THE EVOLUTION OF LIGHTINGarchive.iamu.org/conference/energy 2013/Pre/Mike Lambert.pdfserve as metrics for conversion of radiant power flux to visible light luminosity functions there

THE EVOLUTION OF LIGHTING

KCL EngineeringWest Des Moines, Iowa

Mike Lambert, IES, LC / Senior Lighting Designer

(39) Years Lighting & Electrical Industry Experience

Projects in China, Hawaii, Las Vegas & other US locations

HISTORY OF LIGHT SOURCES

LIGHTING METRICS

VISION & HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

HISTORY OF LIGHT SOURCES

EARTH’S DOMINANT SOURCES OF

NATURAL LIGHT

END OF THE 19thCENTURY

HUMANS PRIMARILY USED FLAME

SOURCES FROM400,000 BC

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

CARBON ARC DISCHARGE BRITAIN - HUMPHRY DAVY / ca.1801

USED FOR LARGE OUTDOOR AREA AND COMMERCIAL LIGHTING UNTIL 1900

SOLD INTO THE 1920’S FOR RESIDENTIALUSE AS A SUNLIGHT SUBSTITUTE

A POTENTIAL FIRE HAZARD WITH SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION POSSIBLE

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES

MERCURY VAPOR DISCHARGEBRITAIN – JOHN THOMAS WAY / ca.1860UNITED STATES – PETER HEWITT COOPER / 1904UNITED STATES – GEORGE INMAN / 1934

MUCH OF ITS ENERGY IS BELOW THE VISIBLE AT THE MERCURY RESONANCE LINE OF 254nm

IS THE BASIS OF OPERATION FOR FLUORESCENT, NEON, SODIUM, METAL HALIDE AND OTHER DISCHARGE LAMPS

EFFICIENCY AND COLOR IS IMPROVED BY THE ADDITION OF PHOPSHORS AND CHEMICALS

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCESINCANDESCENT FILAMENTBRITAIN - THOMAS SWAN / ca.1860UNITED STATES – THOMAS EDISON / 1879

“INCANDESCENT” AND “CANDLE” <LATIN: CANDERE(TO GLOW: TO BE WHITE, OR HOT )

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCESINCANDESCENT FILAMENT

DECEMBER 24, 1924 – THE WORLD’S FIRST TRADE CARTEL IS FORMED IN SWITZERLAND

“PHOEBUS S.A. COMPAGNIE pour le DEVELOPMENT l’ECLAIRAGE”


THE PHOEBUS CARTEL WORKED TO REDUCE THE LIFE OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS FROM 2,500 OR MORE HOURS TO 1,000 – DONE BY THE 1940s

THIS SERVED AS THE MODEL FOR “PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE”,EVENTUALLY ADOPTED BY MANY MANUFACTURERS AND INDUSTRIES

MEMBER COMPANIES PRODUCTS WERE CONTINUALLY TESTED, WITH HEAVY FINES LEVIED FOR NON-COMPLIANCE


LIVERMORE, CALIFORNIA FIRE STATION - 112 YEAR OLD LAMP -

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCESLIGHT EMITTING DIODE

SOVIET UNION – OLEG VLADIMIROVICH / 1924UNITED STATES - NICK HOLONYAK, ET. AL. / 1962JAPAN – SHUJI NAKAMURA / 1993

USED INTO THE 1990s MOSTLY AS INDICATORS OR FOR LOW LIGHTING LEVELS APPLICATIONS

ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

MANY ILLUMINATION GRADE LEDs BASED ON GALLIUMNITRIDE (GaN) AND SIMILAR GALLIUM COMPOUNDS


THE BLUE LED FROM NAKAMURA & NICHIA CORP. ALLOWED FOR WHITE LED LIGHT BY RED / GREEN / BLUE COLOR MIXING, OR…..


….. THE ADDITION OF PHOSPHORS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A BLUE LED

LIGHTING METRICS

LUMINANCE

COMMON LIGHTING METRICS

COLOR TEMPERATURE

ILLUMINANCE

HIGHER COLOR TEMPERTAURES ARE CONSIDERED “COOL”

CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERTAURE (CCT) IS MEASURED IN KELVIN

LOWER COLOR TEMPERTAURES ARE CONSIDERED “WARM”

ILLUMINANCE IS THE QUANTITY OF LIGHT ARRIVING AT A SURFACE AND VARIES AS THE INVERSE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE

TERMED “FOOT-CANDLE” IN THE US, AND “LUX IN METRIC / 10.76 LUX = 1 FOOT-CANDLE

LUMINANCE IS THE INTENSITY OF A LIGHT SOURCEDIVIDED BY ITS AREA, OR THE ILLUMINANCE ON A SURFACE DIVIDED BY THE VISUAL SIZE OF THE SOURCE

TERMED “CANDELA PER METER SQUARED” (CD/M )

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY

FOUNDED IN 1906 IN NEW YORK AS A PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL SOCIETY TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION REGARDING LIGHTING, AND PROMOTE ITS EFFECTIVE USE

CONSIDERED NORTH AMERICA’S LIGHTING AUTHORITY, IT HAS PUBLISHED OVER 100 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ON LIGHTING DESIGNPRACTICES AND LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES


THE IES MADE THEIR FIRST RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TASK SPECIFIC ILLUMINANCE LEVELS IN 1915FOR EMERGING WORK PLACE SAFETY CODES IN NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, WISCONSIN AND PENNSYLVANIA

TITLED “CODE FOR LIGHTING FACTORIES, MILLS, AND OTHER WORK PLACES ”, WITH ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS SOON FOLLOWING


ILLUMINANCE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE DETERMINEDBY CONCENSUS AND HAVE VARIED WIDELY IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS

EXAMPLE: DRAFTING TASKS1915 – 3.5 fc1930 – 15 fc1956 – 50 fc

1960 – 200 fc1973 – 200 fc

2000 – 50 / 100 fc2011 – 50 fc FOR AGES (25-65)


BANK OF AMERICA BUILDING / DES MOINES - 1966

SERVE AS METRICS FOR CONVERSION OF RADIANT POWER FLUX TO VISIBLE LIGHT

LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS

THERE ARE (3) BASIC STATES OF ADAPTATION:

PHOTOPIC = BRIGHT ADAPTED IN HIGH LIGHT CONDITIONS

SCOTOPIC = DARK ADAPTED IN LOW LIGHT CONDITIONS

MESOPIC = MID-RANGE SENSITIVITY BETWEEN PHOTOPIC

AND SCOTOPIC

PHOTOPIC ADAPTATION UNDER BRIGHT CONDITIONSWITH PEAK SENSITIVTY AT 555 nm

V(λ) LUMINOSITY FUNCTION ESTABLISHED - 1924

LUMINANCES GREATER THAN 3 CD/M

PHOTOPIC ADAPTATION IS BASED ON FOVEAL VISION IN A 2˚ FIELD OF VIEW

V(λ) LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

ALL ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON THIS AS THE LUMEN

SCOTOPIC ADAPTATION UNDER DARK CONDITIONS WITH PEAK SENSITIVITY AT 507 nm

V(‘λ) LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONESTABLISHED - 1951

LUMINANCES LESS THAN .01 CD/M

V(λ) & V(‘λ) LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS

ACTUAL SCOTOPIC SENSITIVITY IS OVER 120 TIMES GREATER THAN PHOTOPIC. THRESHOLD SCOTOPIC VISION IS (9) PHOTONS AT THE RETINA, EQUIVALENT TO A CANDLE AT (30) MILES ON A CLEAR NIGHT

MESOPIC SENSITIVITY REFERS TO TRANSITIONALADAPTATION BETWEEN PHOTOPIC AND SCOTOPIC,AT LIGHT LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTDOOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING OR MOONLIGHT

3 CD/M - .01 CD/M

LUMINOSITY FUNCTION

LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS

VISION & HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTING

LIGHTING PRACTITIONERS HAVE NOTED FOR DECADES THAT HIGHER COLOR TEMPERATURE LIGHTING APPEARS “BRIGHTER”, BUT THE MECHANISM FOR THIS WAS UNKOWN


BLUE-RICH LIGHT OBSERVED TO INVOLUNTARILY CONSTRICT PUPILS, LEADING TO EQUIVALENT ACUITY UNDER 25% - 30% LOWER ILLUMINANCE

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTING25 YEARS OF RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED, BUT THE CONCEPT REMAINED UNSUPPORTED BY THE IES

SAM BERMAN, PhD • SENIOR SCIENTIST EMERITUS – LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

• FORMER PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS – STANFORD UNIVERSITY

• NEILS BOHR INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS

• EUROPEAN CENTER FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

AWARDS FROM:

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONALFRED P. SLOANE FOUNDATION

GUGGENHEIM FOUNDATIONUS DOE / CARNOT AWARD

ASIA FOUNDATION


LBNL ORIGINALLY TERMED THIS “SCOTOPICALLY ENHANCED” LIGHTING

LATER REVISED BY THE US DOE TO “SPECTRALLY ENHANCED” LIGHTING

SOME MANUFACTURERS USING TERMS SUCH AS “SCOTOPIC LUMENS”


“Johns Hopkins identifies mammalian intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) & melanopsin as affecting non-visual photic responses, such as behavioral responses to light, pineal melatonin synthesis, sleep latency andpupillary light reflex.”

Science Vol. 307, No. 5709 - 01/28/05

THE THIRD PHOTORECEPTOR

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTINGTHE THIRD PHOTORECEPTOR

ipRGCs COMPRISE APPROXIMATELY 2% OF THE RETINA, ARE OUTSIDE THE FOVEA, AND MOST RESPONSIVE AT ABOUT 490nm

ORIGINALLY DISCOVERED IN 1923 AND…. IGNORED


V(λ) PHOTOPICALLY DERIVED ILLUMINANCE EXCLUDES CONTRIBUTIONS BY RODS AND INCLUDES FOVEAL CONE VISION ONLY, OR ABOUT .1% OF THE NORMAL FIELD OF VIEW

A TYPICAL HUMAN RETINA CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY 120 MILLION RODS AND 6-7MILLION CONES

THE THIRD PHOTORECEPTOR

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTINGILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY TM-24-13

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMTM-24-13 PUBLISHED APRIL, 2013

OVER FOUR YEARS FROMFIRST DRAFT - WITH MULTIPLE REVISIONS ANDREVIEWS - UNTIL PUBLICATION


THE TASK IS A VISUALLY DEMANDING TASK PERFORMED UNDER A FULL FIELD OF VIEW;

THE LIGHT SOURCE HAS AN S/P RATIO DIFFERENT FROM 1.4;

THE TASK BACKGROUND LUMINANCE IS 50 CD/M OR GREATER;

THE ASSUMED POPULATION HAS NORMAL OCULAR HEALTH;


PUPIL SIZE CHANGE CAN BE CALCULATED USING BOTH LIGHT LEVEL AND SPECTRUM

P(S/P)0.80P = PhotopicMeasurement

S/P Ratio(Scotopic / Photopic)


0.230.4

0.620.8

11.14

1.411.461.491.5

1.541.62

1.962.1

2.142.22

2.282.32

2.472.47

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Low Pressure Sodium

High Pressure Sodium (35W)

High Pressure Sodium (50W)

Clear Mercury Vapor

Warm White Fluorescent

White High Pressure Sodium (50W)

Incandescent (2850° K)

Cool White Fluorescent

Metal Halide (Sodium/Scandium)

Quartz Halogen (~3200° K)

4100°K Fluorescent (RE741)



Metal Halide (Thallium/Dysprosium/Holmium)


Daylight Fluorescent

Sun (CIE D55 Illuminant)

Early Sulfur lamp

Sun + Sky (CIE D65 Illuminant)

7500°K Fluorescent lamp

S/P Ratio

Lam

p Ty

pes

S/P Ratios of Various Lamps

© 2013 The Lighting Partnership, Inc.


EXAMPLE: USING 850 FLUORESCENT ALLOWS 25% REDUCTION IN ILLUMINANCE LEVELS

EXAMPLE: USING HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM WOULD SUGGEST DOUBLING ILLUMINANCE LEVELS

IES TM-24 POSITION STATEMENT:“TM-24 should not be used for the development of energy policy or energy efficiency programs purposes for any lighting applications, as this goes against current IES recommendations”.

SPECTRALLY ENHANCED LIGHTINGTHE THIRD PHOTORECEPTOR

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING

humancentriclighting.com


“Johns Hopkins identifies mammalian intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) & melanopsin as affecting non-visual photic responses, such as behavioral responses to light, pineal melatonin synthesis, sleep latency andpupillary light reflex.”

Science Vol. 307, No. 5709 - 01/28/05

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTINGFORMED – FALL 2012 / COMMITTEE MEMBERS INCLUDE

DR. STEVEN LOCKLEY – HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL

DR. KEVIN VAN DEN WYMELENBERG – UNIVERSITYOF IDAHO INTEGRATED DESIGN LAB

DIETER LANG – OSRAM CORPORATE RESEARCH / GERMANY

DR. MARJUKKA PUOLAKKA – AALTO UNIVERSITY LIGHTING UNIT / FINLAND

DR. JOSEPH CARRERA – CATALONIA INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH / SPAIN


LIGHTING TO ENHANCE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, MOOD, AND PERFORMANCE WILL BE THE NEXT TRANSITION IN ELECTRIC LIGHTING’S EVOLUTION

FRAUNHOFER / STUTTGART, GERMANY

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTINGPRESS

LEDs MAGAZINE – SEPTEMBER, 2013“Human-centric lighting, generally tunable solid-state lighting (SSL) that increases our comfort or wellbeing, can become a significant segment of the overall LED-based lighting market, according to LightingEurope. A joint study by LightingEurope, the German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI), and consulting firm A.T. Kearney projects human-centric lighting as a multibillion- Euro business that could hit EUR

1.4B (billion) in 2020.”

ARCHITECTURAL SSL MAGAZINE – MAY, 2012

NEW YORK TIMES – OCTOBER, 2013






HEART RATE AND BREATHING IS FASTER, AS WELL AS HIGHER BODY TEMPERATURE, DURING DAY TIME HOURS UNDER BLUE-RICH LIGHT

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTINGPHILIPS - “HealWell Lighting”

CURRENTLY OFFERED IN FLUORESCENT, BUT LED SYSTEMS UNDER DEVELOPMENT SHOULD BE LOWER COST AND MORE EFFECTIVE


Trends in Cognitive Science Vol. 10, No. 13 - OCT. 2009


"Even though it has been recognised for a long time that light with a specific colourtemperature and illumination intensity has a positive effect on people's performance and well‐being, the fact that the students with the biologically optimised lighting had up to a third fewer errors in the concentration test is impressive", said Dr. Katrin Hille

OSRAM - “BIOLOGICALLY OPTIMIZED LIGHTING FOR SCHOOLS” STUDY - GERMANY

"My concentration is actually better. In normal light, however, I sometimes have to keep myself awake in the classroom", as one student described the experience.


BOEING – 787 DREAMLINER


SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER FORECAST MAP - UK

HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTINGSEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER TREATMENT

Helsinki, Finland — June 7, 2013 — The bright light headset maker Valkee today announced the Series A funding round of EUR 7.4 Million. “A staggering 87% of users recommend Valkee to their friends. They have adopted on‐the‐go bright light as part of their daily wellbeing. Our strongest customer base is in German‐speaking Europe, the Nordic countries and Japan,” says PekkaSomerto, Valkee CEO.


At Day’s Close : Night In Times Past - Roger Ekirch / 2005Department Of History / Virginia Tech

8-HOUR SLEEP CYCLE LARGELY A PRODUCT OF THEINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND INEXPENSIVE LIGHTING

SEGMENTED CYCLES HISTORICALLY REFERRED TO AS “FIRST SLEEP” AND “SECOND SLEEP”


f.lux™ Better lighting...for your computer

justgetflux.com


NEWEST HCL COMMITTEE MEMBER – DR. CHRIS JOHNSONDEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY / UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

THANK-YOU!

Documents

THE EVOLUTION OF LIGHTINGarchive.iamu.org/conference/energy 2013/Pre/Mike Lambert.pdfserve as metrics for conversion of radiant power flux to visible light luminosity functions there