1492 (and before) Portuguese- Azores (1431) Spain- North Africa
Christopher Columbuss first voyage (1492) Ottoman Empire- Vienna,
N. Africa--Morocco
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China 1368: Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang 1421: Perking (Capital)
Agriculture rose Inventions/ Innovations: Silk/ Cotton Industries
1551- Forbidden
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By Mid 18 th C.. British = Power
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SUPER QUIZ PART I PG. 11-16
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Put an end to the first French colonial empire Was responsible
for a decisive turn in power relations in the New World THE SEVEN
YEARS WAR 1756-63
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Industrial Superiority + Large Merchant Marine and Navy =
Foundations for British Domination of the World.
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COLONIAL OPPOSITION BEGAN IN 1808 WHEN NAPOLEON MADE HIS
BROTHER JOSEPH KING OF SPAIN (CONTINUED AFTER THE RESTORATION) King
Joseph did not intend to make any concessions to the colonists.
Principle of the Congress of Vienna Spain = lost empire forever
Portugal= loss of Brazil America = Monroe Doctrine 1815 = the first
phase of European expansion ended.
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BY 1815.. America had everything behind it: Exploration and
exploitation Colonization and decolonization And was politically
independent from Europe
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The English came late to American colonization. Only when the
French and the Dutch established settlements in North America and
Caribbean did Englishmen feel compelled to join in rather than get
left behind by their rivals.
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The first colonists hoped to strike gold, but instead founded
successful colonization with Tobacco Sugar Cattle worked by
enslaved Indians
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TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
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Why not the new world? 1. Too busy with: Securing Tudor dynasty
after war of Asserting monarchial authority Domestic + European
issues 1527 His divorce with Catherine of Argon His divorce
inspired religious reformation Henry VIII 2. Edward VI (1547-1533)
reign too short for colonization. (Henrys son) 3. Queen Marys
counter reformation. (1547-1533) 4. Elizabeth had to deal with
religious chaos, Mary of Scots, war with Spain. This was followed
by: harvest failure +famine.
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Empires start at home Then: Empire = territorial expansion
1533: The Act of Restrain of Appeals of 1533 - no more papal
justice - England is an empire of itself Empire begin with 3
Kingdoms : England Scotland+ Ireland Wales
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Wales: 1382 :Conquest: English Welsh 1485 :Accession part Welsh
Henry VII 1536+1543 :2 acts of union Wales under English legal +
political authority Scotland: 1469 Scottish Parliament claim full
Jurisdiction of Empire 1533 England make same claims in Act in
Restraint of Appeals (UHHH OHH!!!!!) 1559-1560 English intervention
help Scottish Reformation 1707 Act of Union Scotland give up is own
legislation (fought English during the Civil Wars) 1541 Irish
Parliament declare Henry VII not just lord but KING OF IRELAND
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Ireland Blueprint for American Colonization Catholics holding
land: 1641: 59% of land 1660: 22% of land 1776: 5% of land All but
loyal natives who would bring English/Scottish tenants to be
removed, disposed, or killed English, Scottish, Welsh in Ireland:
1600: 2% 1660: 18% 18 th century: 30% Irish Population: 1600:
1,400,000 1641: 2,100,000 1680s: 2,000,000 (war plague famine)
Blueprint Because?!? Not one religion dominated over time! A mix of
people fled there! Population increased! =
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English Atlantic, Trade + Plunder in the 17 th century 1481:
Unproven 1st European contact w/ Americas 1490s: First verifiable
trip to North America. King Henry VII tells to conquer all lands
not claimed by Christians 1502 KING HENRY VII GIVES UP 1550- lack
of wool force English to New World (overseas trade fell 35%)
England jealous of Spanish 1562- John Harking begins carrying human
cargo 1570-1583: Main interaction with New World through attacking
Spanish ships/ Settlements + getting in on Spanish markets
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Lost colonies of Roanoke 1584- Queen Elizabeth allows
colonization but no fishing Land is claimed from Chesapeake Bay-
Carolinas April 1585- Richard Greenville wastes supplies in raid of
Spanish August 1585- Greenville return to England for supplies and
leaves Ralph Lane in charge of 108 men. runs out of food and asks
Indians, end in burning Indian villages June 1586- Francis Drake
arrives but all want to leave but 15 who vanished April 1686- John
White led 100men but ran out of supplies. Leaves granddaughter, the
first child born in colonies
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EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EMPIRES Rise of the French and British
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HOW THE DYNASTIES BEGAN England and France had -Growing
populations -Consumer demands for:
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AND: The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Textile Manufacturing
Agriculture
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NOW LETS BACKTRACK 1715: Brazil recognized at Peace of Utrecht
and Portugal goes on pension (aka retires from active imperialism)
Spain attempts to exclude outsiders from its colonial trade in the
New World, but they pose NO THREAT Dutch could scarcely compete.
BUT WHY??
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DECLINE OF THE DUTCH United Provinces (the Dutch Netherlands)
left weakened by war with Louis XIV Country left stagnant both
demographically and politically: -Population failed to rise -7
provincial oligarchies not strong centralized power like to French
and British Economy suffered when French and British eliminated
maritime middlemen Industry failed to become a competitor Heavy
taxes and high wage demands force prices of Dutch products (BAD FOR
INTERNATIONAL TRADING)
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THE DUTCH SUCCEED Financial institutions provide nation with
safer, lucrative business of CREDIT and FINANCE First in West to
perfect paper currency, stock market, and central banks
Merchant-bankers loaned $$$$$$$$ to private borrowers and foreign
nations, thus becoming: FINANCIAL BROKERS NOT TRADERS
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AND LETS FAST FORWARD France and Britain would eventually fight
the Great Wars for Empire (fought over the world as an expansion of
the Seven Years War) Britain would eventually win in North America,
the Caribbean, and South Asia British rule would extend over India:
THE JEWEL IN THE CROWN of British imperial domination.
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BUT BEFORE THAT HAPPENS
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WHERE THE POWER COMES FROM NAVAL AND MILITARY MIGHT
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FRENCH COMMERCIAL EMPIRE Only state in Europe with both a large
army and navy New France primarily area of trade, not settlement
Absolutism fostered centralized structure of control over colonies
-Ruled by intendant and military governors
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BRITISH COMMERCIAL EMPIRE Rise in domination over the seas 13
American colonies centers of settlement -remained independent of
one another and barely controlled by Crown and Parliament (salutary
neglect) -royal governor, local assemblies, traditions of self
government
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BOTH EMPIRES RIVALRY OVER: -West Indies: SUGAR -West Africa:
SLAVES -North America: CENTERS OF TRADE AND SETTLEMENT -India and
rest of Asia: Powerful companies traded with Asian nations but were
not supposed to establish colonies MERCANTILISM!!
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MERCANTILISM regulation of trade by a state in order to
increase that states power over its neighbors Practiced by Prussia,
England, France Favorable balance of trade signified by influx of
gold and silver States bullion could only increase at a neighbors
expense (trade restrictions enforced)
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IN THE COLONIES Production of raw materials or staple crops for
parent country Protected markets for the parents manufactured goods
-foreign goods barred through tariffs, high regulations, bounties,
or outright prohibitions West Indies farmers, successful merchants,
manufacturers, and ship owners accumulated large fortunes
Channeling trade thwarted by:
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SMUGGLERS AND PIRATES!! Ex. John Hancock made $$$ smuggling
food from Boston to French West Indies
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DEPENDENCE ON NAVAL POWER BECAUSE: Ships needed protections,
rivals needed to be excluded from colonial trade, and regulations
had to be enforced Led to the establishment of ports along coasts
of Africa, India, and the Caribbean (rivals were denied access of
course)
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THE WEST INDIES THE IDEAL COLONY -tropical climate -isolation
from European society made slavery possible -crops difficult to
grow elsewhere prospered (TOBACCO, COTTON, INDIGO, SUGAR) -could
produce little else dependent on European manufactured goods Ex.
Could not raise supply of food animals or grain to feed slaves, not
enough lumber for buildings, could not manufacture luxury goods for
planter class
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TRIANGULAR TRADE Manufactured goods (paper, knives, pots,
blankets, etc.) traveled from England to the shops in the thirteen
colonies, then colonial goods (fish, beef, timber) traveled to West
Africa for slaves, who would head to the West Indies in exchange
for sugar (which would be head to British refineries) OR Rum from
the colonies would be shipped to Africa (along with hardware,
cloth, and guns), slaves to the Caribbean, and molasses (used to
distill even more rum) back up to the northern colonies French and
British manufacturers made fortunes refining or finishing colonial
products and selling them to other European markets
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SLAVERY The entirety of European global economic imperialism
depended on slavery Slave trafficking was risky and highly
competitive Britain and France originally chartered companies to
monopolize slave trade, but they were challenged by merchants who
wanted to make their own profits Forts were established on the
coast of West Africa Europeans did not capture slaves themselves
but rather hostile local groups of the interior did MIDDLE PASSAGE:
each slave was jam-packed into a ship and allowed only enough room
to lie down. Slaves were chained together, given a minimum of food
and hygiene did not exist. Mortality rates: %10-%50
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A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy-Malachy
Postlethwayt The British West Indies and African trades are the
most nationally beneficial of any we carry on an inexhaustible fund
of wealth and naval Power to this nation
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Mounting Colonial Conflicts Population: 1.5 million British
colonists: west ward expansion French: more concerned with trade
and were thinly spread out French Forts established near the Great
Lakes and St. Lawrence Gulf British established a fort at Halifax
Nova Scotia challenging French penetration of the waterways/fishing
of grounds St. Lawrence Gulf
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Conflict on the Frontier The French began to push in from the
Great Lakes and from the Mississippi British feared that the French
would cut off their expansion French feared that the British would
lead into their Canadian territory Ohio Territory
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Both French and British wanted an alliance with the Native
Americans French gained Indian support because the French were
traders not settlers (1745)The Ohio Company of Virginia sent an
expedition against Fort Duquesne and failed The British government
gave military support to its colonies In May(1756) French and
British formally declared war French alliance with the Native
Americans
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The Great War for Empire (1756-63) Seven Years War: largest
military conflict in Europe before the French Revolution Centered
on conflict between Austria and Prussia Russia, France, and Britain
were involved too Ended in 1763 restoring the balance of power in
Europe
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French and Indian war Part of the Great War for Empire, the
French and Indian War was taking place in America At first the
French had the upper hand French were too thinly spread out British
had superior naval power French, British, and Spanish claims
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Pitts Strategy William Pitt-Britains Prime Minister(1758)
Utilized British naval superiority 1759-major battles between
France and Britain Britain keeps France from accessing their
overseas colonies French territories eventually transferred to the
British
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The Treaty of Paris(1763) Britain was willing to give back
certain colonies: several sugar producing islands France ceded
Canada
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A Decaying Empire 18 th century: Indian sub- continent was
broken up British/French merchants - Indian spices, tea, textiles
France and Britain competed for territory in India The Indian
natives eventually favored the French, throwing off the balance of
power
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From Trade to Conquest Robert Clive of the East India Company:
in charge of 900 Europeans and 1500 native solders Battled the
French and natives to gain control of Bengal Dual Government-
tyrannical rule of a company
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Lord Cornwallis, the man who surrendered to the rebels at York
town was the first to be in charge While Britain was about to lose
an empire in North America, it was gaining one in South Asia India
Act(1784)-British government replaced company rule
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The British Raj Cornwalliss class system to support Britain 2
British magistrates: one to collect tax/superintendent and one to
administer justice The British monopolized the salt and opium trade
Landlords: collect rent and can evict peasants