The EXTERMINATOR of WaterborneThe EXTERMINATOR of Waterborne Diseases in Rural Areas, Diseases in Rural Areas,

Emergencies and DisastersEmergencies and Disasters

World Urgently Needs World Urgently Needs Sanitation of Rural Waters Sanitation of Rural Waters

• Waterborne epidemics start in rural areas• More and more contamination of water sources• Growing population..Growing Industries..Growing Agriculture = LESS DRINKING

WATER• Better to prevent epidemics than to combat them

FACTS

UNSAFE DRINKING WATER UNSAFE DRINKING WATER

is theis the MAINMAIN Problem the Problem the world face todayworld face today

For people who live in developed For people who live in developed countries, safe drinking water is as countries, safe drinking water is as

close as the nearest tapclose as the nearest tap

HOWEVER, MANY PEOPLE IN HOWEVER, MANY PEOPLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE

NOT SO FORTUNATENOT SO FORTUNATE

People hauls and drinks water from People hauls and drinks water from contaminated rivers, rain ponds, contaminated rivers, rain ponds, shallow wells or buys it from tank shallow wells or buys it from tank

trucks storing it in open containerstrucks storing it in open containers

=

World Facts World Facts

• 5 million people die each year from diseases 5 million people die each year from diseases transmitted through contaminated watertransmitted through contaminated water

• 50% of all hospitalizations in developing countries 50% of all hospitalizations in developing countries are from waterborne diseasesare from waterborne diseases

• 80% of all illnesses in the developing world result 80% of all illnesses in the developing world result from waterborne diseasesfrom waterborne diseases

• At any one time about 1 billion people are suffering At any one time about 1 billion people are suffering from waterborne diseasesfrom waterborne diseases

WATER WATER is the is the MOSTMOST important important need we have in lifeneed we have in life

• Emergencies are more and more frequent • Aid MUST go first to the basic = WATER• Not just provide water but SAFE drinking water• Diarrhea endemic in many countries• Cholera and hepatitis at the turn of the corner

• Improving the water quality improves quality of life, and generate savings to the country

World Rural Areas RealityWorld Rural Areas Reality

• School children with parasites and diarrhea…how can they learn being chronically ill?

• Drop of productivity • Other social programs prone to fail do to unsafe water• Large government cost to cure waterborne diseases • Poor quality of life

WHO’s StatisticWHO’s Statistic

• “Acute diarrhea with dehydration is the leading cause of death in children under

5” CAUSED BY UNSAFE DRINKING WATER

Common Water DisinfectantsCommon Water Disinfectants

• Oxone

• Bromine

• UV

• Solar

• Boiling

• Filtering

• CHLORINE

Application in Rural AreasApplication in Rural Areas

• Oxone…………...N/A• Bromine ………..N/A• UV…………………N/A• Solar……………. Very Limited• Boiling……..……It works..but damages the

environment killing trees• Filtering………... Does not disinfects. Only works

for dissolved and suspended solids

• CHLORINE…..the most used in history

ChlorineChlorine

• Proven benefits

• Excellent residuals

• Effective killer of micro-organisms

Different Forms of ChlorineDifferent Forms of Chlorine

• Chlorine gas

• Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)

• Commercial Sodium Hypochlorite• Sodium Hypochlorite Generated On-

site

Chlorine GasChlorine Gas

• Extremely Dangerous• High Dependency from Manufactures• High Dependency on Transportation• Unstable Pricing• Unsure Logistic• Constant Replacement of Equipment• Poor Alternative for Small Aqueducts• Impossible for household-based point of use

Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)Calcium Hypochlorite (HTH)

• The MOST EXPENSIVE form of chlorine• Few manufacturers in the world• Total dependency from intermediaries• Unstable, Dangerous• Expensive Inventories• Unfriendly Dosing • Controlled Airlines Transportation

Commercial Sod. HypoCommercial Sod. Hypo

• Expensive inventories • Dangerous to the environment and Operator• Unstable• Dependency from others • Imported Item in most countries• Requires large storage tanks

Sodium Hypochlorite Generated On-Sodium Hypochlorite Generated On-SiteSite

• Generated from common salt and electricity• Low concentration..not dangerous, fresh, stable• Easy and friendly to dose• Excellent residuals• Inexpensive• Proven in thousands installations• Rapidly accepted by the communities• Specially Designed for Small Communities

HistoryHistory

• Originates in New York en 1893 (Wool Process)

• Used in 1st World War to cure open wounds (Carrel Dankin Solution.)

• Used by YMCA in 1930 as pool disinfectant

• Not economic compared to gas chlorine

• Development of DSA in the 70’ made it economic

On-Site TechnologyOn-Site Technology

• Anodes coated with precious metal oxides (DSA) Iridium – Platinum - Rhodium

• Cathodes made out of Titanium

• H2O + NaCl + e- NaOCl + H2

• Minimum electrodes life 5 years

• Operation and maintenance extremely easy

Parameters Considered in Parameters Considered in designdesign

• Lack or deficient electricity• Tropical heat and humidity• Poor preparation of operators • Easy to operate and maintain• Strong, manageable, durable• Inexpensive

AQUACHLOR AQUACHLOR Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite Generated On –SiteGenerated On –Site

• Easy to use and maintain.• Designed for harsh tropical conditions• Reliable• Not hazardous to the operator• Most economic way to obtain chlorine.• Generates Sustainable Projects

PerspectivePerspective• Salt is inexpensive and abundant

• SALT + SOLAR ENERGY + WATER = HEALTH

• 2 lbs of salt can sanitize 160,000 lit of water and reach more than 5,000 people

COST $COST $

LESS THAN US$ 3 CAN SANITIZE THEWATER CONSUMED BY MORE THAN10,000 PEOPLE

SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

• Generate more chlorine than needed for water sanitation. Bottle it and sell the excess to the community to generate funds for buying more salt…..

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) The Center for Disease Control (CDC) along with CARE, Pan American along with CARE, Pan American

Health Org., PSI have developed a Health Org., PSI have developed a Handbook for Implementing Handbook for Implementing

Household-based Water Treatment for Household-based Water Treatment for the Developing Worldthe Developing World

Please visit the following website to Please visit the following website to access it access it

WWW.CDC.ORG/SAFEWATER/WWW.CDC.ORG/SAFEWATER/

AQUACHLOR NaOCl On-Site AQUACHLOR NaOCl On-Site TechnologyTechnology

• Anodes & Cathodes made out of Titanium

• Anodes coated with special metal oxides (DSA)

• Electrolytic-grade copper cables

• H2O + NaCl + e- NaOCl + H2

• Minimum electrodes life 6 years at 24 hours/day

DESIGN PARAMETERSDESIGN PARAMETERS

• Lack or deficient electricity• Tropical heat and humidity• Poor preparation of operators • Easy to operate and maintain• Strong, manageable, durable• Inexpensive• Simple look ..Not complicated

Raw MaterialsRaw Materials

• 2.8 lbs salt• 2.5 KWh• 15 Gallons of water• Generate 1 lb of

equivalent chlorine good to disinfect 227,000 lit of water AT 2 PPM

Various Models for Different Various Models for Different Population SizesPopulation Sizes

WATER SANITATION WATER SANITATION CAPACITIESCAPACITIES

AC5 Solar - 6 sun/hrs - 30,000 lit at 1ppm

AC25 Solar - 6 sun/hrs - 105,000 lit at 1ppm

AC50 - 20 hrs - 1 million lit at 1 ppm

AC100 - 20 hrs - 2 million lit at 1 ppm

AC200 - 20 hrs - 4 million lit at 1 ppm

Solar SystemsSolar Systems

(A/C) Systems(A/C) Systems

Dosing to disinfect waterDosing to disinfect water

•For 1 ppm: 1 to 6000 or 4 drops per lit

•For 2 ppm: 1 to 3000 or 7 drops per liter

•Best to measure residual at different times of year

•Methods: Gravity, Pumps (AC or DC)

Dosing to Disinfecting Dosing to Disinfecting WaterWater

•For 1 ppm: 1 to 6000 or 4 drops per lit

•For 2 ppm: 1 to 3000 or 7 drops per liter

•

Installation RoomInstallation Room

• Place P/S higher than reactor tank on a shelve• Place a division between P/S and reactor tank• Cross Ventilation to evacuate gases• Air direction from P/S Tank• Good Illumination• Protect salt from humidity• Avoid metals in room – they will rust

Electrical InstallationElectrical Installation

• Use a voltage stabilizer if necessary

• Tighten the electrode terminals to P.S. with wrench (not by hand)

• Never open the P/S “high voltage”

• Do not overload circuit with other loads

• Always use 3-wire plugs for grounding

Brine PreparationBrine Preparation

• Chose your formula and stick with it

• Pre-mark salt volume in recipient

• Pre-mark water level in reactor tank

• Pre-dissolve salt ahead of time

• Make satured brine (30%) and mix 1 to 10

• Better to have 2 reactors –One in use other in process

Brine PreparationBrine Preparation

• Strain water in a cloth if too dirty with debris or insects.

• Wait until salt is totally dissolved

• If salt is from seawater evaporation use 10% more than the indicated in formula to compensate for minerals other than ClNa

• Use a lid with hole in the center for electrode alignment

Proper Brine LevelProper Brine Level

ProcessProcess

• Introduce electrode with Power Supply off

• Turn on P/S using timer switch

• Do not remove electrode with P/S on

• Do not use electrode as agitating paddle

End of ProcessEnd of Process

When Power Supply stops – The solution is ready to use as SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE at a concentration 0.6 % to 0.7 % (6000 to 7000 ppm)

MaintenanceMaintenance

• Pour white vinegar into recipient • Rinse electrode with water• Every 1-2 weeks place electrode into vinegar for 30

minutes• Rinse electrode with water• Electrode ready for another reaction• Can use hydrochloric acid at 5% Never stronger• Keep electrode in vinegar while not in use• Clean P/S with a dry cloth

Maintenance PrecautionsMaintenance Precautions

 

  Power to the generating electrode must be off while the electrode is in the cleaning solution.

Rinse the generating electrode thoroughly with water after removal from the storage container and prior to immersion in the electrolysis tank.

- Never combine the cleaning solution with the sodium hypochlorite solution.

Proper Acid LevelProper Acid Level

Proper Acid LevelProper Acid Level

Operating Precautions

Do not smoke or have open flames close to the equipment.  Avoid contact of the solution with eyes or skin.  Avoid the solution contacting clothes.  

Do not activate the transformer until the electrode is properly immersed in the brine solution.

Do not remove the electrode from the brine tank until the transformer has been deactivated. 

Installation Precautions 

Place the power supply away from the vapors that escape from the process container (opposite direction of the predominant wind.) Observe the necessary precautions with the electrical equipment. This system operates on 220 v and 50 Hz.  Make sure the available electrical supply conforms to the requirements of the transformer

- Make sure the generating cell is properly connected. Reversing the polarity of the cell will permanently damage the electrode.

- Locate the power supply away from the possibility of liquid spills.  

- Hydrogen and chlorine gas are byproducts of hypochlorite generation. Install the system in a well-ventilated area, preferably with crossed ventilation for proper evacuation of hydrogen. 

- Tighten the nuts/screws that connect the electrode to the power supply snugly with the proper tool.

Installation Precautions

Tighten NutsTighten NutsDo not Reverse the polarityDo not Reverse the polarity

Operating PrecautionsOperating Precautions

Do not operate the electrode longer than recommended. Doing so is wasteful and will eventually decrease the concentration of chlorine in the solution. 

The water used for the brine solution should be free of visible particles and solids. If necessary, this water should be strained with a coarse-cloth filter.

MaintenanceMaintenance

ONLY THE INMERSION OF ELECTRODE IN WHITE VINEGAR FOR 30 MINUTES ONCE A WEEK

•

Family Non-Contamination Family Non-Contamination Water Storage/Supply Water Storage/Supply

ContainerContainer

APPLICATIONS OF APPLICATIONS OF GENERATED CHLORINEGENERATED CHLORINE

• Water Sanitation In Remote Areas

• Disinfecting Vegetables And Fruits

• Disinfecting Latrines

• General House Cleaning

• Laundry In Health Centers

• Water Treatment In Disasters

AQUACHLORAQUACHLOR • It is SIMPLE

• It is EASY TO USE

• It is EASY TO MAINTAIN

• It is PROVEN in 47 countries by prime org’s.

• It is INEXPENSIVE

• It is DURABLE

Users Users Health Ministries of:Health Ministries of:

• Guatemala

• El Salvador

• Honduras

• Nicaragua

• Jamaica

• Ecuador

• Costa Rica• Panama• Peru• Bolivia• Haiti• 10 Caribbean

Islands

More than 2000 units More than 2000 units installed in:installed in:

47 countries providing more 47 countries providing more than 500 million lit. of Safe than 500 million lit. of Safe Drinking Water every dayDrinking Water every dayMexico - Guatemala - Honduras - El Salvador - Mexico - Guatemala - Honduras - El Salvador -

Nicaragua - Costa Rica - Panama – Belize – St. Nicaragua - Costa Rica - Panama – Belize – St. Thomas - Mexico - Colombia - Ecuador- Peru - Thomas - Mexico - Colombia - Ecuador- Peru - Bolivia - Venezuela - Antigua –Jamaica – Dom. Bolivia - Venezuela - Antigua –Jamaica – Dom.

Republic - Martinique – Dominique – Barbados - Republic - Martinique – Dominique – Barbados - Haiti - St. Kitts - Angola - Madagascar - Zambia - Haiti - St. Kitts - Angola - Madagascar - Zambia -

Laos – Afghanistan – Viet Nam – Guinea – Nigeria Laos – Afghanistan – Viet Nam – Guinea – Nigeria – Antigua - Burkina Faso – St. Vincent...– Antigua - Burkina Faso – St. Vincent...

Economic Analysis CaOCl vs on-site NaOCl AQUACHLORAqueduct Q = 2,000,000 lit/day; 2 ppm CL2 dose

DATA:-Q = 2,000,000 lit/day-Chlorine dose = 2 ppm-Daily use of Cl2 = 4 kg-Annual use of CaOCl at 100% = 1,460 kg-Cost of 145 kg-drum of CaOCl at 67% = US$150.00 -Cost per kg = US$ 3.33 at 67%-Cost per kg at 100% = $3.33÷ 0.67 = $4.98-Cost of salt = $0.10/kg-Cost of electricity = $0.21/kwh-Cost CIF = $4,500-Depreciation = 10 years-In order to generate 1 kg of equivalent chlorine at 100% it is required: 5.5 kwh Electricity 6.2 kg SaltAnnual cost of CaOCl = 1,460 kg x 4.98 ……. $ 7,270.80 Costs for on-site chlorine generation:1,460 x 5.5 x 0.21 (electricity)……………...……. $1,686.30 1,460 x 6.2 x 0.10 (salt)………………….….…….$ 905.20Total materials …………………………….......… $2,591.50Depreciation 10 years: 4,500 ÷ 10 …………….....$ 450.00Total Annual Cost On-site Generation.…,,.…. $ 3,041.50

Annual Savings: $7,270.80 – $3,041.50 = $4,229.30Payback: 4,500 ÷ 4,229.30 = 1.1 years

Manufactured by Manufactured by Equipment & Systems Eng., Inc.Equipment & Systems Eng., Inc.14260 S.W. 136 St. No. 414260 S.W. 136 St. No. 4Miami, FL – U.S.A. 33186Miami, FL – U.S.A. 33186

E-mail: E-mail: jotoma1@earthlink.netWeb page: WWW.EQUIPMENTANDSYSTEMS.COMWeb page: WWW.EQUIPMENTANDSYSTEMS.COM

Tel (305) 378-4101Tel (305) 378-4101Fax (305) 378-4121Fax (305) 378-4121