einhard write his 'Life of Charlemagne'?

 

Is it possible for historians to understand early medieval rulers as individuals?

Einhard, biographer of Charlemagne - François Louis GanshofChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

The Writing of History - Rosamond McKitterickChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

Charlemagne's courtier: the complete Einhard - Paul Edward Dutton, Einhard, c1998Book | Pp. xi-xli. (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

Einhard’s Charlemagne: The Characterization of Greatness - David GanzChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

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Charlemagne the Man - Janet NelsonChapter

Einhard: The Sinner and the Saints - Julia M. H. Smith, 2003Article

Did Charlemagne Have a Private Life? - Janet NelsonChapter

Review article: Early medieval rulers and their modern biographers - Sarah Hamilton, 2003Article

The New Cambridge medieval history: Vol. 2: c.700-c.900 - Rosamond McKitterick, 1995Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

9. Law in Theory, Law in Practice (19 items)

Tutorial readings (5 items)What challenges do we face when interpreting legal sources?How do we decide whether sources like the Fonthill Letter are reliable?What issues crop up in royal legislation andwhat does this tell us about society and royalconcerns?How did the Anglo-Saxons go about getting justice and settling disputes? Was there a feudculture?Why did kings issue laws and have them written down? Were they intended for practicalpurposes or are they more about royal image-making in an era of expansion?How far do these sources give us the view from the royal court? Are events at this time open to a different, less positive interpretation of royal power andgovernment?

Alfred - Patrick WormaldArticle

Æthelstan - Sarah FootArticle

The Fonthill Letter: Ghost voices in the first person - Jonathan JarrettWebpage | Personal musings on the Fonthill Letter and a helpful bibliography

The Fonthill Letter - Simon KeynesChapter

Feud and the State in Late Anglo-Saxon England - Paul Hyams, 2001Article

Further reading (3 items)

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The making of English law: King Alfred to the twelfth century, Vol. 1: Legislation and itslimits - Patrick Wormald, 1999

Book

The Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England - Michael Lapidge, 1999Book

Charters, Law and the Settlement of Disputes in Anglo-Saxon England - Patrick WormaldChapter

Essay readings (11 items)

Essay questions:

 

Compare and contrast the Roman emperor Theodosius II and King Alfred of Wessex aslawgivers [see also reading for week 1].

 

How law-abiding were Anglo-Saxons (late ninth- early tenth-centuries)? Answer withspecific reference to AT LEAST ONE primary source.

What Conflict Means: The Making of medieval Conflict Studies in the United States1970-2000 - Warren Brown, Piotr Górecki

Chapter

Æthelstan - Sarah FootArticle

Britain in the first millennium - Edward James, 2001Book

The Fonthill Letter: Ghost voices in the first person - Jonathan JarrettWebpage | Personal musings on the Fonthill Letter and a helpful bibliography

Feud and the State in Late Anglo-Saxon England - Paul Hyams, 2001Article

Theft, Homicide and Crime in Late Anglo-Saxon Law - Tom Lambert, 2012Article

The Fonthill Letter - Simon KeynesChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

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Alfred - Patrick WormaldArticle

The making of English law: King Alfred to the twelfth century, Vol. 1: Legislation and itslimits - Patrick Wormald, 1999

Book

Charters, Law and the Settlement of Disputes in Anglo-Saxon England - Patrick WormaldChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

10. Aristocracies and Society (15 items)

Tutorial readings (2 items)Why were these texts written? What are the important features of the genre of hagiography? What do the texts tell us about contemporary society and politics? What do we learn about families and family relationships? How did aristocrats manage their lands and run their households? What tasks did men and women perform and what training/ education did they receive? What do the texts tell us about the nature of sanctity and piety? What qualities are seenas holy? Are these different for men and for women? Are Gerald and Liutberga unusualsaints?

Learned Women? Liutberga and the Instruction of Carolingian Women - Valerie GarverChapter

The Problem of Female Sanctity in Carolingian Europe c. 780-920 - Julia M. H. Smith, 1995Article

Essay readings (13 items)

Essay Questions

 

How much can we learn about aristocratic society from the 'Lives' of Liutberga and Gerald?

 

What were the main sources and weaknesses of aristocratic power in the early MiddleAges?

The Aristocracy - Stuart Airlie

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Chapter

Learned Women? Liutberga and the Instruction of Carolingian Women - Valerie GarverChapter | (See tutorial readings section above for digitised copy)

The Problem of Female Sanctity in Carolingian Europe c. 780-920 - Julia M. H. Smith, 1995Article

The Anxiety of Sanctity: St Gerald of Aurillac and his Maker - Stuart Airlie, 1992Article

Vir Dei: Secular Sanctity in the tenth century - Derek BakerChapter

Monks, secular men and masculinity c. 900 - Janet NelsonChapter

Writing Latin history for a lay audience c. 1000: Dudo of Saint Quentin at the Norman court- Bernard Bachrach, 2009

Article

West Francia: the Northern Principalities - David BatesChapter

The French aristocracy in the early Middle Ages: A Reappraisal - Jane Martindale, 1977Article

The German Aristocracy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century: A Historical and CulturalSketch - Karl Leyser, 1968

Article

The Carolingian world - Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, Simon MacLean, 2011Book | Chapter 6.

Europe after Rome: a new cultural history, 500-1000 - Julia M. H. Smith, 2005Book

11. From Antiquity to Feudalism (12 items)

Tutorial readings (10 items)

Students should read at least Bisson (1994) and Wickham (1984) and two other piecesfrom the list below and consider some or all of the following questions:

i. What were the most significant changes between the year 400 and the year 1000;socially, economically and politically?

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ii. Can any shorter period or periods be seen as particularly pivotal in effecting thetransformation from the ancient world to the medieval?

iii. Can any generalisations be made across such a wide geographical area as that coveredin this course?

iv. To what extent are individual historians influenced by their own politics and life-historyin approaching these issues?

v. When do you as an individual think the Middle Ages really began and how would justifyyour opinion?

The "Feudal Revolution" - Thomas N. Bisson, 1994Article

Apocalypse and revolution: Europe around the year 1000 - Simon MacLean, 2007Article | Review article

The "Feudal Revolution" - Timothy Reuter, 1997Article | Response to Bisson, 1994

The "Feudal Revolution" - Chris Wickham, 1997Article | Response to Bisson, 1994

Once More into the Stirrups: Lynn White Jr., "Medieval Technology and Social Change" -Review by: Alex Roland, 2003

Article

Did Women Have a Transformation of the Roman World? - Julia M. H. Smith, 2000Article

The Decline of Slavery and the Economic Expansion of the Early Middle Ages - Reviewby: Adriaan Verhulst, 1991

Article

Early Medieval Byzantium and the End of the Ancient World - Mark Whittow, 2009Article

The Other Transition: From the Ancient World to Feudalism - Chris Wickham, 1984Article

For good introductions to the issues, see: (2 items)

The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000 - Chris Wickham, 2009Book | Esp. chapters 1, 22 and 23

Debating the Middle Ages: issues and readings - Lester K. Little, Barbara H. Rosenwein,1998

Book | ): Part I, The Fate of Rome’s Western Provinces, and Part II, Feudalism and itsAlternatives, assemble many of the key readings on the debates about what changed

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around the year 400 and 1000.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (164 items)

This bibliography is intended to provide an overview of key book-length treatments of theearly Middle Ages. It is not exhaustive, although if you find a book 'on the subject' in thelibrary which is not listed you might want to pause to ask why. It is essential to readarticles as well as books, as these tend to be more specific and offer focused and/ortechnical analysis of different subjects.

Recommended textbooks [but not for purchase] (4 items)

The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, AD 200-1000 - Peter Brown, 2003Book

The new Penguin atlas of medieval history - Colin McEvedy, 1992Book

Early medieval Europe 300-1050: the birth of western society - David W. Rollason, 2012Book

The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000 - Chris Wickham, 2009Book

General (21 items)

The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change, 950-1350 - RobertBartlett, 1994

Book | (Also copies at D102.B28)

The crucible of Europe: the ninth and tenth centuries in European history - GeoffreyBarraclough, 1976

Book

The making of late antiquity - Peter Brown, 1978Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, 395-700 AD - Averil Cameron, 2012Book

- also earlier edition available in print and as an e-book:

The Mediterranean world in late antiquity, AD 395-600 - Averil Cameron, 1993Book

The new Cambridge medieval history: Vol. 1: c.500-c.700 - Paul Fouracre, 2005Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

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Medieval Europe: a short history - C. Warren Hollister, 1994Book

The Oxford illustrated history of Medieval Europe - George Holmes, 1988Book

An introduction to early medieval Western Europe, 400-900: the sword, the plough and thebook - Matthew Innes, 2007

Book

From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: the transformation of ancient Rome - A. Douglas.Lee, 2013

Book

Europe in the High Middle Ages - William C. Jordan, 2001Book

Medieval civilization 400-1500 - Jacques Le Goff, 1988Book

Atlas of medieval Europe - David Ditchburn, Simon MacLean, Angus MacKay, 2007Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The New Cambridge medieval history: Vol.2: c.700-c.900 - Rosamond McKitterick, 1995Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: the transformation of the ancient world -Stephen Mitchell, 2007

Book

The New Cambridge medieval history: vol.3: c. 900-c. 1024 - Timothy Reuter, 1999Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

A short history of the Middle Ages - Barbara H. Rosenwein, 2002Book

A companion to late Antiquity - Philip Rousseau, 2009Book

The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire: c. 500-1492 - Jonathan Shepard, 2008Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The making of the Middle Ages - Richard. W. Southern, 1953Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The fall of Rome and the barbarian kingdoms (23 items)

The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, AD 200-1000 - Peter Brown, 2003Book

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The Cambridge ancient history: Vol. 14: Late antiquity : empire and successors, AD425-600 - Averil Cameron, Michael Whitby, Bryan Ward-Perkins, 2000

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

After Rome - Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, 2003Book

The fall of the Western Roman Empire: an archaeological and historical perspective - NeilChristie, 2011

Book

The new Cambridge medieval history: Vol. 1: c.500-c.700 - Paul Fouracre, 2005Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Before France and Germany: the creation and transformation of the Merovingian world -Patrick J. Geary, 1988

Book

On barbarian identity: critical approaches to ethnicity in the early Middle Ages - AndrewGillett, 2002

Book

Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 - Guy Halsall, 2007Book

Empires and barbarians: migration, development and the birth of Europe - Peter J. Heather,2009

Book

The fall of the Roman Empire: a new history - Peter J. Heather, 2006Book

The Franks - Edward James, 1988Book

Italy in the early Middle Ages, 476-1000 - Maria Cristina La Rocca, 2002Book

Rome in the Dark Ages - Peter Llewellyn, 1996Book

The Cambridge companion to the age of Attila - Michael Maas, 2014Book

Gregory the Great and his world - Robert Austin Markus, 1997Book

The end of ancient Christianity - Robert A. Markus, 1990Book

A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: the transformation of the ancient world -

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Stephen Mitchell, 2007Book

The Roman Empire divided, 400-700 - John Moorhead, 2001Book

From Roman provinces to medieval kingdoms - Thomas F. X. Noble, 2006Book

Europe after Rome: a new cultural history, 500-1000 - Julia M. H. Smith, 2005Book

The barbarian West, 400-1000 - John M. Wallace-Hadrill, 1967Book

The fall of Rome: and the end of civilization - Bryan Ward-Perkins, 2005Book

The Merovingian kingdoms, 450-751 - Ian Wood, 1994Book

Byzantium (10 items)

Byzantium: the bridge from antiquity to the Middle Ages - Michael Angold, 2001Book

The Byzantines - Averil Cameron, 2006Book

Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire - Judith Herrin, 2007Book

Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventhcentury - James D. Howard-Johnston, 2010

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The Byzantine economy - Angeliki E. Laiou, Cecile Morrisson, 2007Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian - Michael Maas, 2005Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Oxford history of Byzantium - Cyril Mango, 2002Book

The Byzantine world - Paul Stephenson, 2010Book

A concise history of Byzantium - Warren T. Treadgold, 2001Book

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The making of Byzantium, 600-1025 - Mark Whittow, 1996Book

The rise of Islam (12 items)

The formation of Islam: religion and society in the Near East, 600-1800 - Jonathan P.Berkey, 2003

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

Muhammad - Michael A. Cook, 1983Book

The early Islamic conquests - Fred M. Donner, 1981Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

Muhammad and the believers: at the origins of Islam - Fred M. Donner, 2010Book

The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate AD 661-750 - Geoffrey R. Hawting, 2000Book

In God's path: the Arab conquests and the creation of an Islamic empire - Robert G.Hoyland, 2015

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventhcentury - James D. Howard-Johnston, 2010

Book

Islamic history: a framework for inquiry - R. Stephen Humphreys, 1991Book

The great Arab conquests: how the spread of Islam changed the world we live in - HughKennedy, 2007

Book

The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the sixth to theeleventh century - Hugh Kennedy, 2004

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Muhammad and the origins of Islam - Francis E. Peters, 1994Book

The formation of the Islamic world, sixth to eleventh centuries (The new Cambridge historyof Islam. Volume 1) - Chase F. Robinson, 2011

Book

Early Insular World (30 items)

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Alfred the Great: war, kingship and culture in Anglo-Saxon England - Richard P. Abels,1998

Book

The Church in Anglo-Saxon society - John Blair, 2005Book

The Anglo-Saxon age: a very short introduction - John Blair, 2000Book

The empire of Cnut the Great: conquest and the consolidation of power in Northern Europein the early eleventh century - Timothy Bolton, 2009

Book

The Anglo-Saxons - James Campbell, Eric John, Patrick Wormald, 1982Book

After Rome - Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, 2003Book

Early Christian Ireland - Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, 2000Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

From the Vikings to the Normans - Wendy Davies, 2003Book

Monastic life in Anglo-Saxon England, c. 600-900 - Sarah Foot, 2006Book

From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795 - James E. Fraser, 2009Book

The convert kings: power and religious affiliation in early Anglo-Saxon England - NickHigham, 1997

Book

An English empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon kings - Nick Higham, 1995Book

Early Christian Ireland: introduction to the sources - Kathleen Hughes, 1972Book

The end of Roman Britain - Michael Eugene Jones, 1996Book

Gildas: new approaches - Michael Lapidge, David Dumville, 1984Book

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of Alfred and other contemporary sources - Simon Keynes,Michael Lapidge, 1983

Book

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The Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England - Michael Lapidge, 1999Book

Cnut: the Danes in England in the early eleventh century - Mark K. Lawson, 1993Book

Early medieval Ireland: 400 - 1200 - Daibhi O Croinin, 1995Book

The political thought of King Alfred the Great - David Pratt, 2007Book

Alfred the Great - Timothy Reuter, 2003Book

Medieval Ireland: the enduring tradition - Michael Richter, 1988Book

An age of tyrants: Britain and the Britons, AD 400-600 - Christopher A. Snyder, 1998Book

A companion to the early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500-1100 - Pauline Stafford,2009

Book

Unification and conquest: a political and social history of England in the tenth and eleventhcenturies - Pauline Stafford, 1989

Book

From Pictland to Alba: 789 to 1070 - Alex Woolf, 2007Book

The times of Bede, 625-865: studies in early English Christian society and its historian -Patrick Wormald, 2006

Book

The making of English law: King Alfred to the twelfth century, Vol. 1: Legislation and itslimits - Patrick Wormald, 1999

Book

Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England - Barbara Yorke, 1990Book

The conversion of Britain: religion, politics, and society in Britain, c.600-800 - BarbaraYorke, 2006

Book

Carolingian Europe (30 items)

Charlemagne: father of a continent - Alessandro Barbero, trans. Allan Cameron, 2004

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Book

Charlemagne - Matthias Becher, David Steward Bachrach, 2003Book

The age of Charlemagne - Donald Bullough, 1980Book

Charlemagne - Roger Collins, 1998Book

The Carolingian world - Marios Costambeys, Matthew Innes, Simon MacLean, 2011Book

Charlemagne's courtier: the complete Einhard - Paul E. Dutton, 1998Book

Frankland: the Franks and the world of the early middle ages : essays in honour of DameJinty Nelson - Paul Fouracre, David Ganz, 2008

Book

The Carolingians and the Frankish monarchy -Franois Louis Ganshof, Janet Sondheimer, 1971

Book

Charlemagne's heir: new perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840) - RogerCollins, Peter Godman, 1990

Book

Struggle for empire: kingship and conflict under Louis the German, 817-876 - Eric JosephGoldberg, 2006

Book

Violence and society in the early medieval West - Guy Halsall, 1998Book

Warfare and society in the barbarian West - Guy Halsall, 2003Book

The origins of France: from Clovis to the Capetians, 500-1000 - Edward James, 1982Book

Charlemagne - Paul D. King, 1986Book

The reign of Charlemagne: documents on Carolingian government and administration -Henry R. Loyn, John Percival, 1975

Book

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Kingship and politics in the late ninth century: Charles the Fat and the end of theCarolingian Empire - Simon MacLean, 2003

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The Frankish kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987 - Rosamond McKitterick, 1983Book

Carolingian culture: emulation and innovation - Rosamond McKitterick, 1994Book

The Early Middle Ages: Europe, 400-1000 - Rosamond McKitterick, 2001Book

The New Cambridge medieval history: Vol.2: c.700-c.900 - Rosamond McKitterick, 1995Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Politics and ritual in early medieval Europe - Janet L. Nelson, 1985Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Charles the Bald - Janet L. Nelson, 1992Book

Rulers and ruling families in early medieval Europe: Alfred, Charles the Bald, and others -Janet L. Nelson, 1999

Book

The Frankish world, 750-900 - Janet L. Nelson, 1996Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The Republic of St. Peter: the birth of the Papal State, 680-825 - Thomas F. X. Noble, 1984Book

Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish world, 690-900 - James T. Palmer, 2009Book

The Carolingians: a family who forged Europe - Pierre Riche, Michael I. Allen, 1993Book

Charlemagne: empire and society - Joanna Story, 2005Book

Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages - Frans Theuws, Janet L.Nelson, 2000

Book

Representations of power in medieval Germany, 800-1500 - Bjorn K. U. Weiler, SimonMacLean, 2006

Book

Capetian France and Ottonian Germany (19 items)

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Medieval Germany, 500-1300: a political interpretation - Benjamin Arnold, 1997Book

France in the central Middle Ages: 900-1200 - Marcus G. Bull, 2002Book

France in the making, 843-1180 - Jean Dunbabin, 2000Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Early medieval Germany - Josef Fleckenstein, Richard Vaughan, 1978Book

The concept of empire in Western Europe from the fifth to the fourteenth century - RobertFolz, Sheila Ann Ogilvie, 1969

Book

Capetian France, 987-1328 - Elizabeth M. Hallam, Judith Everard, 2001Book

Medieval monarchy in action: the German Empire from Henry I to Henry IV - Boyd H. Hill,1972

Book

The rise of the First Reich: Germany in the tenth century - Boyd H. Hill, 1969Book

The origins of France: from Clovis to the Capetians, 500-1000 - Edward James, 1982Book

The apocalyptic year 1000: religious expectation and social change, 950-1050 - RichardAllen Landes, Andrew Colin Gow, David C. Van Meter, 2003

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250 - Karl J. Leyser, 1982Book

Communications and power in medieval Europe: the Carolingian and Ottonian centuries -Karl J. Leyser, Timothy Reuter, 1994

Book

Communications and power in medieval Europe: the Gregorian revolution and beyond -Karl J. Leyser, Timothy Reuter, 1994

Book

The feudal transformation: 900-1200 - Jean-Pierre Poly, Eric Bournazel, Caroline Higgitt,1991

Book

Germany in the early Middle Ages c.800-1056 - Timothy Reuter, 1991Book

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The New Cambridge medieval history: vol.3: c. 900-c. 1024 - Timothy Reuter, 1999Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The Medieval nobility: studies on the ruling classes of France and Germany from the sixthto the twelfth century - Timothy Reuter, 1979

Book

Ottonian Germany: theChronicon' of Thietmar of Merseburg - David A. Warner, Thietmar, 2001

Book | Available in the library and as an e-book.

Representations of power in medieval Germany, 800-1500 - Bjorn Weiler, Simon MacLean,2006

Book

Saints and society (14 items)

Why can the dead do such great things?: saints and worshippers from the martyrs to theReformation - Robert Bartlett, 2013

Book | Available in library and as an e-book.

The cult of the saints: its rise and function in Latin Christianity - Peter Brown, 1981Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Society and the holy in late antiquity - Peter Brown, 1982Book

The emergence of monasticism: from the Desert Fathers to the early Middle Ages - MarilynDunn, 2001

Book

Living with the dead in the Middle Ages - Patrick J. Geary, 1994Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Furta sacra: thefts of relics in the central Middle Ages - Patrick J. Geary, 1990Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Aelfric and the cult of saints in late Anglo-Saxon England - Mechthild Gretsch, 2005Book

Medieval hagiography: an anthology - Thomas Head, 2000Book

The Cult of saints in late antiquity and the Middle Ages: essays on the contribution of PeterBrown - Paul Antony Hayward, James D. Howard-Johnston, 1999

Book

Saints, holy men and Byzantine society: 726 to 843 - Kathryn Mackay Ringrose, 1983Book

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Early medieval Christianities, c. 600--c. 1100 - Thomas F. X. Noble, Julia M. H. Smith,Roberta A. Baranowski, 2008

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Holy bishops in late antiquity: the nature of Christian leadership in an age of transition -Claudia Rapp, 2005

Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

Saints and their miracles in late antique Gaul - Raymond Van Dam, 1993Book | Available in the Library and as an e-book

The missionary life: saints and the evangelisation of Europe, 400-1050 - Ian Wood, 2001Book

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