The Evidence Act-1872

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1 THE EVIDENCE ACT, 1872

(ACT NO. I OF 1872).

[15th March, 18

2 WHEREAS it is expedient to consolidate, define and aend t!e la" of E#idence$ It is enacted as follo"s

'ART I

RE(EVANC) *+ +ACTS

CHA'TER I

'RE(IINAR)

Short title 1. This act may be calle the !"ie#ce Act$ 1872.

!%te#t

It e%te#s to the &hole o' a#laesh a# a**lies to all +,icial *roceei#s i# or be'ore a#y Co

i#cl,i# Co,rts-martial$ other tha# Co,rts-martial co#"e#e ,#er the [ Army Act$ 1/02$ the

Na"al isci*li#e Ori#a#ce$ 1/1 or the Air Force Act$ 1/0] b,t #ot to a''ia"its *rese#te to a

Co,rt or o''icer$ #or to *roceei#s be'ore a# arbitrator3

Comme#ceme#t o' Act A# it shall come i#to 'orce o# the 'irst ay o' Se*tember$ 1872.

[4e*eale] 2. [4e*eale by sectio# 2 a# Sche,le o' the 4e*eali# Act$ 1/8 (Act No. I o' 1/8).]

I#ter*retatio#-cla,se . I# this Act the 'ollo&i# &ors a# e%*ressio#s are ,se i# the 'ollo&i# se#ses$ ,#less a

co#trary i#te#tio# a**ears 'rom the co#te%t5-

6Co,rt6 i#cl,es all ,es a# aistrates a# all *erso#s$ e%ce*t arbitrators$ leally a,thori9e

ta:e e"ie#ce.

6Fact6 mea#s a# i#cl,es-

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(1) a#ythi#$ state o' thi#s$ or relatio# o' thi#s ca*able o' bei# *ercei"e by the se#ses3

(2) a#y me#tal co#itio# o' &hich a#y *erso# is co#scio,s.

Illustrations

(a) That there are certai# ob+ects arra#e i# a certai# orer i# a certai# *lace$ is a 'act.

(b) That a ma# hear or sa& somethi#$ is a 'act.

(c) That a ma# sai certai# &ors$ is a 'act.

() That a ma# hols a certai# o*i#io#$ has a certai# i#te#tio#$ acts i# oo 'aith or 'ra,,le#tly$

,ses a *artic,lar &or i# a *artic,lar se#se$ or is or &as at a s*eci'ie time co#scio,s o' a *artic,

se#satio#$ is a 'act.

(e) That a ma# has a certai# re*,tatio#$ is a 'act.

O#e 'act is sai to be rele"a#t to a#other &he# the o#e is co##ecte &ith the other i# a#y o' the

&ays re'erre to i# the *ro"isio#s o' this Act relati# to the rele"a#cy o' 'acts.

a#y 'act 'rom &hich$−The e%*ressio# 6'acts i# iss,e6 mea#s a# i#cl,es either by itsel' or i#

co##ectio# &ith other 'acts$ the e%iste#ce$ #o#-e%iste#ce$ #at,re or e%te#t o' a#y riht$ liability$ o

isability$ asserte or e#ie i# a#y s,it or *roceei#$ #ecessarily 'ollo&s.

Explanation.-;he#e"er$ ,#er the *ro"isio#s o' the la& 'or the time bei# i# 'orce relati# to C

<roce,re a#y Co,rt recors a# iss,e o' 'act. The 'act to be asserte or e#ie i# the a#s&er to s,

iss,e is a 'act i# iss,e.

Illustrations

A is acc,se o' the m,rer o' .

At his trial the 'ollo&i# 'acts may be i# iss,e5=

that A ca,se >s eath3

that A i#te#e to ca,se >s eath3

that A ha recei"e ra"e a# s,e# *ro"ocatio# 'rom 3

that A$ at the time o' oi# the act &hich ca,se >s eath$ &as$ by reaso# o' ,#so,##ess o' mi#

i#ca*able o' :#o&i# its #at,re.

6oc,me#t6 mea#s a#y matter e%*resse or escribe ,*o# a#y s,bsta#ce by mea#s o' letters$

'i,res or mar:s$ or by more tha# o#e o' those mea#s$ i#te#e to be ,se$ or &hich may be ,se

'or the *,r*ose o' recori# that matter.

Illustrations

A &riti# is a oc,me#t5



;ors *ri#te$ lithora*he or *hotora*he are oc,me#ts5

A ma* or *la# is a oc,me#t5

A# i#scri*tio# o# a metal *late or sto#e is a oc,me#t5

A caricat,re is a oc,me#t.

6!"ie#ce6 −mea#s a# i#cl,es

(1) all stateme#ts &hich the Co,rt *ermits or re?,ires to be mae be'ore it by &it#esses$ i# relati

to matters o' 'act ,#er i#?,iry5

s,ch stateme#ts are calle oral e"ie#ce3

(2) all oc,me#ts *ro,ce 'or the i#s*ectio# o' the Co,rt3

s,ch oc,me#ts are calle oc,me#tary e"ie#ce.

A 'act is sai to be *ro"e &he#$ a'ter co#sieri# the matters be'ore it$ the Co,rt either belie"es

to e%ist$ or co#siers its e%iste#ce so *robable that a *r,e#t ma# o,ht$ ,#er the circ,msta#ces

the *artic,lar case$ to act ,*o# the s,**ositio# that it e%ists.

A 'act is sai to be is*ro"e &he#$ a'ter co#sieri# the matters be'ore it$ the Co,rt either belie

that it oes #ot e%ist$ or co#siers its #o#-e%iste#ce so *robable that a *r,e#t ma# o,ht$ ,#er

circ,msta#ces o' the *artic,lar case$ to act ,*o# the s,**ositio# that it oes #ot e%ist.

A 'act is sai #ot to be *ro"e &he# it is #either *ro"e #or is*ro"e

@@ay *res,me

B. ;he#e"er it is *ro"ie by this Act that the Co,rt may *res,me a 'act$ it may either rear s,

'act as *ro"e$ ,#less a# ,#til it is is*ro"e$ or may call 'or *roo' o' it5

Shall *res,me

;he#e"er it is irecte by this Act that the Co,rt shall *res,me a 'act$ it shall rear s,ch 'act as

*ro"e$ ,#less a# ,#til it is is*ro"e5

Co#cl,si"e *roo'

;he# o#e 'act is eclare by this Act to be co#cl,si"e *roo' o' a#other$ the Co,rt shall$ o# *roo'

the o#e 'act$ rear the other as *ro"e$ a# shall #ot allo& e"ie#ce to be i"e# 'or the *,r*ose

is*ro"i# it.

CHA'TER II

*+ THE RE(EVANC) *+ +ACTS



!"ie#ce may be i"e#

o' 'acts i# iss,e a#

rele"a#t 'acts

0. !"ie#ce may be i"e# i# a#y s,it or *roceei# o' the e%iste#ce or #o#-e%iste#ce o' e"ery 'a

i# iss,e a# o' s,ch other 'act as are herei#a'ter eclare to be rele"a#t$ a# o' #o others.

Explanation.-This sectio# shall #ot e#able a#y *erso# to i"e e"ie#ce o' a 'act &hich he is

ise#title to *ro"e by a#y *ro"isio# o' the la& 'or the time bei# i# 'orce relati# to Ci"il

<roce,re.

Illustrations

(a) A is trie 'or the m,rer o' by beati# him &ith a cl,b &ith the i#te#tio# o' ca,si# his ea

At A>s trial the 'ollo&i# 'acts are i# iss,e5=

A>s beati# &ith the cl,b3

A>s ca,si# >s eath by s,ch beati#3

A>s i#te#tio# to ca,se >s eath.

(b) A s,itor oes #ot bri# &ith him$ a# ha"e i# reai#ess 'or *ro,ctio# at the 'irst heari# o' t

case$ a bo# o# &hich he relies. This sectio# oes #ot e#able him to *ro,ce the bo# or *ro"e it

co#te#ts at a s,bse?,e#t stae o' the *roceei#s$ other&ise tha# i# accora#ce &ith the co#itio

*rescribe by the Coe o' Ci"il <roce,re.

4ele"a#cy o' 'acts

'ormi# *art o' sametra#sactio#

. Facts &hich$ tho,h #ot i# iss,e$ are so co##ecte &ith a 'act i# iss,e as to 'orm *art o' the sa

tra#sactio#$ are rele"a#t$ &hether they occ,rre at the same time a# *lace or at i''ere#t times a *laces.

Illustrations

(a) A is acc,se o' the m,rer o' by beati# him. ;hate"er &as sai or o#e by A or or the b

sta#ers at the beati#$ or so shortly be'ore or a'ter it as to 'orm *art o' the tra#sactio#$ is a rele"

'act.

(b) A is acc,se o' &ai# &ar aai#st a#laesh by ta:i# *art i# a# arme i#s,rrectio# i# &h

*ro*erty is estroye$ troo*s are attac:e$ a# oals are bro:e# o*e#. The occ,rre#ce o' these 'a

is rele"a#t$ as 'ormi# *art o' the e#eral tra#sactio#$ tho,h A may #ot ha"e bee# *rese#t at all them.

(c) A s,es 'or a libel co#tai#e i# a letter 'ormi# *art o' a corres*o#e#ce. Detters bet&ee# th

*arties relati# to the s,b+ect o,t o' &hich the libel arose$ a# 'ormi# *art o' the corres*o#e#c

&hich it is co#tai#e are rele"a#t 'acts$ tho,h they o #ot co#tai# the libel itsel'.

() The ?,estio# is$ &hether certai# oos orere 'rom &ere eli"ere to A. The oos &ere

eli"ere to se"eral i#termeiate *erso#s s,ccessi"ely. !ach eli"ery is a rele"a#t 'act.





Facts &hich are the

occasio# ca,se or e''ect

o' 'acts i# iss,e

7. Facts &hich are the occasio#s$ ca,se or e''ect$ immeiate or other&ise$ o' rele"a#t 'acts$ or 'ac

i# iss,e$ or &hich co#stit,te the state o' thi#s ,#er &hich they ha**e#e$ or &hich a''ore a#

o**ort,#ity 'or their occ,rre#ce or tra#sactio#$ are rele"a#t.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A robbe .

The 'acts that$ shortly be'ore the robbery$ &e#t to a 'air &ith mo#ey i# his *ossessio#$ a# that

sho&e it or me#tio#e the 'act that he ha it$ to thir *erso#s$ are rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A m,rere .

ar:s o# the ro,#$ *ro,ce by a str,le at or #ear the *lace &here the m,rer &as committ

are rele"a#t 'acts.

(c) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A *oiso#e .

The state o' >s health be'ore the sym*toms ascribe to *oiso#$ a# habits o' $ :#o&# to A$ &h

a''ore a# o**ort,#ity 'or the ami#istratio# o' *oiso#$ are rele"a#t 'acts.

oti"e$ *re*aratio# a#

*re"io,s or s,bse?,e#t

co#,ct

8. A#y 'act is rele"a#t &hich sho&s or co#stit,tes a moti"e or *re*aratio# 'or a#y 'act i# iss,e or

rele"a#t 'act.

The co#,ct o' a#y *arty$ or o' a#y ae#t to a#y *arty$ to a#y s,it or *roceei#$ i# re'ere#ce to

s,ch s,it or *roceei#$ or i# re'ere#ce to a#y 'act i# iss,e therei# or rele"a#t thereto$ a# theco#,ct o' a#y *erso# a# o''e#ce aai#st &hom is the s,b+ect o' a#y *roceei#$ is rele"a#t$ i' s,

co#,ct i#'l,e#ces or is i#'l,e#ce by a#y 'act$ i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'act$ a# &hether it &as

*re"io,s s,bse?,e#t thereto.

Explanation 1.=The &or 6co#,ct6 i# this sectio# oes #ot i#cl,e stateme#ts$ ,#less those

stateme#ts accom*a#y a# e%*lai# acts other tha# stateme#ts3 b,t this e%*la#atio# is #ot to e''ec

the rele"a#cy o' stateme#ts ,#er a#y other sectio# o' this Act.

Explanation 2.=;he# the co#,ct o' a#y *erso# is rele"a#t$ a#y stateme#t mae to him or i# hi

*rese#ce a# heari#$ &hich a''ects s,ch co#,ct$ is rele"a#t.

Illustrations

(a) A is trie 'or the m,rer o' .

The 'acts that A m,rere C$ that :#e& that A ha m,rere C$ a# that ha trie to e%tort

mo#ey 'rom A by threate#i# to ma:e his :#o&lee *,blic$ are rele"a#t.

(b) A s,es ,*o# a bo# 'or the *ayme#t o' mo#ey. e#ies the ma:i# o' the bo#.

The 'act that$ at the time &he# the bo# &as allee to be mae$ re?,ire mo#ey 'or a *artic,l

*,r*ose$ is rele"a#t.



(c) A is trie 'or the m,rer o' by *oiso#.

The 'act that$ be'ore the eath o' $ A *roc,re *oiso# similar to that &hich &as ami#istere to

is rele"a#t.

() The ?,estio# is &hether a certai# oc,me#t is the &ill o' A.

The 'acts$ that #ot lo# be'ore the ate o' the allee &ill A mae i#?,iry i#to matters to &hich t

*ro"isio#s o' the allee &ill relate$ that he co#s,lte B [ A"ocate] i# re'ere#ce to ma:i# the &i

a# that he ca,se ra'ts o' other &ills to be *re*are o' &hich he i #ot a**ro"e$ are rele"a#t.

(e) A is acc,se o' a crime.

The 'acts that$ either be'ore or at the time o'$ or a'ter the allee crime$ A *ro"ie e"ie#ce &hi

&o,l te# to i"e to the 'acts o' the case a# a**eara#ce 'a"o,rable to himsel'$ or that he estroy

or co#ceale e"ie#ce$ or *re"e#te the *rese#ce or *roc,re the abse#ce o' *erso# &ho miht h

bee# &it#esses$ or s,bor#e *erso#s to i"e 'alse e"ie#ce res*ecti# it$ are rele"a#t.

(') The ?,estio# is &hether A robbe .

The 'acts that$ a'ter &as robbe$ C sai i# A>s *rese#ce- 6the *olice are comi# to loo: 'or the

ma# &ho robbe $6 a# that immeiately a'ter&ars A ra# a&ay$ are rele"a#t.

() The ?,estio# is &hether A o&es Ta:a 1E$EEE.

The 'acts that A as:e C to le# him mo#ey$ a# that sai to C i# A>s *rese#ce a# heari#- 6I

a"ise yo, #ot to tr,st A$ 'or he o&es Ta:a 1E$EEE6 a# that A &e#t a&ay &itho,t ma:i# a#y

a#s&er are rele"a#t 'acts.

(h) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A committe a crime.

The 'act that A absco#e a'ter recei"i# a letter &ar#i# him that i#?,iry &as bei# mae 'or th

crimi#al$ a# the co#te#ts o' the letter are rele"a#t.

(i) A is acc,se o' a crime.

The 'acts that$ a'ter the commissio# o' the allee crime$ he absco#e$ or &as i# *ossessio# o'

*ro*erty or the *rocees o' *ro*erty ac?,ire by the crime$ or attem*te to co#ceal thi#s &hich

&ere or miht ha"e bee# ,se i# committi# it$ are rele"a#t.

(+) The ?,estio# is &hether A &as ra"ishe.

The 'acts that$ shortly a'ter the allee ra*e$ she mae a com*lai#t relati# to the crime$ the

circ,msta#ces ,#er &hich$ a# the terms i# &hich$ the com*lai#t &as mae$ are rele"a#t.

The 'act that$ &itho,t ma:i# a com*lai#t$ she sai that she ha bee# ra"ishe is #ot rele"a#t as

co#,ct ,#er this sectio#$ tho,h it may be rele"a#t as a yi# eclaratio# ,#er sectio# 2$ cla

(1)$ or as corroborati"e e"ie#ce ,#er sectio# 107.

(:) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A &as robbe.

The 'act that$ soo# a'ter the allee robbery$ he mae a com*lai#t relati# to the o''e#ce$ the

circ,msta#ces ,#er &hich$ a# the terms i# &hich$ the com*lai#t &as mae$ are rele"a#t.







The 'act that he sai he ha bee# robbe &itho,t ma:i# a#y com*lai#t$ is #ot rele"a#t$ as co#,

,#er this sectio#$ tho,h it may be rele"a#t as a yi# eclaratio# ,#er sectio# 2$ cla,se (1)$

as corroborati"e e"ie#ce ,#er sectio# 107.

Facts #ecessary to

e%*lai# or i#tro,ce

rele"a#t 'acts

/. Facts #ecessary to e%*lai# or i#tro,ce a 'act i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'act$ or &hich s,**ort or reb

a# i#'ere#ce s,este by a 'act i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'act$ or &hich establish the ie#tity o' a#yth

or *erso# &hose ie#tity is rele"a#t$ or 'i% the time or *lace at &hich a#y 'act i# iss,e or rele"a#

'act ha**e#e or &hich sho& the relatio# o' *arties by &hom a#y s,ch 'act &as tra#sacte$ are

rele"a#t i# so 'ar as they are #ecessary 'or that *,r*ose.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether a i"e# oc,me#t is the &ill o' A.

The State o' A>s *ro*erty a# o' his 'amily at the ate o' the allee &ill may be rele"a#t 'acts.

(b) A s,es 'or a libel im*,ti# israce',l co#,ct to A3 a''irms that the matter allee to be

libello,s is tr,e.

The *ositio# a# relatio#s o' the *arties at the time &he# the libel &as *,blishe may be rele"a#t

'acts as i#tro,ctory to the 'acts i# iss,e.

The *artic,lars o' a is*,te bet&ee# A a# abo,t a matter ,#co##ecte &ith the allee libel a

irrele"a#t$ tho,h the 'act that there &as a is*,te may be rele"a#t i' it a''ecte the relatio#s

bet&ee# A a# .

(c) A is acc,se o' a crime.

The 'act that$ soo# a'ter the commissio# o' the crime$ A absco#e 'rom his ho,se$ is rele"a#t ,#

sectio# 8$ as co#,ct s,bse?,e#t to a# a''ecte by 'acts i# iss,e.

The 'act that at the time &he# he le't home he ha s,e# a# ,re#t b,si#ess at the *lace to &h

he &e#t$ is rele"a#t$ as te#i# to e%*lai# the 'act that he le't home s,e#ly.

The etails o' the b,si#ess o# &hich he le't are #ot rele"a#t$ e%ce*t i# so 'ar as they are #ecessar

to sho& that the b,si#ess &as s,e# a# ,re#t.

() A s,es 'or i#,ci# C to brea: a co#tract o' ser"ice mae by him &ith A. C$ o# lea"i# A>s

ser"ice$ says to A- 6I am lea"i# yo, beca,se has mae me a better o''er.6 This stateme#t is arele"a#t 'act as e%*la#atory o' C>s co#,ct$ &hich is rele"a#t as a 'act i# iss,e.

(e) A$ acc,se o' the't$ is see# to i"e the stole# *ro*erty to $ &ho is see# to i"e it to A>s &i'e.

says as he eli"ers it- 6A says yo, are to hie this.6 >s stateme#t is rele"a#t as e%*la#atory o' a

&hich is *art o' the tra#sactio#.

(' ) A is trie 'or a riot a# is *ro"e to ha"e marche at the hea o' a mob. The cries o' the mob

rele"a#t as e%*la#atory o' the #at,re o' the tra#sactio#.



Thi#s sai or o#e by

co#s*irator i# re'ere#ce

to commo# esi#

1E. ;here there is reaso#able ro,# to belie"e that t&o or more *erso#s ha"e co#s*ire toethe

to commit a# o''e#ce or a# actio#able &ro#$ a#ythi# sai$ o#e or &ritte# by a#y o#e o' s,ch

*erso#s i# re'ere#ce to their commo# i#te#tio#$ a'ter the time &he# s,ch i#te#tio# &as 'irst

e#tertai#e by a#y o#e o' them$ is a rele"a#t 'act as aai#st each o' the *erso#s belie"e to be so

co#s*iri#$ as &ell 'or the *,r*ose o' *ro"i# the e%iste#ce o' the co#s*iracy as 'or the *,r*ose

sho&i# that a#y s,ch *erso# &as a *arty to it.

Illustrations

4easo#able ro,# e%ists 'or belie"i# that A has +oi#e i# a co#s*iracy to &ae &ar aai#st

a#laesh.

The 'acts that *roc,re arms i# !,ro*e 'or the *,r*ose o' the co#s*iracy$ C collecte mo#ey i#

Chittao# 'or a li:e ob+ect$ *ers,ae *erso#s to +oi# the co#s*iracy i# 0 [ h,l#a]$ ! *,blish

&riti#s a"ocati# the ob+ect i# "ie& at [ <ab#a]$ a# F tra#smitte 'rom 7 [ ha:a] to G at Cab

the mo#ey &hich C ha collecte at Chittao#$ a# the co#te#ts o' a letter &ritte# by H i"i# a

acco,#t

o' the co#s*iracy$ are each rele"a#t$ both to *ro"e the e%iste#ce o' the co#s*iracy$ a# to *ro"e A

com*licity i# it$ altho,h he may ha"e bee# i#ora#t o' all o' them$ a# altho,h the *erso#s by

&hom they &ere o#e &ere stra#ers to him$ a# altho,h they may ha"e ta:e# *lace be'ore he

+oi#e the co#s*iracy or a'ter he le't it.

;he# 'acts #ot other&ise

rele"a#t become rele"a#t

11. Facts #ot other&ise rele"a#t are rele"a#t=

(1) I' they are i#co#siste#t &ith a#y 'act i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'act3

(2) I' by themsel"es or i# co##ectio# &ith other 'acts they ma:e the e%iste#ce or #o#-e%iste#ce o

a#y 'act i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'act hihly *robable or im*robable.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is &hether A committe a crime at Chittao# o# a certai# ay.

The 'act that$ o# that ay$ A &as at 8 [ ha:a] is rele"a#t.

The 'act that$ #ear the time &he# the crime &as committe$ A &as at a ista#ce 'rom the *lace&here it &as committe$ &hich &o,l re#er it hihly im*robable$ tho,h #ot im*ossible$ that h

committe it$ is rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A committe a crime.

The circ,msta#ces are s,ch that the crime m,st ha"e bee# committe either by A$ $ C or . !"e

'act &hich sho&s that the crime co,l ha"e bee# committe by #o o#e else a# that it &as #ot

committe by either $ C or $ is rele"a#t.

















I# s,its 'or amaes$

'acts te#i# to e#able

Co,rt to etermi#e

amo,#t are rele"a#t

12. I# s,its i# &hich amaes are claime$ a#y 'act &hich &ill e#able the Co,rt to etermi#e the

amo,#t o' amaes &hich o,ht to be a&are$ is rele"a#t.

Facts rele"a#t &he# riht

or c,stom is i# ?,estio#

1. ;here the ?,estio# is as to the e%iste#ce o' a#y riht o' c,stom$ the 'ollo&i# 'acts are

rele"a#t5=

(a) a#y tra#sactio# by &hich the riht or c,stom i# ?,estio# &as create$ claime$ moi'ie$

reco#i9e$ asserte or e#ie$ or &hich &as i#co#siste#t &ith its e%iste#ce3

(b) *artic,lar i#sta#ces i# &hich the riht or c,stom &as claime$ reco#i9e or e%ercise$ or i#

&hich its e%ercise &as is*,te$ asserte or e*arte 'rom.

Ill,stratio#

The ?,estio# is &hether A has a riht to a 'ishery. A ee co#'erri# the 'ishery o# A>s a#cestors$

mortae o' the 'ishery by A>s 'ather$ a s,bse?,e#t ra#t o' the 'ishery by A>s 'ather$ irreco#cilab

&ith the mortae$ *artic,lar i#sta#ces i# &hich A>s 'ather e%ercise the riht$ or i# &hich the

e%ercise o' the riht &as sto**e by A>s #eihbo,rs$ are rele"a#t 'acts.

Facts sho&i# e%iste#ce

o' state o' mi#$ or o' boy$ or boily 'eeli#

1B. Facts sho&i# the e%iste#ce o' a#y state o' mi#$ s,ch as i#te#tio#$ :#o&lee$ oo 'aith$

#elie#ce$ rash#ess$ ill-&ill$ or oo-&ill to&ars a#y *artic,lar *erso#$ or sho&i# the e%iste#o' a#y state o' boy or boily 'eeli#$ are rele"a#t$ &he# the e%iste#ce o' a#y s,ch state o' mi#

boy or boily 'eeli# is i# iss,e or rele"a#t.

Explanation 1.=A 'act rele"a#t as sho&i# the e%iste#ce o' a rele"a#t state o' mi# m,st sho& t

the state o' mi# e%ists$ #ot e#erally$ b,t i# re'ere#ce to the *artic,lar matter i# ?,estio#.

Explanation 2.=,t &here$ ,*o# the trial o' a *erso# acc,se o' a# o''e#ce$ the *re"io,s

commissio# by the acc,se o' a# o''e#ce is rele"a#t &ithi# the mea#i# o' this sectio#$ the

*re"io,s co#"ictio# o' s,ch *erso# shall also be a rele"a#t 'act.

Illustrations

(a) A is acc,se o' recei"i# stole# oos :#o&i# them to be stole#. It is *ro"e that he &as i#

*ossessio# o' a *artic,lar stole# article.

The 'act that$ at the same time$ he &as i# *ossessio# o' ma#y other stole# articles is rele"a#t$ as

te#i# to sho& that he :#e& each a# all o' the articles o' &hich he &as i# *ossessio# to be stol

(b) A is acc,se o' 'ra,,le#tly eli"eri# to a#other *erso# a co,#ter'eit coi# &hich$ at the time

&he# he eli"ere it$ he :#e& to be co,#ter'eit.

The 'act that$ at the time o' its eli"ery$ A &as *ossesse o' a #,mber o' other *ieces o' co,#ter'

coi# is rele"a#t.



The 'act that A ha bee# *re"io,sly co#"icte o' eli"eri# to a#other *erso# as e#,i#e a

co,#ter'eit coi# :#o&i# it to be co,#ter'eit is rele"a#t.

(c) A s,es 'or amae o#e by a o o' >s$ &hich :#e& to be 'erocio,s.

The 'acts that the o ha *re"io,sly bitte# $ J a# K$ a# that they ha mae com*lai#ts to are rele"a#t.

() The ?,estio# is$ &hether A$ the acce*tor o' a bill o' e%cha#e$ :#e& that the #ame o' the *ay

&as 'ictitio,s.

The 'act that A ha acce*te other bills ra&# i# the same ma##er be'ore they co,l ha"e bee#

tra#smitte to him by the *ayee i' the *ayee ha bee# a real *erso#$ is rele"a#t as sho&i# that A

:#e& that the *ayee &as a 'ictitio,s *erso#.

(e) A is acc,se o' e'ami# by *,blishi# a# im*,tatio# i#te#e to harm the re*,tatio# o'

The 'act o' *re"io,s *,blicatio#s by A res*ecti# $ sho&i# ill-&ill o# the *art o' A to&ars rele"a#t$ as *ro"i# A>s i#te#tio# to harm >s re*,tatio# by the *artic,lar *,blicatio# i# ?,estio#

The 'acts that there &as #o *re"io,s ?,arrel bet&ee# A a# $ a# that A re*eate the matter

com*lai#e o' as he hear it$ are rele"a#t$ as sho&i# that A i #ot i#te# to harm the re*,tatio

.

(') A is s,e by 'or 'ra,,le#tly re*rese#ti# to that C &as sol"e#t$ &hereby $ bei# i#,ce

to tr,st C$ &ho &as i#sol"e#t$ s,''ere loss.

The 'act that at the time &he# A re*rese#te C to be sol"e#t$ C &as s,**ose to be sol"e#t by hi

#eihbo,rs a# by *erso#s eali# &ith him$ is rele"a#t$ as sho&i# that A mae the re*rese#tat

i# oo 'aith.

() A is s,e by 'or the *rice o' &or: o#e by $ ,*o# a ho,se o' &hich A is o&#er$ by the or

o' C$ a co#tractor.

A>s e'e#ce is that >s co#tract &as &ith C.

The 'act that A *ai C 'or the &or: i# ?,estio# is rele"a#t$ as *ro"i# that A i$ i# oo 'aith$

ma:e o"er to C the ma#aeme#t o' the &or: i# ?,estio#$ so that C &as i# a *ositio# to co#tract &

o# C>s o&# acco,#t$ a# #ot as ae#t 'or A.

(h) A is acc,se o' the isho#est misa**ro*riatio# o' *ro*erty &hich he ha 'o,#$ a# the ?,est

is &hether$ &he# he a**ro*riate it$ he belie"e i# oo 'aith that the real o&#er co,l #ot be

'o,#.

The 'act that *,blic #otice o' the loss o' the *ro*erty ha bee# i"e# i# the *lace &here A &as$ is

rele"a#t$ as sho&i# that A i #ot i# oo 'aith belie"e that the real o&#er o' the *ro*erty co,l

#ot be 'o,#.

The 'act that A :#e&$ or ha reaso# to belie"e$ that the #otice &as i"e# 'ra,,le#tly by C$ &ho

hear o' the loss o' the *ro*erty a# &ishe to set ,* a 'alse claim to it$ is rele"a#t$ as sho&i# th

the 'act that A :#e& o' the #otice i #ot is*ro"e A>s oo 'aith.

(i) A is chare &ith shooti# at &ith i#te#t to :ill him. I# orer to sho& A>s i#te#t the 'act o' A

ha"i# *re"io,sly shot at may be *ro"e.



(+) A is chare &ith se#i# threate#i# letters to . Threate#i# letters *re"io,sly se#t by A to

may be *ro"e$ as sho&i# the i#te#tio# o' the letters.

(:) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A has bee# ,ilty o' cr,elty to&ars $ his &i'e.

!%*ressio#s o' their 'eeli# to&ars each other shortly be'ore or a'ter the allee cr,elty arerele"a#t 'acts.

(l) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A>s eath &as ca,se by *oiso#.

Stateme#ts mae by A ,ri# his ill#ess as to his sym*toms are rele"a#t 'acts.

(m) The ?,estio# is$ &hat &as the state o' A>s health at the time a# ass,ra#ce o# his li'e &as

e''ecte.

Stateme#ts mae by A as to the state o' his health at or #ear the time i# ?,estio# are rele"a#t 'act

(#) A s,es 'or #elie#ce i# *ro"ii# him &ith a carriae 'or hire #ot reaso#ably 'it 'or ,se$&hereby A &as i#+,re.

The 'act that >s atte#tio# &as ra&# o# other occasio#s to the e'ect o' that *artic,lar carriae i

rele"a#t.

The 'act that &as habit,ally #elie#t abo,t the carriaes &hich he let to hire is irrele"a#t.

(o) A is trie 'or the m,rer o' by i#te#tio#ally shooti# him ea.

The 'act that A o# other occasio#s shot at is rele"a#t as sho&i# his i#te#tio# to shoot .

The 'act that A &as i# the habit o' shooti# at *eo*le &ith i#te#t to m,rer them is irrele"a#t.

(*) A is trie 'or a crime.

The 'act that he sai somethi# i#icati# a# i#te#tio# to commit that *artic,lar crime is irrele"a

The 'act that he sai somethi# i#icati# a e#eral is*ositio# to commit crimes o' that class is

irrele"a#t.

Facts beari# o# ?,estio#&hether act &as

accie#tal or i#te#tio#al

10. ;he# there is a ?,estio# &hether a# act &as accie#tal or i#te#tio#al$ or o#e &ith a *artic,

:#o&lee or i#te#tio#$ the 'act that s,ch act 'orme *art o' a series o' similar occ,rre#ces$ i# ea

o' &hich the *erso# oi# the act &as co#cer#e$ is rele"a#t.

Illustrations

(a) A is acc,se o' b,r#i# o&# his ho,se i# orer to obtai# mo#ey 'or &hich it is i#s,re.

The 'acts that A li"e i# se"eral ho,ses s,ccessi"ely each o' &hich he i#s,re$ i# each o' &hich

'ire occ,rre$ a# a'ter each o' &hich 'ires A recei"e *ayme#t 'rom a i''ere#t i#s,ra#ce o''ice$

are rele"a#t$ as te#i# to sho& that the 'ires &ere #ot accie#tal.



(b) A is$ em*loye to recei"e mo#ey 'rom the ebtors o' . It is A>s ,ty to ma:e e#tries i# a boo

sho&i# the amo,#ts recei"e by him. He ma:es a# e#try sho&i# that o# a *artic,lar occasio#

recei"e less tha# he really i recei"e.

The ?,estio# is$ &hether this 'alse e#try &as accie#tal or i#te#tio#al.

The 'acts that other e#tries mae by A i# the same boo: are 'alse$ a# that the 'alse e#try is i# ea

case i# 'a"o,r o' A$ are rele"a#t.

(c) A is acc,se o' 'ra,,le#tly eli"eri# to a co,#ter'eit Ta:a.

The ?,estio# is$ &hether the eli"ery o' the Ta:a &as accie#tal.

The 'acts that$ soo# be'ore or soo# a'ter the eli"ery to $ A eli"ere co,#ter'eit Ta:a to C$ a

! are rele"a#t$ as sho&i# that the eli"ery to &as #ot accie#tal.

!%iste#ce o' co,rse o'

b,si#ess &he# rele"a#t1. ;he# there is a ?,estio# &hether a *artic,lar act &as o#e$ the e%iste#ce o' a#y co,rse o'

b,si#ess$ accori# to &hich it #at,rally &o,l ha"e bee# o#e$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether a *artic,lar letter &as is*atche.

The 'acts that it &as the ori#ary co,rse o' b,si#ess 'or all letters *,t i# a certai# *lace to be carr

to the *ost$ a# that that *artic,lar letter &as *,t i# that *lace are rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio# is$ &hether *artic,lar letter reache A.

The 'acts that it &as *oste i# ,e co,rse$ a# &as #ot ret,r#e thro,h the ea Detter o''ice$ a

rele"a#t.

ADISSI*NS

Amissio# e'i#e

17. A# amissio# is a stateme#t$ oral or oc,me#tary$ &hich s,ests a#y i#'ere#ce as to a#y 'ac

iss,e or rele"a#t 'act$ a# &hich is mae by a#y o' the *erso#s$ a# ,#er the circ,msta#ces$

herei#a'ter me#tio#e.

Amissio# =by *arty to

*roceei# or his ae#t3

18. Stateme#ts mae by a *arty to the *roceei#$ or by a# ae#t to a#y s,ch *arty$ &hom the Co

rears$ ,#er the circ,msta#ces o' the case$ as e%*ressly or im*liely a,thori9e by him to ma:

them$ are amissio#s.



by s,it or i#

re*rese#tati"e character3

Stateme#ts mae by *arties to s,its s,i# or s,e i# a re*rese#tati"e character$ are #ot amissio#

,#less they &ere mae &hile the *arty ma:i# them hel that character.

by *arty i#tereste i#

s,b+ect-matter3

Stateme#ts mae by=

(1) *erso#s &ho ha"e a#y *ro*rietary or *ec,#iary i#terest i# the s,b+ect-matter o' the *roceei#

a# &ho ma:e the stateme#t i# their character o' *erso#s so i#tereste$ or

by *erso# 'rom &hom

i#terest eri"e

(2) *erso#s 'rom &hom the *arties to the s,it ha"e eri"e their i#terest i# the s,b+ect-matter o' t

s,it$

are amissio#s$ i' they are mae ,ri# the co#ti#,a#ce o' the i#terest o' the *erso#s ma:i# the

stateme#ts.

Amissio#s by *erso#s

&hose *ositio# m,st be

*ro"e as aai#st *arty to

s,it

1/. Stateme#ts mae by *erso#s &hose *ositio# or liability it is #ecessary to *ro"e as aai#st a#y

*arty to the s,it$ are amissio#s$ i' s,ch stateme#ts &o,l be rele"a#t as aai#st s,ch *erso#s i#

relatio# to s,ch *ositio# or liability i# a s,it bro,ht by or aai#st them$ a# i' they are mae &h

the *erso# ma:i# them occ,*ies s,ch *ositio# or is s,b+ect to s,ch liability.

Illustrations

A ,#erta:es to collect re#ts 'or .

s,es A 'or #ot collecti# re#t ,e 'rom C to .

A e#ies that re#t &as ,e 'rom C to .

A stateme#t by C that he o&e re#t is a# amissio#$ a# is a rele"a#t 'act as aai#st A$ i' A e#

that C i o&e re#t to .

Amissio#s by *erso#s

e%*ressly re'erre to by

*arty to s,it

2E. Stateme#ts mae by *erso#s to &hom a *arty to the s,it has e%*ressly re'erre 'or i#'ormatio

i# re'ere#ce to a matter i# is*,te are amissio#s.

Illustrations

The ?,estio# is &hether a horse sol by A to is so,#.



A says to =6Go a# as: C3 C :#o&s all abo,t it.6 C>s stateme#t is a# amissio#.

<roo' o' amissio#s$

aai#st *erso#s ma:i#them$ a# by or o# their

behal'

21. Amissio#s are rele"a#t a# may be *ro"e as aai#st the *erso# &ho ma:es them$ or his

re*rese#tati"e i# i#terest3 b,t they ca# #ot be *ro"e by or o# behal' o' the *erso# &ho ma:es th

or by his re*rese#tati"e i# i#terest$ e%ce*t i# the 'ollo&i# cases5=

(1) A# amissio# may be *ro"e by or o# behal' o' the *erso# ma:i# it$ &he# it is o' s,ch a #at

that$ i' the *erso# ma:i# it &ere ea$ it &o,l be rele"a#t as bet&ee# thir *erso#s ,#er secti

2.

(2) A# amissio# may be *ro"e by or o# behal' o' the *erso# ma:i# it$ &he# it co#sists o'

stateme#t o' the

e%iste#ce o' a#y state o' mi# or boy$ rele"a#t or i# iss,e$ mae at or abo,t the time &he# s,ch

state o' mi# or boy e%iste$ a# is a accom*a#ie by co#,ct re#eri# its 'alsehoo im*robab

() A# amissio# may be *ro"e by or o# behal' o' the *erso# ma:i# it$ i' it is rele"a#t other&i

tha# as a# amissio#.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# bet&ee# A a# is$ &hether a certai# ee is or is #ot 'ore. A a''irms that it i

e#,i#e$ that it is 'ore.

A may *ro"e a stateme#t by that the ee is e#,i#e$ a# may *ro"e a stateme#t by A that th

ee is 'ore3 b,t A ca##ot *ro"e a stateme#t by himsel' that the ee is e#,i#e$ #or ca# *ro

a stateme#t by himsel' that the ee is 'ore.

(b) A$ the ca*tai# o' a shi*$ is trie 'or casti# her a&ay.

!"ie#ce is i"e# to sho& that the shi* &as ta:e# o,t o' her *ro*er co,rse.

A *ro,ces a boo: :e*t by him i# the ori#ary co,rse o' his b,si#ess sho&i# obser"atio#s alle

to ha"e bee# ta:e# by him 'rom ay to ay$ a# i#icati# that the shi* &as #ot ta:e# o,t o' her

*ro*er co,rse. A may *ro"e these stateme#ts$ beca,se they &o,l be amissible bet&ee# thir

*arties$ i' he &ere ea$ ,#er sectio# 2$ cla,se (2).

(c) A is acc,se o' a crime committe by him at Chittao#.

He *ro,ces a letter &ritte# by himsel' a# ate at / [ ha:a] o# that ay a# beari# the1E [ ha:a] *ost-mar: o' that ay.

The stateme#t i# the ate o' the letter is amissible$ beca,se$ i' A &ere ea it &o,l be amissib

,#er sectio# 2$ cla,se (2).

() A is acc,se o' recei"i# stole# oos :#o&i# them to be stole#.

He o''ers to *ro"e that he re',se to sell them belo& their "al,e.

A may *ro"e these stateme#ts$ tho,h they are amissio#s$ beca,se they are e%*la#atory o' co#









i#'l,e#ce by 'acts i# iss,e.

(e) A is acc,se o' 'ra,,le#tly ha"i# i# his *ossessio# co,#ter'eit coi# &hich he :#e& to be

co,#ter'eit.

He o''ers to *ro"e that he as:e a s:il',l *erso# to e%ami#e the coi# as he o,bte &hether it &a

co,#ter'eit or #ot$ a# that that *erso# i e%ami#e it a# tol him it &as e#,i#e.

A may *ro"e these 'acts 'or the reaso#s state i# the last *recei# ill,stratio#.

;he# oral amissio#s as

to co#te#ts o' oc,me#ts

are rele"a#t

22. Oral amissio#s as to the co#te#ts o' a oc,me#t are #ot rele"a#t$ ,#less a# ,#til that the *a

*ro*osi# to *ro"e them sho&s that he is e#title to i"e seco#ary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' s

oc,me#t ,#er the r,les herei#a'ter co#tai#e$ or ,#less the e#,i#e#ess o' a oc,me#t *ro,c

is i# ?,estio#.

Amissio#s i# ci"il cases

&he# rele"a#t

2. I# ci"il cases #o amissio# is rele"a#t$ i' it is mae either ,*o# a# e%*ress co#itio# that

e"ie#ce o' it is #ot to be i"e#$ or ,#er circ,msta#ces 'rom &hich the Co,rt ca# i#'er that the

*arties aree toether that e"ie#ce o' it sho,l #ot be i"e#.

Explanation.=Nothi# i# this sectio# shall be ta:e# to e%em*t a#y 11 [ A"ocate] 'rom i"i#

e"ie#ce o' a#y matter o' &hich he may be com*elle to i"e e"ie#ce ,#er sectio# 12.

Co#'essio# ca,se by

i#,ceme#t$ threat or

*romise$ &he# irrele"a#t

i# crimi#al *roceei#

2B. A co#'essio# mae by a# acc,se *erso# is irrele"a#t i# a crimi#al *roceei#$ i' the ma:i#

the co#'essio# a**ears to the Co,rt to ha"e bee# ca,se by a#y i#,ceme#t$ threat or *romise

ha"i# re'ere#ce to the chare aai#st the acc,se *erso#$ *roceei# 'rom a *erso# i# a,thority

a# s,''icie#t$ i# the o*i#io# o' the Co,rt$ to i"e the acc,se *erso# ro,#s &hich &o,l a**e

to him reaso#able 'or s,**osi# that by ma:i# it he &o,l ai# a#y a"a#tae or a"oi a#y e"il

a tem*oral #at,re i# re'ere#ce to the *roceei#s aai#st him.

Co#'essio# to *olice-

o''icer #ot to be *ro"e

20. No co#'essio# mae to a *olice-o''icer shall be *ro"e as aai#st a *erso# acc,se o' a#y

o''e#ce.

Co#'essio# by acc,se

&hile i# c,stoy o'

*olice #ot to be *ro"e

aai#st him

2. No co#'essio# mae by a#y *erso# &hilst he is i# the c,stoy o' a *olice-o''icer$ ,#less it be

mae i# the immeiate *rese#ce o' a aistrate$ shall be *ro"e as aai#st s,ch *erso#.

Explanation.= I# this sectio# 6aistrate6 oes #ot i#cl,e the hea o' a "illae ischari#







maisterial ',#ctio#s ,#less s,ch heama# is a aistrate e%ercisi# the *o&ers o' a aistrate

,#er the Coe o' Crimi#al <roce,re$ 12 [ 18/8].

Ho& m,ch o'

i#'ormatio# recei"e

'rom acc,se may be

*ro"e

27. <ro"ie that$ &he# a#y 'act is e*ose to as isco"ere i# co#se?,e#ce o' i#'ormatio#

recei"e 'rom a *erso# acc,se o' a#y o''e#ce$ i# the c,stoy o' a *olice o''icer$ so m,ch o' s,c

i#'ormatio#$ &hether it amo,#ts to a co#'essio# or #ot$ as relates isti#ctly to the 'act thereby

isco"ere$ may be *ro"e.

Co#'essio# mae a'ter

remo"al o' im*ressio#

ca,se by i#,ceme#t$

threat or *romise$rele"a#t

28. I' s,ch a co#'essio# as is re'erre to i# sectio# 2B is mae a'ter the im*ressio# ca,se by a#y

s,ch i#,ceme#t$ threat or *romise has$ i# the o*i#io# o' the Co,rt$ bee# ',lly remo"e$ it is

rele"a#t.

Co#'essio# other&ise

rele"a#t #ot to become

irrele"a#t beca,se o'

*romise o' secrecy$ etc

2/. I' s,ch a co#'essio# is other&ise rele"a#t$ it oes #ot become irrele"a#t merely beca,se it &a

mae ,#er a *romise o' secrecy$ or i# co#se?,e#ce o' a ece*tio# *ractise o# the acc,se *ers

'or the *,r*ose o' obtai#i# it$ or &he# he &as r,#:$ or beca,se it &as mae i# a#s&er to

?,estio#s &hich he #ee #ot ha"e a#s&ere$ &hate"er may ha"e bee# the 'orm o' those ?,estio#

or beca,se he &as #ot &ar#e that he &as #ot bo,# to ma:e s,ch co#'essio#$ a# that e"ie#ce

it miht be i"e# aai#st him.

Co#sieratio# o' *ro"e

co#'essio# a''ecti#

*erso# ma:i# it a#

others +oi#tly ,#er trial

'or same o''e#ce

E. ;he# more *erso#s tha# o#e are bei# trie +oi#tly 'or the same o''e#ce$ a# a co#'essio# m

by o#e o' s,ch *erso#s a''ecti# himsel' a# some other o' s,ch *erso#s is *ro"e$ the Co,rt ma

ta:e i#to co#sieratio# s,ch co#'essio# as aai#st s,ch other *erso#s as &ell as aai#st the *erso

&ho ma:es s,ch co#'essio#.

Explanation.-6O''e#ce6$ as ,se i# this sectio#$ i#cl,es the abateme#t o'$ or attem*t to commi

the o''e#ce.

Illustrations

(a) A a# are +oi#tly trie 'or the m,rer o' C. It is *ro"e that A sai-6 a# I m,rere C.6 T

Co,rt may co#sier the e''ect o' this co#'essio# as aai#st .

(b) A is o# his trial 'or the m,rer o' C. There is e"ie#ce to sho& that C &as m,rere by A a#

a# that sai- 6A a# I m,rere C6.

This stateme#t may #ot be ta:e# i#to co#sieratio# by the Co,rt aai#st A$ as is #ot bei# +oi#

trie.









Amissio#s #ot

co#cl,si"e *roo'$ b,t

may be sto*

1. Amissio#s are #ot co#cl,si"e *roo' o' the matters amitte b,t they may o*erate as esto**e

,#er the *ro"isio#s herei#a'ter co#tai#e.

STATEENTS -) 'ERS*NS WH* CANN*T -E CA((ED AS WITNESSES

Cases i# &hich stateme#t

o' rele"a#t 'act by *erso#

&ho is ea or ca##ot be

'o,#$ etc$ is rele"a#t

2. Stateme#ts$ &ritte# or "erbal$ o' rele"a#t 'acts mae by a *erso# &ho is ea$ or &ho ca##ot

'o,#$ or &ho has become i#ca*able o' i"i# e"ie#ce$ or &hose atte#a#ce ca##ot be *roc,re

&itho,t a# amo,#t o' elay or e%*e#se &hich ,#er the circ,msta#ces o' the case a**ears to the

Co,rt ,#reaso#able$ are themsel"es rele"a#t 'acts i# the 'ollo&i# cases5=

;he# it relates to ca,se

o' eath3

(1) ;he# the stateme#t is mae by *erso# as to the ca,se o' his eath$ or as to a#y o' the

circ,msta#ces o' the tra#sactio# &hich res,lte i# his eath$ i# cases i# &hich the ca,se o' that

*erso#>s eath comes i#to ?,estio#.

S,ch stateme#ts are rele"a#t &hether the *erso# &ho mae them &as or &as #ot$ at the time &he

they &ere mae$ ,#er e%*ectatio# o' eath$ a# &hate"er may be the #at,re o' the *roceei# i#

&hich the ca,se o' his eath comes i#to ?,estio#.

or is mae i# co,rse o'

b,si#ess3

(2) ;he# the stateme#t &as mae by s,ch *erso# i# the ori#ary co,rse o' b,si#ess$ a# i#

*artic,lar &he# it co#sists o' a#y e#try or memora#,m mae by him i# boo:s :e*t i# the ori#

co,rse o' b,si#ess$ or i# the ischare o' *ro'essio#al ,ty3 or o' a# ac:#o&lee-me#t &ritte# o

si#e by him o' the recei*t o' mo#ey$ oos$ sec,rities or *ro*erty o' a#y :i#3 or o' a oc,me#

,se i# commerce &ritte# or si#e by him3 or o' the ate o' a letter or other oc,me#t ,s,ally

ate$ &ritte# or si#e by him.

or aai#st i#terest o'

ma:er3

() ;he# the stateme#t is aai#st the *ec,#iary or *ro*rietary i#terest o' the *erso# ma:i# it$ o

&he#$ i' tr,e$ it &o,l e%*ose him or &o,l ha"e e%*ose him to a crimi#al *rosec,tio# or to a s

'or amaes.

or i"es o*i#io# as to

*,blic riht or c,stom$ or

matters o' e#eral

i#terest3

(B) ;he# the stateme#t i"es the o*i#io# o' a#y s,ch *erso# as to the e%iste#ce o' a#y *,blic ri

or c,stom or matter o' *,blic or e#eral i#terest$ o' the e%iste#ce o' &hich$ i' it e%iste$ he &o,l

ha"e bee# li:ely to be a&are$ a# &he# s,ch stateme#t &as mae be'ore a#y co#tro"ersy as to s,

riht$ c,stom or matter has arise#.



or relates to e%iste#ce o'

relatio#shi*3

(0) ;he# the stateme#t relates to the e%iste#ce o' a#y relatio#shi* by bloo$ marriae or ao*tio

bet&ee# *erso# as to &hose relatio#shi* by bloo$ marriae or ao*tio# the *erso# ma:i# the

stateme#t ha s*ecial mea#s o' :#o&lee$ a# &he# the stateme#t &as mae be'ore the ?,estio

i# is*,te &as raise.

or is mae i# &ill or ee

relati# to 'amily a''airs3

() ;he# the stateme#t relates to the e%iste#ce o' a#y relatio#shi* by bloo$ marriae or ao*tio

bet&ee# *erso#s ecease$ a# is mae i# a#y &ill or ee relati# to the a''airs o' the 'amily to

&hich a#y s,ch ecease *erso# belo#e$ or i# a#y 'amily *eiree or ,*o# a#y tombsto#e$ 'am

*ortrait or other thi# o# &hich s,ch stateme#ts are ,s,ally mae$ a# &he# s,ch stateme#t &as

mae be'ore the ?,estio# i# is*,te &as raise.

or i# oc,me#t relati#

to tra#sactio# me#tio#e

i# sectio# 1$ cla,se (a)3

(7) ;he# the stateme#t is co#tai#e i# a#y ee$ &ill or other oc,me#t &hich relates to a#y s,c

tra#sactio# as is me#tio#e i# sectio# 1$ cla,se (a).

or is mae by se"eral

*erso#s$ a# e%*resses

'eeli#s rele"a#t to

matter i# ?,estio#

(8) ;he# the stateme#t &as mae by a #,mber o' *erso#s$ a# e%*resse 'eeli#s or im*ressio#

o# their *art rele"a#t to the matter i# ?,estio#.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A &as m,rere by 3 or

A ies o' i#+,ries recei"e i# a tra#sactio# i# the co,rse o' &hich she &as ra"ishe. The ?,estio#

&hether she &as ra"ishe by 3 or

The ?,estio# is &hether A &as :ille by ,#er s,ch circ,msta#ces that a s,it &o,l lie aai#st

by A>s &io&.

Stateme#ts mae by A as to the ca,se o' his or her eath$ re'erri# res*ecti"ely to the m,rer$ the

ra*e a# the actio#able &ro# ,#er co#sieratio# are rele"a#t 'acts.

(b) The ?,estio# is as to the ate o' A>s birth.

A# e#try i# the iary o' a ecease s,reo# re,larly :e*t i# the co,rse o' b,si#ess$ stati# that$

a i"e# ay he atte#e A>s mother a# eli"ere her o' a so#$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(c) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A &as i# Chittao# o# a i"e# ay.



A stateme#t i# the iary o' a ecease solicitor$ re,larly :e*t i# the co,rse o' b,si#ess$ that o# a

i"e# ay the solicitor atte#e A at a *lace me#tio#e$ i# 1 [ Chittao#]$ 'or the *,r*ose o'

co#'erri# &ith him ,*o# s*eci'ie b,si#ess$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

() The ?,estio# is$ &hether a shi* saile 'rom 1B [ Chittao#] harbo,r o# a i"e# ay.

A letter &ritte# by a ecease member o' a mercha#t>s 'irm by &hich she &as chartere to theircorres*o#e#ts i# Do#o#$ to &hom the caro &as co#si#e$ stati# that the shi* saile o# a i"

ay 'rom 10 [ Chittao#] harbo,r$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(e) The ?,estio# is$ &hether re#t &as *ai to A 'or certai# la#.

A letter 'rom A>s ecease ae#t to A sayi# that he ha recei"e the re#t o# A>s acco,#t a# hel

at A>s orers$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(') The ?,estio# is$ &hether A a# &ere leally marrie.

The stateme#t o' a ecease cleryma# that he marrie them ,#er s,ch circ,msta#ces that the

celebratio# &o,l be a crime$ is rele"a#t.

() The ?,estio# is$ &hether A$ a *erso# &ho ca##ot be 'o,#$ &rote a letter o# a certai# ay. Th

'act that a letter &ritte# by him is ate o# that ay is rele"a#t.

(h) The ?,estio# is$ &hat &as the ca,se o' the &rec: o' a shi*.

A *rotest mae by the Ca*tai#$ &hose atte#a#ce ca##ot be *roc,re$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(i) The ?,estio# is$ &hether a i"e# roa is a *,blic &ay.

A stateme#t by A$ a ecease heama# o' the "illae$ that the roa &as *,blic$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(+) The ?,estio# is$ &hat &as the *rice o' rai# o# a certai# ay i# a *artic,lar mar:et. A stateme

o' the *rice$ mae by a ecease ba#ya i# the ori#ary co,rse o' his b,si#ess$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(:) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A$ &ho is ea$ &as the 'ather o' .

A stateme#t by A that &as his so#$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(l) The ?,estio# is$ &hat &as the ate o' the birth o' A.

A letter 'rom A>s ecease 'ather to a 'rie#$ a##o,#ci# the birth o' A o# a i"e# ay$ is a rele"a

'act.

(m) The ?,estio# is$ &hether$ a# &he#$ A a# &ere marrie.

A# e#try i# a memora#,m-boo: by C$ the ecease 'ather o' $ o' his a,hter>s marriae &ith

o# a i"e# ate$ is a rele"a#t 'act.

(#) A s,es 'or a libel e%*resse i# a *ai#te caricat,re e%*ose i# a sho* &i#o&. The ?,estio#

as to the similarity o' the caricat,re a# its libello,s character. The remar:s o' a cro& o' s*ectat

o# these *oi#ts may be *ro"e.













4ele"a#cy o' certai#

e"ie#ce 'or *ro"i#$ i#

s,bse?,e#t *roceei#$

the tr,th o' 'acts therei#

state

. !"ie#ce i"e# by a &it#ess i# a +,icial *roceei#$ or be'ore a#y *erso# a,thori9e by la&

ta:e it$ is rele"a#t 'or the *,r*ose o' *ro"i#$ i# a s,bse?,e#t +,icial *roceei#$ or i# a later st

o' the same +,icial *roceei#$ the tr,th o' the 'acts &hich it states$ &he# the &it#ess is ea or

ca##ot be 'o,#$ or is i#ca*able o' i"i# e"ie#ce$ or is :e*t o,t o' the &ay by the a"erse *art

or i' his *rese#ce ca##ot be obtai#e &itho,t a# amo,#t o' elay or e%*e#se &hich$ ,#er the

circ,msta#ces o' the case$ the Co,rt co#siers ,#reaso#able5

<ro"ie-

that the *roceei# &as bet&ee# the same *arties or their re*rese#tati"es i# i#terest3

that the a"erse *arty i# the 'irst *roceei# ha the riht a# o**ort,#ity to cross-e%ami#e3

that the ?,estio#s i# iss,e &ere s,bsta#tially the same i# the 'irst as i# the seco# *roceei#.

Explanation.=A crimi#al trial or i#?,iry shall be eeme to be a *roceei# bet&ee# the

*rosec,tor a# the acc,se &ithi# the mea#i# o' this sectio#.

STATEENTS ADE .NDER S'ECIA( CIRC.STANCES

!#tries i# boo:s o'

acco,#t &he# rele"a#t

B. !#tries i# boo:s o' acco,#t$ re,larly :e*t i# the co,rse o' b,si#ess$ are rele"a#t &he#e"er t

re'er to a matter i#to &hich the Co,rt has to i#?,ire$ b,t s,ch stateme#ts shall #ot alo#e be

s,''icie#t e"ie#ce to chare a#y *erso# &ith liability.

Ill,stratio#

A s,es 'or Ta:a 1$EEE$ a# sho&s e#tries i# his acco,#t boo:s sho&i# to be i#ebte to him

this amo,#t. The e#tries are rele"a#t$ b,t are #ot s,''icie#t$ &itho,t other e"ie#ce$ to *ro"e the

ebt.

4ele"a#cy o' e#try i#

*,blic recor$ mae i#

*er'orma#ce o' ,ty

0. A# e#try i# a#y *,blic or other o''icial boo:$ reister or recor$ stati# a 'act i# iss,e or rele"

'act$ a# mae by a *,blic ser"a#t i# the ischare o' his o''icial ,ty$ or by a#y other *erso# i#

*er'orma#ce o' a ,ty s*ecially e#+oi#e by the la& o' the co,#try i# &hich s,ch boo:$ reister

recor is :e*t$ is itsel' a rele"a#t 'act.

4ele"a#cy o' stateme#ts

i# ma*s$ charts a# *la#s

. Stateme#ts o' 'acts i# iss,e or rele"a#t 'acts$ mae i# *,blishe ma*s or charts e#erally o''e

'or *,blic sale$ or i# ma*s or *la#s mae ,#er the a,thority o' the Go"er#me#t$ as to matters

,s,ally re*rese#te or state i# s,ch ma*s$ charts or *la#s$ are themsel"es rele"a#t 'acts.

4ele"a#cy o' stateme#t

as to 'act o' *,blic #at,re

7. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to the e%iste#ce o' a#y 'act o' a *,blic #at,re$ a#y

stateme#t o' it$ mae i# a recital co#tai#e i# a#y Act o' <arliame#t o' the L#ite i#om$ or i#



co#tai#e i# certai# Acts

or #oti'icatio#sa#y 1 [ Act o' <arliame#t] or i# a Go"er#me#t #oti'icatio# 17 [ M M M] is a rele"a#t 'act.

4ele"a#cy o' stateme#tsas to a#y la& co#tai#e

i# la&-boo:s

8. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to a la& o' a#y co,#try$ a#y stateme#t o' s,ch la&

co#tai#e i# a boo: *,r*orti# to be *ri#te or *,blishe ,#er the a,thority o' the Go"er#me#t

s,ch co,#try a# to co#tai# a#y s,ch la&$ a# a#y re*ort o' a r,li# o' the Co,rts o' s,ch co,#tr

co#tai#e i# a boo: *,r*orti# to be a re*ort o' s,ch r,li#s$ is rele"a#t.

H*W .CH *+ A STATEENT IS T* -E 'R*VED

;hat e"ie#ce to be

i"e# &he# stateme#t

'orms *art o' a

co#"ersatio#$ oc,me#t$ boo: or series o' letters

or *a*ers

/. ;he# a#y stateme#t o' &hich e"ie#ce is i"e# 'orms *art o' a lo#er stateme#t$ or o' a

co#"ersatio# or *art o' a# isolate oc,me#t$ or is co#tai#e i# a oc,me#t &hich 'orms *art o'

boo:$ or o' a co##ecte series o' letters or *a*ers$ e"ie#ce shall be i"e# o' so m,ch a# #o mo

o' the stateme#t$ co#"ersatio#$ oc,me#t$ boo: o' series o' letters or *a*ers as the Co,rt co#sie#ecessary i# that *artic,lar case to the ',ll ,#ersta#i# o' the #at,re a# e''ect o' the stateme#

a# o' the circ,msta#ces ,#er &hich it &as mae.

/.D0ENTS *+ C*.RTS *+ /.STICE WHEN RE(EVANT

<re"io,s +,me#ts

rele"a#t to bar a seco#

s,it or trial

BE. The e%iste#ce o' a#y +,me#t$ orer or ecree &hich by la& *re"e#ts a#y Co,rt 'rom ta:i#

co#i9a#ce o' a s,it or holi# a trial$ is a rele"a#t 'act &he# the ?,estio# is &hether s,ch Co,rt

o,ht to ta:e co#i9a#ce o' s,ch s,it or to hol s,ch trial.

4ele"a#cy o' certai#

+,me#ts i# *robate$

etc$ +,risictio#

B1. A 'i#al +,me#t$ orer or ecree o' a com*ete#t Co,rt$ i# the e%ercise o' *robate$ matrimo#

amiralty or i#sol"e#cy +,risictio#$ &hich co#'ers ,*o# or ta:es a&ay 'rom a#y *erso# a#y lea

character$ or &hich eclares a#y *erso# to be e#title to a#y s,ch character$ or to be e#title to a#

s*eci'ic thi#$ #ot as aai#st a#y s*eci'ie *erso# b,t absol,tely$ is rele"a#t &he# the e%iste#ce o

a#y s,ch leal character$ or the title o' a#y s,ch *erso# to a#y s,ch thi#$ is rele"a#t.

S,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecree is co#cl,si"e *roo'-

that a#y leal character &hich it co#'ers accr,e at the time &he# s,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecre

come i#to o*eratio#3

that a#y leal character$ to &hich it eclares a#y s,ch *erso# to be e#title$ accr,e to that *erso

the time &he# s,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecree eclares it to ha"e accr,e to that *erso#3

that a#y leal character &hich it ta:es a&ay 'rom a#y s,ch *erso# cease at the time 'rom &hich

s,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecree eclare that it ha cease or sho,l cease3

a# that a#ythi# to &hich it eclares a#y *erso# to be so e#title &as the *ro*erty o' that *erso#

the time 'rom &hich s,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecree eclares that it ha bee# or sho,l be his

*ro*erty.









4ele"a#cy a# e''ect o'

+,me#ts$ orers or

ecrees$ other tha# those

me#tio#e i# sectio# B1

B2. ,me#ts$ orers or ecrees other tha# those me#tio#e i# sectio# B1 are rele"a#t i' they rel

to matters o' a *,blic #at,re rele"a#t to the i#?,iry3 b,t s,ch +,me#ts$ orers or ecrees are #o

co#cl,si"e *roo' o' that &hich they state.

Ill,stratio#

A s,es 'or tres*ass o# his la#. allees the e%iste#ce o' a *,blic riht o' &ay o"er the la#$

&hich A e#ies.

The e%iste#ce o' a ecree i# 'a"o,r o' the e'e#a#t$ i# a s,it by A aai#st C 'or a tres*ass o# the

same la#$ i# &hich C allee the e%iste#ce o' the same riht o' &ay$ is rele"a#t$ b,t it is #ot

co#cl,si"e *roo' that the riht o' &ay e%ists.

,me#ts$ etc$ other

tha# those me#tio#e i#

sectio#s BE to B2$ &he#

rele"a#t

B. ,me#ts$ orers or ecrees$ other tha# those me#tio#e i# sectio#s BE$ B1 a# B2$ are

irrele"a#t$ ,#less the e%iste#ce o' s,ch +,me#t$ orer or ecree is a 'act i# iss,e$ or is rele"a#t

,#er some other *ro"isio# o' this Act.

Illustrations

(a) A a# se*arately s,e C 'or a libel &hich re'lects ,*o# each o' them. C i# each case says tha

the matter allee to be libello,s is tr,e$ a# the circ,msta#ces are s,ch that it is *robably tr,e i#each case$ or i# #either.

A obtai#s a ecree aai#st C 'or amaes o# the ro,# that C 'aile to ma:e o,t his +,sti'icatio#

The 'act is irrele"a#t as bet&ee# a# C.

(b) A *rosec,tes 'or a,ltery &ith C$ A>s &i'e.

e#ies that C is A>s &i'e$ b,t the Co,rt co#"icts o' a,ltery.

A'ter&ars$ C is *rosec,te 'or biamy i# marryi# ,ri# A>s li'etime. C says that she #e"er

&as A>s &i'e.

The +,me#t aai#st is irrele"a#t as aai#st C.

(c) A *rosec,tes 'or steali# a co& 'rom him. is co#"icte.

A a'ter&ars s,es C 'or the co&$ &hich ha sol to him be'ore his co#"ictio#. As bet&ee# A a#

C$ the +,me#t aai#st is irrele"a#t.

() A has obtai#e a ecree 'or the *ossessio# o' la# aai#st . C$ >s so#$ m,rers A i#

co#se?,e#ce.

The e%iste#ce o' the +,me#t is rele"a#t$ as sho&i# moti"e 'or a crime.



(e) A is chare &ith the't a# &ith ha"i# bee# *re"io,sly co#"icte o' the't. The *re"io,s

co#"ictio# is rele"a#t as a 'act i# iss,e.

(') A is trie 'or the m,rer o' . The 'act that *rosec,te A 'or libel a# that A &as co#"icte

a# se#te#ce is rele"a#t ,#er sectio# 8 as sho&i# the moti"e 'or the 'act i# iss,e.

Fra, or coll,sio# i#

obtai#i# +,me#t$ or

i#-com*ete#cy o' Co,rt$

may be *ro"e

BB. A#y *arty to a s,it or other *roceei# may sho& that a#y +,me#t$ orer or ecree &hich i

rele"a#t ,#er sectio# BE$ B1 or B2$ a# &hich has bee# *ro"e by the a"erse *arty$ &as eli"er

by a Co,rt #ot com*ete#t to eli"er it$ or &as obtai#e by 'ra, or coll,sio#.

*'INI*NS *+ THIRD 'ERS*NS WHEN RE(EVANT

O*i#io#s o' e%*erts

B0. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# ,*o# a *oi#t o' 'orei# la&$ or o' scie#ce$ or art$ or aie#tity o' ha# &riti# or 'i#er im*ressio#s$ the o*i#io#s ,*o# that *oi#t o' *erso#s s*ecially

s:ille i# s,ch 'orei# la&$ scie#ce or art$ or i# ?,estio#s as to ie#tity o' ha#&riti# or 'i#er

im*ressio#s are rele"a#t 'acts.

S,ch *erso#s are calle e%*erts.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether the eath o' A &as ca,se by *oiso#.

The o*i#io# o' e%*erts as to the sym*toms *ro,ce by the *oiso# by &hich A is s,**ose to haie$ are rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio#s is$ &hether A$ at the time o' oi# a certai# act$ &as$ by reaso# o' ,#so,##es

mi#$ i#ca*able o' :#o&i# the #at,re o' the act$ or that he &as oi# &hat &as either &ro# o'

co#trary to la&.

The o*i#io#s o' e%*erts ,*o# the ?,estio# &hether the sym*toms e%hibite by A commo#ly sho&

,#so,##ess o' mi#$ a# &hether s,ch ,#so,##ess o' mi# ,s,ally re#ers *erso#s i#ca*able

:#o&i# the #at,re o' the acts &hich they o$ or o' :#o&i# that &hat they o is either &ro# or

co#trary to la&$ are rele"a#t.

(c) The ?,estio# is &hether a certai# oc,me#t &as &ritte# by A. A#other oc,me#t is *ro,ce&hich is *ro"e or amitte to ha"e bee# &ritte# by A.

The o*i#io#s o' e%*erts o# the ?,estio# &hether the t&o oc,me#ts &ere &ritte# by the same

*erso# or by i''ere#t *erso#s$ are rele"a#t.

Facts beari# ,*o#

o*i#io#s o' e%*erts

B. Facts$ #ot other&ise rele"a#t$ are rele"a#t i' they s,**ort or are i#co#siste#t &ith the o*i#io#

o' e%*erts$ &he# s,ch o*i#io#s are rele"a#t.

Illustrations



(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A &as *oiso#e by a certai# *oiso#.

The 'act that other *erso#s$ &ho &ere *oiso#e by that *oiso#$ e%hibite certai# sym*toms &hic

e%*erts a''irm or e#y to be the sym*toms o' that *oiso#$ is rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio# is$ &hether a# obstr,ctio# to a harbo,r is ca,se by a certai# sea-&all.

The 'act that other harbo,rs similarly sit,ate i# other res*ects$ b,t &here there &ere #o s,ch sea

&alls$ bea# to be obstr,cte at abo,t the same time$ is rele"a#t.

O*i#io# as to

ha#&riti#$ &he#

rele"a#t

B7. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to the *erso# by &hom a#y oc,me#t &as &ritte#

si#e$ the o*i#io# o' a#y *erso# ac?,ai#te &ith the ha#&riti# o' the *erso# by &hom it is

s,**ose to be &ritte# or si#e that it &as or &as #ot &ritte# or si#e by that *erso#$ is a rele"

'act.

Explanation.=A *erso# is sai to be ac?,ai#te &ith the ha#&riti# o' a#other *erso# &he# he

has see# that *erso# &rite$ or &he# he has recei"e oc,me#ts *,r*orti# to be &ritte# by that

*erso# i# a#s&er to oc,me#ts &ritte# by himsel' or ,#er his a,thority a# aresse to that

*erso#$ or &he#$ i# the ori#ary co,rse o' b,si#ess$ oc,me#ts *,r*orti# to be &ritte# by that

*erso# ha"e bee# habit,ally s,bmitte to him.

Ill,stratio#

The ?,estio# is$ &hether a i"e# letter is i# the ha#&riti# o' A$ a mercha#t i# Do#o#.

is a mercha#t i# Chittao#$ &ho has &ritte# letters aresse to A a# recei"e letters

*,r*orti# to be &ritte# by him. C is >s cler:$ &hose ,ty it &as to e%ami#e a# 'ile >s

corres*o#e#ce. is >s bro:er$ to &hom habit,ally s,bmitte the letters *,r*orti# to be &ri

by A 'or the *,r*ose o' a"isi# &ith him thereo#.

The o*i#io#s o' $ C a# o# the ?,estio# &hether the letter is i# the ha#&riti# o' A are

rele"a#t$ tho,h #either $ C or e"er sa& A &rite.

O*i#io# as to e%iste#ceo' riht or c,stom$ &he#

rele"a#t

B8. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to the e%iste#ce o' a#y e#eral c,stom or riht$ theo*i#io#s$ as to the e%iste#ce o' s,ch c,stom or riht$ o' *erso#s &ho &o,l be li:ely to :#o& o'

e%iste#ce i' it e%iste$ are rele"a#t.

Explanation.=The e%*ressio# 6e#eral c,stom or riht6 i#cl,es c,stoms or rihts commo# to a

co#sierable class o' *erso#s.

Ill,stratio#

The riht o' the "illaers o' a *artic,lar "illae to ,se the &ater o' a *artic,lar &ell is a e#eral r

&ithi# the mea#i# o' this sectio#.



O*i#io# as to ,saes$

te#ets$ etc$ &he# rele"a#t

B/. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to=

the ,saes a# te#ets o' a#y boy o' me# or 'amily$

the co#stit,tio# a# o"er#me#t o' a#y reliio,s or charitable 'o,#atio# or$

the mea#i# o' &ors or terms ,se i# *artic,lar istricts or by *artic,lar classes o' *eo*le$

the o*i#io#s o' *erso#s ha"i# s*ecial mea#s o' :#o&lee thereo#$ are rele"a#t 'acts.

O*i#io# o# relatio#shi*$

&he# rele"a#t

0E. ;he# the Co,rt has to 'orm a# o*i#io# as to the relatio#shi* o' o#e *erso# to a#other the

o*i#io#$ e%*resse by co#,ct$ as to the e%iste#ce o' s,ch relatio#shi*$ o' a#y *erso# &ho$ as a

member o' the 'amily or other&ise$ has s*ecial mea#s o' :#o&lee o# the s,b+ect$ is a rele"a#t'act5

<ro"ie that s,ch o*i#io# shall #ot be s,''icie#t to *ro"e a marriae i# *roceei#s ,#er the

i"orce Act$ or i# *rosec,tio#s ,#er sectio# B/B$ B/0$ B/7 or B/8 o' the 18 [ M M M] <e#al Coe.

Illustrations

(a) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A a# &ere marrie.

The 'act that they &ere ,s,ally recei"e a# treate by their 'rie#s as h,sba# a# &i'e$ is

rele"a#t.

(b) The ?,estio# is$ &hether A &as the leitimate so# o' . The 'act that A &as al&ays treate as

s,ch by members o' the 'amily$ is rele"a#t.

Gro,#s o' o*i#io#$

&he# rele"a#t

01. ;he#e"er the o*i#io# o' a#y li"i# *erso# is rele"a#t the ro,#s o# &hich s,ch o*i#io# is

base are also rele"a#t.

Ill,stratio#

A# e%*ert may i"e a# acco,#t o' e%*erime#ts *er'orme by him 'or the *,r*ose o' 'ormi# his

o*i#io#.

CHARACTER WHEN RE(EVANT

I# ci"il cases$ character

to *ro"e co#,ct

im*,te$ irrele"a#t

02. I# ci"il cases the 'act that the character o' a#y *erso# co#cer#e is s,ch as to re#er *robable

im*robable a#y co#,ct im*,te to him is irrele"a#t$ e%ce*t i# so 'ar as s,ch character a**ears

'rom 'acts other&ise rele"a#t













I# crimi#al cases$

*re"io,s oo character

rele"a#t

0. I# crimi#al *roceei#s the 'act that the *erso# acc,se is o' a oo character is rele"a#t.

<re"io,s ba character

#ot rele"a#t$ e%ce*t i#

re*ly

0B. I# crimi#al *roceei#s the 'act that the acc,se *erso# has a ba character is irrele"a#t$ ,#l

e"ie#ce has bee# i"e# that he has a oo character$ i# &hich case it becomes rele"a#t.

Explanation 1.=This sectio# oes #ot a**ly to cases i# &hich the ba character o' a#y *erso# is

itsel' a 'act i# iss,e.

Explanation 2.=A *re"io,s co#"ictio# is rele"a#t as e"ie#ce o' ba character.

Character as a''ecti#

amaes

00. I# ci"il cases the 'act that the character o' a#y *erso# is s,ch as to a''ect the amo,#t o' ama

&hich he o,ht to recei"e$ is rele"a#t.

Explanation.=I# sectio#s 02$ 0$ 0B a# 00$ the &or 6character6 i#cl,es both re*,tatio# a#

is*ositio#3 b,t$ e%ce*t as *ro"ie i# sectio# 0B$ e"ie#ce may be i"e# o#ly o' e#eral re*,tat

a# e#eral is*ositio#$ a# #ot o' *artic,lar acts by &hich re*,tatio# or is*ositio# &ere sho&#

'ART II

*N 'R**+

CHA'TER III

+ACTS WHICH NEED N*T -E 'R*VED

Fact +,icially #oticeable

#ee #ot be *ro"e

0. No 'act o' &hich the Co,rt &ill ta:e +,icial #otice #ee be *ro"e

Facts o' &hich Co,rt

m,st ta:e +,icial #otice

07. The Co,rt shall ta:e +,icial #otice o' the 'ollo&i# 'acts5-

1/ [ (1) All a#laesh Da&s5]

(2) [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A# eclaratio#)

Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

() Articles o' ;ar 'or the Arme Forces5










(B) The co,rse o' *roceei# o' <arliame#t a# o' 2E [ a#y Deislat,re &hich ha <o&er to leisla

i# res*ect o' territories #o& com*rise i# a#laesh].

Explanation.= [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A#

eclaratio#) Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

(0) [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A# eclaratio#)Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

21 [ () The seals o' all the Co,rts i# a#laesh5 the seals o' Co,rts o' Amiralty a# aritime

,risictio# a# o' Notaries <,blic$ a# all seals &hich a#y *erso# is a,thori9e to ,se by a#y la

i# 'orce i# a#laesh5]

(7) The accessio# to o''ice$ #ames$ titles$ ',#ctio#s a# si#at,res o' the *erso#s 'illi# 'or the ti

bei# a#y *,blic o''ice i# a#laesh$ i' the 'act o' their a**oi#tme#t to s,ch o''ice is #oti'ie i#

a#y o''icial Ga9ette5

(8) The e%iste#ce$ title a# #atio#al 'la o' e"ery State or So"erei# reco#i9e by the Go"er#m

(/) The i"isio#s o' time$ the eora*hical i"isio#s o' the &orl$ a# *,blic 'esti"als$ 'asts a#

holiays #oti'ie i# the o''icial Ga9ette5

(1E) The territories 22 [ M M M] o' a#laesh5

(11) The comme#ceme#t$ co#ti#,a#ce a# termi#atio# o' hostilities bet&ee# a#laesh a# a#y

other State or boy o' *erso#s5

(12) The #ames o' the members a# o''icers o' the Co,rt a# o' their e*,ties a# s,bori#ate

o''icers a# assista#ts$ a# also o' all o''icers acti# i# e%ec,tio# o' its *rocess$ a# o' all a"oc2

[ M M M] a# other *erso#s a,thori9e by la& to a**ear or act be'ore it5

(1) The r,le o' the roa o# la# or at sea.

I# all these cases a# also o# all matters o' *,blic history$ literat,re$ scie#ce or art$ the Co,rt may

resort 'or its ai to a**ro*riate boo:s or oc,me#ts o' re'ere#ce.

I' the Co,rt is calle ,*o# by a#y *erso# to ta:e +,icial #otice o' a#y 'act$ it may re',se to o so

,#less a# ,#til s,ch *erso# *ro,ces a#y s,ch boo: or oc,me#t as it may co#sier #ecessary t

e#able it to o so.

Facts amitte #ee #ot

be *ro"e

08. No 'act #ee be *ro"e i# a#y *roceei# &hich the *arties thereto or their ae#ts aree to

amit at the heari#$ or &hich$ be'ore the heari#$ they aree to amit by a#y &riti# ,#er their

ha#s$ or &hich by a#y r,le or *leai# i# 'orce at the time they are eeme to ha"e amitte by

their *leai#s5

<ro"ie that the Co,rt may$ i# its iscretio#$ re?,ire the 'acts amitte to be *ro"e other&ise t

by s,ch amissio#s.

CHA'TER IV
























*+ *RA( EVIDENCE

<roo' o' 'acts by oral

e"ie#ce

0/. All 'acts$ e%ce*t the co#te#ts o' oc,me#ts$ may be *ro"e by oral e"ie#ce.

Oral e"ie#ce m,st be

irect

E. Oral e"ie#ce m,st$ i# all cases &hate"er$ be irect3 that is to say-

i' it re'ers to a 'act &hich co,l be see#$ it m,st be the e"ie#ce o' a &it#ess &ho says he sa& it3

i' it re'ers to a 'act &hich co,l be hear$ it m,st be the e"ie#ce o' a &it#ess &ho says he hear

i' it re'ers to a 'act &hich co,l be *ercei"e by a#y other se#se or i# a#y other ma##er$ it m,st b

the e"ie#ce o' a &it#ess &ho says he *ercei"e it by that se#se or i# that ma##er3

i' it re'ers to a# o*i#io# or to the ro,#s o# &hich that o*i#io# is hel$ it m,st be the e"ie#ce o

the *erso# &ho hols that o*i#io# o# those ro,#s5

<ro"ie that the o*i#io#s o' e%*erts e%*resse i# a#y treatise commo#ly o''ere 'or sale$ a# th

ro,#s o# &hich s,ch o*i#io#s are hel$ may be *ro"e by the *ro,ctio# o' s,ch treatises i' th

a,thor is ea or ca##ot be 'o,#$ or has become i#ca*able o' i"i# e"ie#ce$ or ca##ot be call

as a &it#ess &itho,t a# amo,#t o' elay or e%*e#se &hich the Co,rt rears as ,#reaso#able5

<ro"ie also that$ i' oral e"ie#ce re'ers to e%iste#ce or co#itio# o' a#y material thi# other th

a oc,me#t$ the Co,rt may$ i' it thi#:s 'it$ re?,ire the *ro,ctio# o' s,ch material thi# 'or its

i#s*ectio#.

CHA'TER V

*+ D*C.ENTAR) EVIDENCE

<roo' o' co#te#ts o'

oc,me#ts

1. The co#te#ts o' oc,me#ts may be *ro"e either by *rimary or by seco#ary e"ie#ce.

<rimary e"ie#ce 2. <rimary e"ie#ce mea#s the oc,me#t itsel' *ro,ce 'or the i#s*ectio# o' the Co,rt.

Explanation 1.-;here a oc,me#t is e%ec,te i# se"eral *arts$ each *art is *rimary e"ie#ce o'

oc,me#t.

;here a oc,me#t is e%ec,te i# co,#ter*art$ each co,#ter*art bei# e%ec,te by o#e or some o

the *arties o#ly$ each co,#ter*art is *rimary e"ie#ce as aai#st the *arties e%ec,ti# it.

Explanation 2.-;here a #,mber o' oc,me#ts are all mae by o#e ,#i'orm *rocess$ as i# the ca

o' *ri#ti#$ lithora*hy or *hotora*hy$ each is *rimary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' the rest3 b,t$

&here they are all co*ies o' a commo# orii#al$ they are #ot *rimary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o'



orii#al.

Ill,stratio#

A *erso# is sho&# to ha"e bee# i# *ossessio# o' a #,mber o' *lacars$ all *ri#te at o#e time *ro

o#e orii#al. A#y o#e o' the *lacars is *rimary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' a#y other$ b,t #o o#e

them is *rimary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' the orii#al.

Seco#ary e"ie#ce

. Seco#ary e"ie#ce mea#s a# i#cl,es-

(1) certi'ie co*ies i"e# ,#er the *ro"isio#s herei#a'ter co#tai#e3

(2) co*ies mae 'rom the orii#al by mecha#ical *rocesses &hich i# themsel"es i#s,re the acc,r

o' the co*y$ a# co*ies com*are &ith s,ch co*ies3

() co*ies mae 'rom or com*are &ith the orii#al3

(B) co,#ter*arts o' oc,me#ts as aai#st the *arties &ho i #ot e%ec,te them3

(0) oral acco,#ts o' the co#te#ts o' a oc,me#t i"e# by some *erso# &ho has himsel' see# it.

Illustrations

(a) A *hotora*h o' a# orii#al is seco#ary e"ie#ce o' its co#te#ts$ tho,h the t&o ha"e #ot be

com*are$ i' it is *ro"e that the thi# *hotora*he &as the orii#al.

(b) A co*y$ com*are &ith a co*y o' a letter mae by a co*yi# machi#e is seco#ary e"ie#ce o

the co#te#ts o' the letter$ i' it is sho&# that the co*y mae by the co*yi# machi#e &as mae 'ro

the orii#al.

(c) A co*y tra#scribe 'rom a co*y$ b,t a'ter&ars com*are &ith the orii#al is seco#ary

e"ie#ce3 b,t the co*y #ot so com*are is #ot seco#ary e"ie#ce o' the orii#al$ altho,h the c

'rom &hich it &as tra#scribe &as com*are &ith the orii#al.

() Neither a# oral acco,#t o' a co*y com*are &ith the orii#al$ #or a# oral acco,#t o' a

*hotora*h or machi#e-co*y o' the orii#al$ is seco#ary e"ie#ce o' the orii#al.

<roo' o' oc,me#ts by

*rimary e"ie#ce

B. oc,me#ts m,st be *ro"e by *rimary e"ie#ce e%ce*t i# the cases herei#a'ter me#tio#e.

Cases i# &hich

seco#ary e"ie#ce

relati# to oc,me#ts

0. Seco#ary e"ie#ce may be i"e# o' the e%iste#ce$ co#itio# or co#te#ts o' a oc,me#t i# th

'ollo&i# cases5=



may be i"e# (a) &he# the orii#al is sho&# or a**ears to be i# the *ossessio# or *o&er-

o' the *erso# aai#st &hom the oc,me#t is so,ht to be *ro"e$ or o' a#y *erso# o,t o' reach o

or #ot s,b+ect to$ the *rocess o' the Co,rt$ or

o' a#y *erso# leally bo,# to *ro,ce it$ a# &he#$ a'ter the #otice me#tio#e i# sectio# $ s,

*erso# oes #ot *ro,ce it3

(b) &he# the e%iste#ce$ co#itio# or co#te#ts o' the orii#al ha"e bee# *ro"e to be amitte i#

&riti# by the *erso# aai#st &hom it is *ro"e or by his re*rese#tati"e i# i#terest3

(c) &he# the orii#al has bee# estroye or lost$ or &he# the *arty o''eri# e"ie#ce o' its co#te

ca##ot$ 'or a#y other reaso# #ot arisi# 'rom his o&# e'a,lt or #elect$ *ro,ce it i# reaso#able

time3

() &he# the orii#al is o' s,ch a #at,re as #ot to be easily mo"eable3

(e) &he# the orii#al is a *,blic oc,me#t &ithi# the mea#i# o' sectio# 7B3

(') &he# the orii#al is a oc,me#t o' &hich a certi'ie co*y is *ermitte by this Act$ or by a#y

other la& i# 'orce i# a#laesh to be i"e# i# e"ie#ce3

() &he# the orii#als co#sist o' #,mero,s acco,#ts or other oc,me#ts &hich ca##ot co#"e#ie#

be e%ami#e i# Co,rt$ a# the 'act to be *ro"e is the e#eral res,lt o' the &hole collectio#.

I# cases (a)$ (c)$ a# ()$ a#y seco#ary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' the oc,me#t is amissible.

I# case (b)$ the &ritte# amissio# is amissible.

I# case (e) or (')$ a certi'ie co*y o' the oc,me#t$ b,t #o other :i# o' seco#ary e"ie#ce$ is

amissible.

I# case ()$ e"ie#ce may be i"e# as to the e#eral res,lt o' the oc,me#ts by a#y *erso# &ho h

e%ami#e them$ a# &ho is s:ille i# the e%ami#atio# o' s,ch oc,me#ts.

4,les as to #otice to

*ro,ce

. Seco#ary e"ie#ce o' the co#te#ts o' the oc,me#ts re'erre to i# sectio# 0$ cla,se (a)$ sha

#ot be i"e# ,#less the *arty *ro*osi# to i"e s,ch seco#ary e"ie#ce has *re"io,sly i"e# to

*arty i# &hose *ossessio# or *o&er the oc,me#t is$ or to his A"ocate$ s,ch #otice to *ro,ce

is *rescribe by la&3 a# i' #o #otice is *rescribe by la&$ the# s,ch #otice as the Co,rt co#sier

reaso#able ,#er the circ,msta#ces o' the case5

<ro"ie that s,ch #otice shall #ot be re?,ire i# orer to re#er seco#ary e"ie#ce amissible

a#y o' the 'ollo&i# cases$ or i# a#y other case i# &hich the Co,rt thi#:s 'it to is*e#se &ith it5=

(1) &he# the oc,me#t to be *ro"e is itsel' a #otice3

(2) &he#$ 'rom the #at,re o' the case$ the a"erse *arty m,st :#o& that he &ill be re?,ire to

*ro,ce it3

() &he# it a**ears or is *ro"e that the a"erse *arty has obtai#e *ossessio# o' the orii#al by

'ra, or 'orce3



(B) &he# the a"erse *arty or his ae#t has the orii#al i# Co,rt3

(0) &he# the a"erse *arty or his ae#t has amitte the loss o' the oc,me#t3

() &he# the *erso# i# *ossessio# o' the oc,me#t is o,t o' reach o'$ or #ot s,b+ect to$ the *roce

o' the Co,rt.

<roo' o' si#at,re a#

ha#&riti# o' *erso#

allee to ha"e si#e or

&ritte# oc,me#t

*ro,ce

7. I' a oc,me#t is allee to be si#e or to ha"e bee# &ritte# &holly or i# *art by a#y *erso#

the si#at,re or the ha#&riti# o' so m,ch o' the oc,me#t as is allee to be i# that *erso#>s

ha#&riti# m,st be *ro"e to be i# his ha#&riti#.

<roo' o' e%ec,tio# o'

oc,me#t re?,ire by

la& to be atteste

8. I' a oc,me#t is re?,ire by la& to be atteste$ it shall #ot be ,se as e"ie#ce ,#til o#e

attesti# &it#ess at least has bee# calle 'or the *,r*ose o' *ro"i# its e%ec,tio#$ i' there be a#

attesti# &it#ess ali"e$ a# s,b+ect to the *rocess o' the Co,rt a# ca*able o' i"i# e"ie#ce5

<ro"ie that it shall #ot be #ecessary to call a# attesti# &it#ess i# *roo' o' the e%ec,tio# o' a#y

oc,me#t$ #ot bei# a &ill$ &hich has bee# reistere i# accora#ce &ith the *ro"isio#s o' the

4eistratio# Act$ 1/E8$ ,#less its e%ec,tio# by the *erso# by &hom it *,r*orts to ha"e bee#

e%ec,te is s*eci'ically e#ie.

<roo' &here #o attesti#

&it#ess 'o,#

/. I' #o s,ch attesti# &it#ess ca# be 'o,#$ or i' the oc,me#t *,r*orts to ha"e bee# e%ec,te

the L#ite i#om$ it m,st be *ro"e that the attestatio# o' o#e attesti# &it#ess at least is i# h

ha#&riti#$ a# that the si#at,re o' the *erso# e%ec,ti# the oc,me#t is i# the ha#&riti# o

that *erso#.

Amissio# o' e%ec,tio# by *arty to atteste

oc,me#t

7E. The amissio# o' a *arty to a# atteste oc,me#t o' its e%ec,tio# by himsel' shall be s,''icie

*roo' o' its e%ec,tio# as aai#st him$ tho,h it be a oc,me#t re?,ire by la& to be atteste.

<roo' &he# attesti#

&it#ess e#ies the

e%ec,tio#

71. I' the attesti# &it#ess e#ies or oes #ot recollect the e%ec,tio# o' the oc,me#t$ its e%ec,ti

may be *ro"e by other e"ie#ce.







<roo' o' oc,me#t #ot

re?,ire by la& to be

atteste

72. A# atteste oc,me#t #ot re?,ire by la& to be atteste may be *ro"e as i' it &as ,#atteste

Com*ariso# o' si#at,re$

&riti# or seal &ith

others$ amitte or

*ro"e

7. I# orer to ascertai# &hether a si#at,re$ &riti# or seal is that o' the *erso# by &hom it

*,r*orts to ha"e bee# &ritte# or mae$ a#y si#at,re$ &riti# or seal amitte or *ro"e to the

satis'actio# o' the Co,rt to ha"e bee# &ritte# or mae by that *erso# may be com*are &ith the

&hich is to be *ro"e$ altho,h that si#at,re$ &riti# or seal has #ot bee# *ro,ce or *ro"e '

a#y other *,r*ose.

The Co,rt may irect a#y *erso# *rese#t i# Co,rt to &rite a#y &ors or 'i,res 'or the *,r*ose o

e#abli# the Co,rt to com*are the &ors or 'i,res so &ritte# &ith a#y &ors or 'i,res allee

ha"e bee# &ritte# by s,ch *erso#.

This sectio# a**lies also$ &ith a#y #ecessary moi'icatio#s$ to 'i#er-im*ressio#s.

'.-(IC D*C.ENTS

<,blic oc,me#ts

7B. The 'ollo&i# oc,me#ts are *,blic oc,me#ts5=

(1) oc,me#ts 'ormi# the acts or recors o' the acts-

(i) o' the so"erei# a,thority$

(ii) o' o''icial boies a# trib,#als$ a#

(iii) o' *,blic o''icers$ leislati"e$ +,icial a# e%ec,ti"e o' a#y *art o' a#laesh or o' the

Commo#&ealth$ or o' a 'orei# co,#try3

(2) *,blic recors :e*t i# a#laesh o' *ri"ate oc,me#ts.

<ri"ate oc,me#ts 70. All other oc,me#ts are *ri"ate.

Certi'ie co*ies o' *,blic

oc,me#ts

7. !"ery *,blic o''icer ha"i# the c,stoy o' a *,blic oc,me#t$ &hich a#y *erso# has a riht t

i#s*ect$ shall i"e that *erso# o# ema# a co*y o' it o# *ayme#t o' the leal 'ees there'or$ toe

&ith a certi'icate &ritte# at the 'oot o' s,ch co*y that it is a tr,e co*y o' s,ch oc,me#t or *art

thereo'$ as the case may be$ a# s,ch certi'icate shall be ate a# s,bscribe by s,ch o''icer &i

his #ame a# his o''icial title$ a# shall be seale$ &he#e"er s,ch o''icer is a,thori9e by la& to

ma:e ,se o' a seal$ a# s,ch co*ies so certi'ie shall be calle certi'ie co*ies.



Explanation.-A#y o''icer &ho$ by the ori#ary co,rse o' o''icial ,ty$ is a,thori9e to eli"er s,

co*ies$ shall be eeme to ha"e the c,stoy o' s,ch oc,me#ts &ithi# the mea#i# o' this sectio

<roo' o' oc,me#ts by

*ro,ctio# o' certi'ie

co*ies

77. S,ch certi'ie co*ies may be *ro,ce i# *roo' o' the co#te#ts o' the *,blic oc,me#ts or *a

o' the *,blic oc,me#ts o' &hich they *,r*ort to be co*ies.

<roo' o' other o''icial

oc,me#ts

78. The 'ollo&i# *,blic oc,me#ts may be *ro"e as 'ollo&s5=

2B [ (1) Acts$ orers or #oti'icatio#s o' the Go"er#me#t or a#y other Go"er#me#t that ',#ctio#e

&ithi# the territories #o& com*rise i# a#laesh or a#y e*artme#ts thereo' by the recors o'e*artme#ts$ certi'ie by the heas o' those e*artme#ts$ or by a#y oc,me#t *,r*orti# to be

*ri#te by orer o' a#y s,ch Go"er#me#t5]

(2) the *roceei# o' the 20 [ <arliame#t a# o' a#y leislat,re &hich ha *o&er to leislate i#

res*ect o' territories #o& com*rise i# a#laesh$]

by the +o,r#als o' those boies res*ecti"ely$ or by *,blishe Acts or abstracts$ or by co*ies

*,r*orti# to be *ri#te by orer o' the Go"er#me#t 2 [ M M M]5

() [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A# eclaratio#)

Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

(B) the Acts o' the !%ec,ti"e or the *roceei#s o' the Deislat,re o' a 'orei# co,#try$ - by

+o,r#als *,blishe by their a,thority$ or commo#ly recei"e i# that co,#try as s,ch$ or by a co*y

certi'ie ,#er the seal o' the co,#try or so"erei#$ or by a reco#itio# thereo' i# some 27 [ Act o'

<arliame#t]5

(0) −the *roceei#s$ o' a m,#ici*al boy i# a#laesh$

by a co*y o' s,ch *roceei#s$ certi'ie by the leal :ee*er thereo'$ or by a *ri#te boo: *,r*ort

to be *,blishe by the a,thority o' s,ch boy5

() *,blic oc,me#ts o' a#y other class i# a 'orei# co,#try$=

by the orii#al$ or by a co*y certi'ie by the leal :ee*er thereo'$ &ith a certi'icate ,#er the sea

a #otary *,blic$ or o' a a#laesh Co#s,l or i*lomatic ae#t$ that the co*y is ,ly certi'ie by

o''icer ha"i# the leal c,stoy o' the orii#al$ a# ,*o# *roo' o' the character o' the oc,me#t

accori# to the la& o' the 'orei# co,#try.

'RES.'TI*N AS T* D*C.ENTS

<res,m*tio# as to

e#,i#e#ess o' certi'ie

co*ies

7/. The Co,rt shall *res,me e"ery oc,me#t *,r*orti# to be a certi'icate$ certi'ie co*y or othe

oc,me#t$ &hich is by la& eclare to be amissible as e"ie#ce o' a#y *artic,lar 'act a# &hic

*,r*orts to be ,ly certi'ie by a#y o''icer o' the 28

[ Go"er#me#t] to be e#,i#e5 <ro"ie that s

























oc,me#t is s,bsta#tially i# the 'orm a# *,r*orts to be e%ec,te i# the ma##er irecte by la&

that behal'.

The Co,rt shall also *res,me that a#y o''icer by &hom a#y s,ch oc,me#t *,r*orts to be si#e

certi'ie$ hel$ &he# he si#e it$ the o''icial character &hich he claims i# s,ch *a*er.

<res,m*tio# as to

oc,me#ts *ro,ce as

recor o' e"ie#ce

8E. ;he#e"er a#y oc,me#t is *ro,ce be'ore a#y Co,rt$ *,r*orti# to be a recor or

memora#,m o' the e"ie#ce$ or o' a#y *art o' the e"ie#ce$ i"e# by a &it#ess i# a +,icial

*roceei# or be'ore a#y o''icer a,thori9e by la& to ta:e s,ch e"ie#ce or to be a stateme#t or

co#'essio# by a#y *riso#er or acc,se *erso#$ ta:e# i# accora#ce &ith la&$ a# *,r*orti# to be

si#e by a#y ,e or aistrate$ or by a#y s,ch o''icer as a'oresai$ the Co,rt shall *res,me-

that the oc,me#t is e#,i#e3 that a#y stateme#ts as to the circ,msta#ces ,#er &hich it &as ta:

*,r*orti# to be mae by the *erso# si#i# it$ are tr,e$ a# that s,ch e"ie#ce$ stateme#t or

co#'essio# &as ,ly ta:e#.

[Omitte]

81. [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A# eclaratio#

Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

<res,m*tio# as tooc,me#t amissible i#

!#la# &itho,t *roo' o'

seal or si#at,re

82. ;he# a#y oc,me#t is *ro,ce be'ore a#y Co,rt$ *,r*orti# to be a oc,me#t &hich$ by thla& i# 'orce 'or the time bei# i# !#la# a# Irela#$ &o,l be amissible i# *roo' o' a#y

*artic,lar i# a#y Co,rt o' ,stice i# !#la# or Irela#$ &itho,t *roo' o' the seal or stam* or

si#at,re a,the#ticati# it$ or o' the +,icial or o''icial character claime by the *erso# by &hom

*,r*orts to be si#e$ the Co,rt shall *res,me that s,ch seal$ stam* or si#at,re is e#,i#e$ a#

the *erso# si#i# it hel$ at the time &he# he si#e it$ the +,icial or o''icial character &hich h

claims$

a# the oc,me#t shall be amissible 'or the same *,r*ose 'or &hich it &o,l be amissible i#

!#la# or Irela#.

<res,m*tio# as to ma*s

or *la#s mae by

a,thority o' Go"er#me#t

8. The Co,rt shall *res,me that ma*s or *la#s *,r*orti# to be mae by the a,thority o' the

Go"er#me#t &ere so mae$ a# are acc,rate3 b,t ma*s or *la#s mae 'or the *,r*oses o' a#y ca,

m,st be *ro"e to be acc,rate.

<res,m*tio# as to

collectio#s o' la&s a#8B. The Co,rt shall *res,me the e#,i#e#ess o' 2/ [ e"ery boo: or Ga9ette] *,r*orti# to be *ri#t

or *,blishe ,#er the a,thority o' the Go"er#me#t o' a#y co,#try$ a# to co#tai# a#y o' the la&











re*orts o' ecisio#s o' that co,#try$

a# o' E [ e"ery boo: or Ga9ette] *,r*orti# to co#tai# re*orts o' ecisio#s o' the Co,rts o' s,ch

co,#try.

<res,m*tio# as to

*o&ers-o'-attor#ey

80. The Co,rt shall *res,me that e"ery oc,me#t *,r*orti# to be a *o&er-o'-attor#ey$ a# to ha

bee# e%ec,te be'ore$ a# a,the#ticate by$ a #otary *,blic$ or a#y Co,rt$ ,e$ aistrate$

a#laesh Co#s,l or ice-Co#s,l$ or re*rese#tati"e o' the Go"er#me#t$ &as so e%ec,te a#

a,the#ticate.

<res,m*tio# as to

certi'ie co*ies o''orei# +,icial recors

8. The Co,rt may *res,me that a#y oc,me#t *,r*orti# to be a certi'ie co*y o' a#y +,icial

recor o' a#y co,#try #ot 'ormi# *art o' a#laesh is e#,i#e a# acc,rate$ i' the oc,me#t *,r*orts to be certi'ie i# a#y ma##er &hich is certi'ie by a#y re*rese#tati"e o' the Go"er#me#

or 'or s,ch co,#try to be the ma##er commo#ly i# ,se i# that co,#try 'or the certi'icatio# o' co*

o' +,icial recors.

<res,m*tio# as to boo:s$

ma*s a# charts

87. The Co,rt may *res,me that a#y boo: to &hich it may re'er 'or i#'ormatio# o# matters o'

*,blic or e#eral i#terest$ a# that a#y *,blishe ma* or chart$ the stateme#ts o' &hich are rele"

'acts a# &hich is *ro,ce 'or its i#s*ectio#$ &as &ritte# a# *,blishe by the *erso# a# at the

time a# *lace$ by &hom or at &hich it *,r*orts to ha"e bee# &ritte# or *,blishe.

<res,m*tio# as to

telera*hic messaes

88. The Co,rt may *res,me that a messae$ 'or&are 'rom a telera*h o''ice to the *erso# to

&hom s,ch messae *,r*orts to be aresse$ corres*o#s &ith a messae eli"ere 'or

tra#smissio# at the o''ice 'rom &hich the messae *,r*orts to be se#t3 b,t the Co,rt shall #ot ma

a#y *res,m*tio# as to the *erso# by &hom s,ch messae &as eli"ere 'or tra#smissio#.

<res,m*tio# as to ,e

e%ec,tio#$ etc$ o'

oc,me#ts #ot *ro,ce

8/. The Co,rt shall *res,me that e"ery oc,me#t$ calle 'or a# #ot *ro,ce a'ter #otice to

*ro,ce$ &as atteste$ stam*e a# e%ec,te i# the ma##er re?,ire by la&.

<res,m*tio# as to

oc,me#ts thirty years

ol

/E. ;here a#y oc,me#t$ *,r*orti# or *ro"e to be thirty years ol$ is *ro,ce 'rom a#y c,sto

&hich the Co,rt i# the *artic,lar case co#siers *ro*er$ the Co,rt may *res,me that the si#at,r

a# e"ery other *art o' s,ch oc,me#t$ &hich *,r*orts to be i# the ha#&riti# o' a#y *artic,lar







*erso#$ is i# that *erso#>s ha#&riti#$ a#$ i# the case o' a oc,me#t e%ec,te or atteste$ that i

&as ,ly e%ec,te a# atteste by the *erso#s by &hom it *,r*orts to be e%ec,te a# atteste.

Explanation.-oc,me#ts are sai to be i# *ro*er c,stoy i' they are i# the *lace i# &hich$ a#

,#er the care o' the *erso# &ith &hom$ they &o,l #at,rally be3 b,t #o c,stoy is im*ro*er i' i

*ro"e to ha"e ha a leitimate orii#$ or i' the circ,msta#ces o' the *artic,lar case are s,ch as t

re#er s,ch a# orii# *robable.

This e%*la#atio# a**lies also to sectio# 81.

Illustrations

(a) A has bee# i# *ossessio# o' la#e *ro*erty 'or a lo# time. He *ro,ces 'rom his c,stoy e

relati# to the la#$ sho&i# his titles to it. The c,stoy is *ro*er.

(b) A *ro,ces ees relati# to la#e *ro*erty o' &hich he is the mortaee. The mortaor is

*ossessio#. The c,stoy is *ro*er.

(c) A$ a co##ectio# o' $ *ro,ces ees relati# to la#s i# >s *ossessio# &hich &ere e*osite

&ith him by 'or sa'e c,stoy. The c,stoy is *ro*er.

CHA'TER VI

*+ THE EC(.SI*N *+ *RA( -) D*C.ENTAR) EVIDENCE

!"ie#ce o' terms o'

co#tracts$ ra#ts a#

other is*ositio#s o'

*ro*erty re,ce to 'ormo' oc,me#t

/1. ;he# the terms o' a co#tract$ or o' a ra#t$ or o' a#y other is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ ha"e bee#

re,ce to the 'orm o' a oc,me#t$ a# i# all cases i# &hich a#y matter is re?,ire by la& to be

re,ce to the 'orm o' a oc,me#t$ #o e"ie#ce shall be i"e# i# *roo' o' the terms o' s,ch

co#tract$ ra#t or other is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ or o' s,ch matter$ e%ce*t the oc,me#t itsel'$ orseco#ary e"ie#ce o' its co#te#ts i# cases i# &hich seco#ary e"ie#ce is amissible ,#er the

*ro"isio#s herei#be'ore co#tai#e. !%ce*tio# 1.= ;he# a *,blic o''icer is re?,ire by la& to be

a**oi#te i# &riti#$ a# &he# it is sho&# that a#y *artic,lar *erso# has acte as s,ch o''icer$ th

&riti# by &hich he is a**oi#te #ee #ot be *ro"e.

!%ce*tio# 2.= ;ills amitte to *robate i# a#laesh may be *ro"e by the *robate.

Explanation 1.=This sectio# a**lies e?,ally to cases i# &hich the co#tracts$ ra#ts or is*ositio

o' *ro*erty re'erre to are co#tai#e i# o#e oc,me#t a# to cases i# &hich they are co#tai#e i#

more oc,me#ts tha# o#e.

Explanation 2.=;here there are more orii#als tha# o#e$ o#e orii#al o#ly #ee be *ro"e.

Explanation .=The stateme#t$ i# a#y oc,me#t &hate"er$ o' a 'act other tha# the 'acts re'erre

i# this sectio#$ shall #ot *recl,e the amissio# o' oral e"ie#ce as to the same 'act.

Illustrations

(a) I' a co#tract be co#tai#e i# se"eral letters all the letters i# &hich it is co#tai#e m,st be *ro"

(b) I' a co#tract is co#tai#e i# a bill o' e%cha#e$ the bill o' e%cha#e m,st be *ro"e.

(c) I' a bill o' e%cha#e is ra&# i# a set o' three$ o#e o#ly #ee be *ro"e.



() A co#tracts$ i# &riti#$ &ith $ 'or the eli"ery o' i#io ,*o# certai# terms. The co#tract

me#tio#s the 'act that ha *ai A the *rice o' other i#io co#tracte 'or "erbally o# a#other

occasio#.

Oral e"ie#ce is o''ere that #o *ayme#t &as mae 'or the other i#io. The e"ie#ce is amissi

(e) A i"es a recei*t 'or mo#ey *ai by .

Oral e"ie#ce is o''ere o' the *ayme#t.

The e"ie#ce is amissible.

!%cl,sio# o' e"ie#ce o'

oral areeme#t

/2. ;he# the terms o' a#y s,ch co#tract$ ra#t or other is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ or a#y matter

re?,ire by la& to be re,ce to the 'orm o' a oc,me#t$ ha"e bee# *ro"e accori# to the last

sectio#$ #o e"ie#ce o' a#y oral areeme#t or stateme#t shall be amitte$ as bet&ee# the *arties

a#y s,ch i#str,me#t or their re*rese#tati"es i# i#terest$ 'or the *,r*ose o' co#traicti#$ "aryi#$

ai# to$ or s,btracti# 'rom$ its terms5

<ro"iso (1).=A#y 'act may be *ro"e &hich &o,l i#"aliate a#y oc,me#t$ or &hich &o,l e#t

a#y *erso# to a#y ecree or orer relati# thereto3 s,ch as 'ra,$ i#timiatio#$ illeality$ &a#t o'

,e e%ec,tio#$ &a#t o' ca*acity i# a#y co#tracti# *arty$ &a#t or 'ail,re o' co#sieratio#$ or

mista:e i# 'act or la&.

<ro"iso (2).=The e%iste#ce o' a#y se*arate oral areeme#t as to a#y matter o# &hich a oc,me#t

sile#t$ a# &hich is #ot i#co#siste#t &ith its terms$ may be *ro"e. I# co#sieri# &hether or #o

this *ro"iso a**lies$ the Co,rt shall ha"e rear to the eree o' 'ormality o' the oc,me#t.

<ro"iso ().=The e%iste#ce o' a#y se*arate oral areeme#t co#stit,ti# a co#itio# *recee#t to t

attachi# o' a#y obliatio# ,#er a#y s,ch co#tract$ ra#t or is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ may be

*ro"e.

<ro"iso (B).=The e%iste#ce o' a#y isti#ct s,bse?,e#t oral areeme#t to resci# or moi'y a#y s,

co#tract$ ra#t or is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ may be *ro"e$ e%ce*t i# cases i# &hich s,ch co#tract$

ra#t or is*ositio# o' *ro*erty is by la& re?,ire to be i# &riti#$ or has bee# reistere accor

to the la& i# 'orce 'or the time bei# as to the reistratio# o' oc,me#ts.

<ro"iso (0).=A#y ,sae or c,stom by &hich i#cie#ts #ot e%*ressly me#tio#e i# a#y co#tract ar

,s,ally a##e%e to co#tracts o' that escri*tio#$ may be *ro"e5

<ro"ie that the a##e%i# o' s,ch i#cie#t &o,l #ot be re*,#a#t to$ or i#co#siste#t &ith$ the

e%*ress terms o' the co#tract.

<ro"iso ().=A#y 'act may be *ro"e &hich sho&s i# &hat ma##er the la#,ae o' a oc,me#t i

relate to e%isti# 'acts.

Illustrations

(a) A *olicy o' i#s,ra#ce is e''ecte o# oos 6i# shi*s 'rom Chittao# to Do#o#6. The oos a

shi**e i# a *artic,lar shi* &hich is lost. The 'act that that *artic,lar shi* &as orally e%ce*te 'r



the *olicy ca##ot be *ro"e.

(b) A arees absol,tely i# &riti# to *ay Ta:a 1$EEE o# the 'irst arch$ 187. The 'act that$ at

same time a# oral areeme#t &as mae that the mo#ey sho,l #ot be *ai till the thirty-'irst ar

ca##ot be *ro"e.

(c) A# estate calle 6the 4am*ore tea estate6 is sol by a ee &hich co#tai#s a ma* o' the *ro*esol. The 'act that la# #ot

i#cl,e i# the ma* ha al&ays bee# reare as *art o' the estate a# &as mea#t to *ass by the

ee ca##ot be *ro"e.

() A e#ters i#to a &ritte# co#tract &ith to &or: certai# mi#es$ the *ro*erty o' $ ,*o# certai#

terms. A &as i#,ce to o so by a misre*rese#tatio# o' >s as to their "al,e. This 'act may be

*ro"e.

(e) A i#stit,tes a s,it aai#st 'or the s*eci'ic *er'orma#ce o' a co#tract$ a# also *rays that the

co#tract may be re'orme as to o#e o' its *ro"isio#s$ as that *ro"isio# &as i#serte i# it by mista

A may *ro"e that s,ch a mista:e &as mae as &o,l by la& e#title him to ha"e the co#tractre'orme.

(') A orers oos o' by a letter i# &hich #othi# is sai as to the time o' *ayme#t$ a# acce*t

the oos o# eli"ery. s,es A 'or the *rice. A may sho& that the oos &ere s,**lie o# creit

a term still ,#e%*ire.

() A sells a horse a# "erbally &arra#ts him so,#. A i"es a *a*er i# these &ors5 6o,h

A a horse 'or Ta:a 0EE6. may *ro"e the "erbal &arra#ty.

(h) A hires loi#s o' $ a# i"es a car o# &hich is &ritte#-64ooms Ta:a 2EE a mo#th6. A ma

*ro"e a "erbal areeme#t that these terms &ere to i#cl,e *artial boar.

A hires loi#s o' 'or a year$ a# a re,larly stam*e areeme#t$ ra&# ,* by a# attor#ey$ is

mae bet&ee# them. It is sile#t o# the s,b+ect o' boar. A may #ot *ro"e that boar &as i#cl,e

the term "erbally.

(i) A a**lies to 'or a ebt ,e to A by se#i# a recei*t 'or the mo#ey. :ee*s the recei*t a#

oes #ot se# the mo#ey. I# a s,it 'or the amo,#t A may *ro"e this.

(+) A a# ma:e a co#tract i# &riti# to ta:e e''ect ,*o# the ha**e#i# o' a certai# co#ti#e#cy

The &riti# is le't &ith $ &ho s,es A ,*o# it. A may sho& the circ,msta#ces ,#er &hich it &as

eli"ere.

!%cl,sio# o' e"ie#ce to

e%*lai# or ame#

ambi,o,s oc,me#t

/. ;he# the la#,ae ,se i# a oc,me#t is$ o# its 'ace$ ambi,o,s or e'ecti"e$ e"ie#ce may

#ot be i"e# o' 'acts &hich &o,l sho& its mea#i# or s,**ly its e'ects.

Illustrations

(a) A arees$ i# &riti#$ to sell a horse to 'or Ta:a 1$EEE or Ta:a 1$0EE. !"ie#ce ca##ot be i"

to sho& &hich *rice &as to be i"e#.



(b) A ee co#tai#s bla#:s. !"ie#ce ca##ot be i"e# o' 'acts &hich &o,l sho& ho& they &ere

mea#t to be 'ille.

!%cl,sio# o' e"ie#ce

aai#st a**licatio# o'

oc,me#t o' e%isti#

'acts

/B. ;he# la#,ae ,se i# a oc,me#t is *lai# i# itsel'$ a# &he# it a**lies acc,rately to e%isti#

'acts$ e"ie#ce may #ot be i"e# to sho& that it &as #ot mea#t to a**ly to s,ch 'acts.

Ill,stratio#

A sells to $ by ee$ 6my estate at 4a#*,r co#tai#i# 1EE bihas6. A has a# estate at 4a#*,r

co#tai#i# 1EE bihas. !"ie#ce may #ot be i"e# o' the 'act that the estate mea#t to be sol &as

o#e sit,ate at a i''ere#t *lace a# o' a i''ere#t si9e.

!"ie#ce as to oc,me#t

,#mea#i# i# re'ere#ce

to e%isti# 'acts

/0. ;he# la#,ae ,se i# a oc,me#t is *lai# i# itsel'$ b,t is ,#mea#i# i# re'ere#ce to e%isti#

'acts$ e"ie#ce may be i"e# to sho& that it &as ,se i# a *ec,liar se#se.

Illustrations

A sells to $ by ee 6my ho,se i# 1 [ ha:a]6.

A ha #o ho,se i# 2 [ ha:a]$ b,t it a**ears that he ha a ho,se at [ Naraya#a#+]$ o' &hich h

bee# i# *ossessio# si#ce the e%ec,tio# o' the ee.

These 'acts may be *ro"e to sho& that the ee relate to the ho,se at B [ Naraya#a#+].

!"ie#ce as to

a**licatio# o' la#,ae

&hich ca# a**ly to o#eo#ly o' se"eral *erso#s

/. ;he# the 'acts are s,ch that the la#,ae ,se miht ha"e bee# mea#t to a**ly to a#y o#e$ a

co,l #ot ha"e bee# mea#t to a**ly to more tha# o#e$ o' se"eral *erso#s or thi#s$ e"ie#ce may

i"e# o' 'acts &hich sho& &hich o' those *erso#s or thi#s it &as i#te#e to a**ly to.

Illustrations

(a) A arees to sell to $ 'or Ta:a 1$EEE$ 6my &hite horse6. A has t&o &hite horses. !"ie#ce ma

be i"e# o' 'acts &hich sho& &hich o' them &as mea#t.

(b) A arees to accom*a#y to 0 [ Sai*,r]. !"ie#ce may be i"e# o' 'acts sho&i# &hether [ Sai*,r i# h,l#a or Sai*,r i# 4a#*,r] &as mea#t.
























!"ie#ce as to

a**licatio# o' la#,ae

to o#e o' t&o sets o'

'acts$ to #either o' &hichthe &hole correctly

a**lies

/7. ;he# the la#,ae ,se a**lies *artly to o#e set o' e%isti# 'acts$ a# *artly to a#other set o

e%isti# 'acts$ b,t the &hole o' it oes #ot a**ly correctly to either$ e"ie#ce may be i"e# to sho

to &hich o' the t&o it &as mea#t to a**ly.

Ill,stratio#

A arees to sell to 6my la# at i# the occ,*atio# o' J6. A has la# at $ b,t #ot i# the

occ,*atio# o' J$ a# he has la# i# the occ,*atio# o' J$ b,t it is #ot at . !"ie#ce may be i"e#

'acts sho&i# &hich he mea#t to sell.

!"ie#ce as to mea#i#

o' illeible characters$etc

/8. !"ie#ce may be i"e# to sho& the mea#i# o' illeible or #ot commo#ly i#telliible

characters$ o' 'orei#$ obsolete$ tech#ical$ local a# *ro"i#cial e%*ressio#s$ o' abbre"iatio#s a#&ors ,se i# a *ec,liar se#se.

Ill,stratio#

A$ a sc,l*tor$ arees to sell to $ 6all my mos6. A has both moels a# moeli# tools. !"ie#c

may be i"e# to sho& &hich he mea#t to sell.

;ho may i"e e"ie#ceo' areeme#t "aryi#

terms o' oc,me#t

//. <erso#s &ho are #ot *arties to a oc,me#t$ or their re*rese#tati"es i# i#terest$ may i"ee"ie#ce o' a#y 'acts te#i# to sho& a co#tem*ora#eo,s areeme#t "aryi# the terms o' the

oc,me#t.

Ill,stratio#

A a# ma:e a co#tract i# &riti# that shall sell A certai# cotto#$ to be *ai 'or o# eli"ery. A

the same time they ma:e a# oral areeme#t that three mo#ths> creit shall be i"e# to A. This co,

#ot be sho&# as bet&ee# A a# $ b,t it miht be sho&# by C$ i' it a''ecte his i#terests.

Sa"i# o' *ro"isio#s o'

S,ccessio# Act relati#

to &ills

1EE. Nothi# i# this Cha*ter co#tai#e shall be ta:e# to a''ect a#y o' the *ro"isio#s o' the7 [ S,ccessio# Act$ 1/20] as to the co#str,ctio# o' &ills.

'ART III

'R*D.CTI*N AND E++ECT *+ EVIDENCE

CHA'TER VII

*+ THE -.RDEN *+ 'R**+






,re# o' *roo'

1E1. ;hoe"er esires a#y Co,rt to i"e +,me#t as to a#y leal riht or liability e*e#e#t o# t

e%iste#ce o' 'acts &hich he asserts$ m,st *ro"e that those 'acts e%ist.

;he# a *erso# is bo,# to *ro"e the e%iste#ce o' a#y 'act$ it is sai that the b,re# o' *roo' lies

that *erso#.

Illustrations

(a) A esires a Co,rt to i"e +,me#t that shall be *,#ishe 'or a crime &hich A says has

committe.

A m,st *ro"e that has committe the crime.

(b) A esires a Co,rt to i"e +,me#t that he is e#title to certai# la# i# the *ossessio# o' $ by

reaso# o' 'acts &hich he asserts$ a# &hich e#ies$ to be tr,e.

A m,st *ro"e the e%iste#ce o' those 'acts.

O# &hom b,re# o'

*roo' lies

1E2. The b,re# o' *roo' i# a s,it or *roceei# lies o# that *erso# &ho &o,l 'ail i' #o e"ie#c

all &ere i"e# o# either sie.

Illustrations

(a) A s,es 'or la# o' &hich is i# *ossessio#$ a# &hich$ as A asserts$ &as le't to A by the &io' C$ >s 'ather.

I' #o e"ie#ce &ere i"e# o# either sie$ &o,l be e#title to retai# his *ossessio#.

There'ore the b,re# o' *roo' is o# A.

(b) A s,es 'or mo#ey ,e o# a bo#.

The e%ec,tio# o' the bo# is amitte$ b,t says that it &as obtai#e by 'ra,$ &hich A e#ies.

I' #o e"ie#ce &ere i"e# o# either sie$ A &o,l s,ccee as the bo# is #ot is*,te a# the 'ra

is #ot *ro"e.

There'ore the b,re# o' *roo' is o# .

,re# o' *roo' as to

*artic,lar 'act

1E. The b,re# o' *roo' as to a#y *artic,lar 'act lies o# that *erso# &ho &ishes the Co,rt to

belie"e i# its e%iste#ce$ ,#less it is *ro"ie by a#y la& that the *roo' o' that 'act shall lie o# a#y

*artic,lar *erso#.

Ill,stratio#



(a) A *rosec,tes 'or the't$ a# &ishes the Co,rt to belie"e that amitte the the't to C. A m,s

*ro"e the amissio#.

&ishes the Co,rt to belie"e that$ at the time i# ?,estio#$ he &as else&here. He m,st *ro"e it.

,re# o' *ro"i# 'act to

be *ro"e to ma:e

e"ie#ce amissible

1EB. The b,re# o' *ro"i# a#y 'act #ecessary to be *ro"e i# orer to e#able a#y *erso# to i"e

e"ie#ce o' a#y other 'act is o# the *erso# &ho &ishes to i"e s,ch e"ie#ce.

Illustrations

(a) A &ishes to *ro"e a yi# eclaratio# by . A m,st *ro"e >s eath.

(b) A &ishes to *ro"e$ by seco#ary e"ie#ce$ the co#te#ts o' a lost oc,me#t.

A m,st *ro"e that the oc,me#t has bee# lost.

,re# o' *ro"i# that

case o' acc,se comes

&ithi# e%ce*tio#s

1E0. ;he# a *erso# is acc,se o' a#y o''e#ce$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# the e%iste#ce o' circ,msta#

bri#i# the case &ithi# a#y o' the Ge#eral !%ce*tio#s i# the 8 [ M M M] <e#al Coe$ or &ithi# a#y

s*ecial e%ce*tio# or *ro"iso co#tai#e i# a#y other *art o' the same Coe$ or i# a#y la& e'i#i#

the o''e#ce$ is ,*o# him$ a# the Co,rt shall *res,me the abse#ce o' s,ch circ,msta#ces.

Illustrations

(a) A$ acc,se o' m,rer$ allees that$ by reaso# o' ,#so,##ess o' mi#$ he i #ot :#o& the

#at,re o' the act.

The b,re# o' *roo' is o# A.

(b) A$ acc,se o' m,rer$ allees that$ by ra"e a# s,e# *ro"ocatio#$ he &as e*ri"e o' the

*o&er o' sel'-co#trol.

The b,re# o' *roo' is o# A.

(c) Sectio# 20 o' the / [ M M M] <e#al Coe *ro"ies that &hoe"er$ e%ce*t i# the case *ro"ie 'o

by sectio# 0$ "ol,#tarily ca,ses rie"o,s h,rt$ shall be s,b+ect to certai# *,#ishme#ts.

A is chare &ith "ol,#tarily ca,si# rie"o,s h,rt ,#er sectio# 20.

The b,re# o' *ro"i# the circ,msta#ces bri#i# the case ,#er sectio# 0 lies o# A.

,re# o' *ro"i# 'act 1E. ;he# a#y 'act is es*ecially &ithi# the :#o&lee o' a#y *erso#$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that














es*ecially &ithi#

:#o&lee'act is ,*o# him.

Illustrations

(a) ;he# a *erso# oes a# act &ith some i#te#tio# other tha# that &hich the character a#

circ,msta#ces o' the act s,est$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that i#te#tio# is ,*o# him.

(b) A is chare &ith tra"eli# o# a rail&ay &itho,t a tic:et. The b,re# o' *ro"i# that he ha a

tic:et is o# him.

,re# o' *ro"i# eath

o' *erso# :#o&# to ha"e

bee# ali"e &ithi# thirty

years

1E7. ;he# the ?,estio# is &hether a ma# is ali"e or ea$ a# it is sho&# that he &as ali"e &ithi

thirty years$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that he is ea is o# the *erso# &ho a''irms it.

,re# o' *ro"i# that

*erso# is ali"e &ho has

#ot bee# hear o' 'or

se"e# years

1E8. <ro"ie that &he# the ?,estio# is &hether a ma# is ali"e or ea$ a# it is *ro"e that he h

#ot bee# hear o' 'or se"e# years by those &ho &o,l #at,rally ha"e hear o' him i' he ha bee#

ali"e$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that he is ali"e is shi'te to the *erso# &ho a''irms it.

,re# o' *roo' as to

relatio#shi* i# the cases

o' *art#ers$ la#lor a#

te#a#t$ *ri#ci*al a#

ae#t

1E/. ;he# the ?,estio# is &hether *erso#s are *art#ers$ la#lor a# te#a#t$ or *ri#ci*al a# ae

a# it has bee# sho&# that they ha"e bee# acti# as s,ch$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that they o #ot

sta#$ or ha"e cease to sta#$ to each other i# those relatio#shi*s res*ecti"ely$ is o# the *erso# &

a''irms it.

,re# o' *roo' as to

o&#ershi*

11E. ;he# the ?,estio# is &hether a#y *erso# is o&#er o' a#ythi# o' &hich he is sho&# to be i

*ossessio#$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# that he is #ot the o&#er is o# the *erso# &ho a''irms that he is#ot the o&#er.

<roo' o' oo 'aith i#

tra#sactio#s &here o#e

*arty is i# relatio# o'

acti"e co#'ie#ce

111. ;here there is a ?,estio# as to the oo 'aith o' a tra#sactio# bet&ee# *arties$ o#e o' &hom

sta#s to the other i# a *ositio# o' acti"e co#'ie#ce$ the b,re# o' *ro"i# the oo 'aith o' the

tra#sactio# is o# the *arty &ho is i# a *ositio# o' acti"e co#'ie#ce.

Illustrations



(a) The oo 'aith o' a sale by a clie#t to a# attor#ey is i# ?,estio# i# a s,it bro,ht by the clie#t

The b,re# o' *ro"i# the oo 'aith o' the tra#sactio# is o# the attor#ey.

(b) The oo 'aith o' a sale by a so# +,st come o' ae to a 'ather is i# ?,estio# i# a s,it bro,ht b

the so#. The b,re# o' *ro"i# the oo 'aith o' the tra#sactio# is o# the 'ather.

irth ,ri# marriae

co#cl,si"e *roo' o'

leitimacy

112. The 'act that a#y *erso# &as bor# ,ri# the co#ti#,a#ce o' a "ali marriae bet&ee# his

mother a# a#y ma#$ or &ithi# t&o h,#re a# eihty ays a'ter its issol,tio#$ the mother

remai#i# ,#marrie$ shall be co#cl,si"e *roo' that he is the leitimate so# o' that ma#$ ,#less i

ca# be sho&# that the *arties to the marriae ha #o access to each other at a#y time &he# he co

ha"e bee# beotte#.

[Omitte]

11. [Omitte by sectio# a# 2# Sche,le o' the a#laesh Da&s (4e"isio# A# eclaratio

Act$ 1/7 (Act No. III o' 1/7).]

Co,rt may *res,me

e%iste#ce o' certai# 'acts

11B. The co,rt may *res,me the e%iste#ce o' a#y 'act &hich it thi#:s li:ely to ha"e ha**e#e$

rear bei# ha to the commo# co,rse o' #at,ral e"e#ts$ h,ma# co#,ct a# *,blic a# *ri"ate

b,si#ess$ i# their relatio# to the 'acts o' the *artic,lar case.

Illustrations

The Co,rt may *res,me =

(a) that a ma# &ho is i# *ossessio# o' stole# oos soo# a'ter the the't$ is either the thie' or has

recei"e the oos :#o&i# them to be stole#$ ,#less he ca# acco,#t 'or his *ossessio#3

(b) that a# accom*lice is ,#&orthy o' creit$ ,#less he is corroborate i# material *artic,lars3

(c) that a bill o' e%cha#e$ acce*te or e#orse$ &as acce*te or e#orse 'or oo co#sieratio

() that a thi# or state o' thi#s &hich has bee# sho&# to be i# e%iste#ce &ithi# a *erio shorter

tha# that &ithi# &hich s,ch thi#s or states o' thi#s ,s,ally cease to e%ist$ is still i# e%iste#ce3

(e) that +,icial a# o''icial acts ha"e bee# re,larly *er'orme3

(') that the commo# co,rse o' b,si#ess has bee# 'ollo&e i# *artic,lar cases3

() that e"ie#ce &hich co,l be a# is #ot *ro,ce &o,l$ i' *ro,ce$ be ,#'a"o,rable to the

*erso# &ho &ithhols it3

(h) that$ i' a ma# re',ses to a#s&er a ?,estio# &hich he is #ot com*elle to a#s&er by la&$ the

a#s&er$ i' i"e#$ &o,l be ,#'a"o,rable to him3







(i) that &he# a oc,me#t creati# a# obliatio# is i# the ha#s o' the oblior$ the obliatio# has

bee# ischare.

,t the Co,rt shall also ha"e rear to s,ch 'acts as the 'ollo&i#$ i# co#sieri# &hether s,ch

ma%ims o or o #ot a**ly to the *artic,lar case be'ore it5=

as to ill,stratio# (a) =A sho*-:ee*er has i# his till a mar:e Ta:a soo# a'ter it &as stole#$ a#

ca##ot acco,#t 'or its *ossessio# s*eci'ically$ b,t is co#ti#,ally recei"i# Ta:a i# the co,rse o' h

b,si#ess5

as to ill,stratio# (b)=A$ a *erso# o' the hihest character$ is trie 'or ca,si# a me#>s eath by a#

o' #elie#ce i# arra#i# certai# machi#ery. $ a *erso# o' e?,ally oo character$ &ho also too

*art i# the arra#eme#t$ escribes *recisely &hat &as o#e$ a# amits a# e%*lai#s the commo#

careless#ess o' A a# himsel'5

as to ill,stratio# (b)=a crime is committe by se"eral *erso#s. A$ a# C$ three o' the crimi#als

ca*t,re o# the s*ot a# :e*t a*art 'rom each other. !ach i"es a# acco,#t o' the crime im*licat

$ a# the acco,#ts corroborate each other i# s,ch a ma##er as to re#er *re"io,s co#cert hihlyim*robable5

as to ill,stratio# (c)=A$ the ra&er o' a bill o' e%cha#e$ &as a ma# o' b,si#ess. $ the acce*tor$

&as a yo,# a# i#ora#t *erso#$ com*letely ,#er A>s i#'l,e#ce5

as to ill,stratio# ()=it is *ro"e that a ri"er ra# i# a certai# co,rse 'i"e years ao$ b,t it is :#o&#

that there ha"e bee# 'loos si#ce that time &hich miht cha#e its co,rse5

as to ill,stratio# (e)=a +,icial act$ the re,larity o' &hich is i# ?,estio#$ &as *er'orme ,#er

e%ce*tio#al circ,msta#ces5

as to ill,stratio# (')=the ?,estio# is$ &hether a letter &as recei"e. It is sho&# to ha"e bee# *oste b,t the ,s,al co,rse o' the *ost &as i#terr,*te by ist,rba#ces5

as to ill,stratio# ()=a ma# re',ses to *ro,ce oc,me#t &hich &o,l bear o# a co#tract o' smal

im*orta#ce o# &hich he is s,e$ b,t &hich miht also i#+,re the 'eeli#s a# re*,tatio# o' his

'amily5

as to ill,stratio# (h)=a ma# re',ses to a#s&er a ?,estio# &hich he is #ot com*elle by la& to

a#s&er$ b,t the a#s&er to it miht ca,se loss to him i# matters ,#co##ecte &ith the matter i#

relatio# to &hich it is as:e5

as to ill,stratio# (i)=a bo# is i# *ossessio# o' the oblior$ b,t the circ,msta#ces o' the case are

s,ch that he may ha"e stole# it.

CHA'TER VIII

EST*''E(

!sto**el 110. ;he# o#e *erso# has$ by his eclaratio#$ act or omissio#$ i#te#tio#ally ca,se or *ermitte

a#other *erso# to belie"e a thi# to be tr,e a# to act ,*o# s,ch belie'$ #either he #or his

re*rese#tati"e shall be allo&e$ i# a#y s,it or *roceei# bet&ee# himsel' a# s,ch *erso# or hi

re*rese#tati"e$ to e#y the tr,th o' that thi#.Ill,stratio#



A i#te#tio#ally a# 'alsely leas to belie"e that certai# la# belo#s to A$ a# thereby i#,ces

to b,y a# *ay 'or it.

The la# a'ter&ars becomes the *ro*erty o' A$ a# A see:s to set asie the sale o# the ro,# th

at the time o' the sale$ he ha #o title. He m,st #ot be allo&e to *ro"e his &a#t o' title.

!sto**el o' te#a#t3 a#

o' lice#see o' *erso# i#

*ossessio#

11. No te#a#t o' immo"able *ro*erty$ or *erso# claimi# thro,h s,ch te#a#t$ shall$ ,ri# the

co#ti#,a#ce o' the te#a#cy$ be *ermitte to e#y that the la#lor o' s,ch te#a#t ha$ at the

bei##i# o' the te#a#cy$ a title to s,ch immo"able *ro*erty3 a# #o *erso# &ho came ,*o# a#y

immo"able *ro*erty by the lice#se o' the *erso# i# *ossessio# thereo' shall be *ermitte to e#y

that s,ch *erso# ha a title to s,ch *ossessio# at the time &he# s,ch lice#se &as i"e#.

!sto**el o' acce*tor o'

bill o' e%cha#e$ bailee

or lice#see

117. No acce*tor o' a bill o' e%cha#e shall be *ermitte to e#y that the ra&er ha a,thority to

ra& s,ch bill or to e#orse it3 #or shall a#y bailee or lice#see be *ermitte to e#y that his bailo

or lice#sor ha$ at the time &he# the bailme#t or lice#se comme#ce$ a,thority to ma:e s,ch

bailme#t or ra#t s,ch lice#se.

Explanation (1).=The acce*tor o' a bill o' e%cha#e may e#y that the bill &as really ra&# by

*erso# by &hom it *,r*orts to ha"e bee# ra&#.

Explanation (2).=I' a bailee eli"ers the oos baile to a *erso# other tha# the bailor$ he may

*ro"e that s,ch *erso# ha a riht to them as aai#st the bailor.

CHA'TER I

*+ WITNESSES

;ho may testi'y

118. All *erso#s shall be com*ete#t to testi'y ,#less the Co,rt co#siers that they are *re"e#te

'rom ,#ersta#i# the ?,estio#s *,t to them$ or 'rom i"i# ratio#al a#s&ers to those ?,estio#s

by te#er years$ e%treme ol ae$ isease$ &hether o' boy or mi#$ or a#y other ca,se o' the sam

:i#.

Explanation.=A l,#atic is #ot i#com*ete#t to testi'y$ ,#less he is *re"e#te by his l,#acy 'rom

,#ersta#i# the ?,estio#s *,t to him a# i"i# ratio#al a#s&ers to them.

,mb &it#esses

11/. A &it#ess &ho is ,#able to s*ea: may i"e his e"ie#ce i# a#y other ma##er i# &hich he ca

ma:e it i#telliible$

as by &riti# or by si#s3 b,t s,ch &riti# m,st be &ritte# a# the si#s mae i# o*e# Co,rt.

!"ie#ce so i"e# shall be eeme to be oral e"ie#ce.



<arties to ci"il s,it$ a#

their &i"es or h,sba#s

H,sba# or &i'e o'

*erso# ,#er crimi#al

trail

12E. I# all ci"il *roceei#s the *arties to the s,it$ a# the h,sba# or &i'e o' a#y *arty to the s,

shall be com*ete#t &it#esses. I# crimi#al *roceei#s aai#st a#y *erso#$ the h,sba# or &i'e o

s,ch *erso#$ res*ecti"ely$ shall be a com*ete#t &it#ess.

,es a# aistrates

121. No ,e or aistrate shall$ e%ce*t ,*o# the s*ecial orer o' some Co,rt to &hich he is

s,bori#ate$ be com*elle to a#s&er a#y ?,estio#s as to his o&# co#,ct i# Co,rt as s,ch ,e

a# aistrate$ or as to a#ythi# &hich came to his :#o&lee i# Co,rt as s,ch ,e or

aistrate5 b,t he may be e%ami#e as to other matters &hich occ,rre i# his *rese#ce &hilst he

&as so acti#.

Illustrations

(a) A$ o# his trial be'ore the Co,rt o' Sessio#$ says that a e*ositio# &as im*ro*erly ta:e# by $

aistrate. ca##ot be com*elle to a#s&er ?,estio#s as to this$ e%ce*t ,*o# the s*ecial orer o

s,*erior Co,rt.

(b) A is acc,se be'ore the Co,rt o' Sessio# o' ha"i# i"e# 'alse e"ie#ce be'ore $ a aistra

ca##ot be as:e &hat A sai$ e%ce*t ,*o# the s*ecial orer o' the s,*erior Co,rt.

(c) A is acc,se be'ore the Co,rt o' Sessio# o' attem*ti# to m,rer a *olice-o''icer &hilst o# hi

trail be'ore $ a Sessio#s ,e. may be e%ami#e as to &hat occ,rre.

Comm,#icatio#s ,ri#

marriae

122. No *erso# &ho is or has bee# marrie shall be com*elle to isclose a#y comm,#icatio# m

to him ,ri# marriae by a#y *erso# to &hom he is or has bee# marrie5 #or shall he be *ermitt

to isclose a#y s,ch comm,#icatio#$ ,#less the *erso# &ho mae it$ or his re*rese#tati"e i#

i#terest$ co#se#ts$ e%ce*t i# s,its bet&ee# marrie *erso#s$ or *roceei#s i# &hich o#e marrie

*erso# is *rosec,te 'or a#y crime committe aai#st the other.

!"ie#ce as to a''airs o'

State

12. No o#e shall be *ermitte to i"e a#y e"ie#ce eri"e 'rom ,#*,blishe o''icial recors

relati# to a#y a''airs o' State$ e%ce*t &ith the *ermissio# o' the o''icer at the hea o' the

e*artme#t co#cer#e$ &ho shall i"e or &ithhol s,ch *ermissio# as he thi#:s 'it.

O''icial comm,#icatio#s

12B. No *,blic o''icer shall be com*elle to isclose comm,#icatio#s mae to him i# o''icial

co#'ie#ce$ &he# he co#siers that the *,blic i#terests &o,l s,''er by the isclos,re.



I#'ormatio# as to

commissio# o' o''e#ces

120. No aistrate or <olice-o''icer shall be com*elle to say &he#ce he ot a#y i#'ormatio# as

the commissio# o' a#y o''e#ce$ a# #o 4e"e#,e-o''icer shall be com*elle to say &he#ce he ot

a#y i#'ormatio# as to the commissio# o' a#y o''e#ce aai#st the *,blic re"e#,e.

Explanation.=64e"e#,e-o''icer6 i# this sectio# mea#s a#y o''icer em*loye i# or abo,t the

b,si#ess o' a#y bra#ch o' the *,blic re"e#,e.

<ro'essio#al

comm,#icatio#s

12. No BE [ A"ocate] shall at a#y time be *ermitte$ ,#less &ith his clie#t>s e%*ress co#se#t$ to

isclose a#y comm,#icatio# mae to him i# the co,rse a# 'or the *,r*ose o' his em*loyme#t as

s,ch A"ocate by or o# behal' o' his clie#t$ or to state the co#te#ts or co#itio# o' a#y oc,me#

&ith &hich he has become ac?,ai#te i# the co,rse a# 'or the *,r*ose o' his *ro'essio#alem*loyme#t$ or to isclose a#y a"ice i"e# by him to his clie#t i# the co,rse a# 'or the *,r*os

o' s,ch em*loyme#t5

<ro"ie that #othi# i# this sectio# shall *rotect 'rom isclos,re=

(1) a#y s,ch comm,#icatio# mae i# ',rthera#ce o' a#y illeal *,r*ose5

(2) a#y 'act obser"e by a#y B1 [ A"ocate]$ i# the co,rse o' his em*loyme#t as s,ch$ sho&i# tha

a#y crime o' 'ra, has bee# committe si#ce the comme#ceme#t o' his em*loyme#t.

It is immaterial &hether the atte#tio# o' s,ch B2 [ A"ocate] &as or &as #ot irecte to s,ch 'act b

or o# behal' o' his clie#t.

Explanation.= The obliatio# state i# this sectio# co#ti#,es a'ter the em*loyme#t has cease.

Illustrations

(a) A$ a clie#t$ says to $ a# B [ a"ocate]=6I ha"e committe 'orery a# I &ish yo, to e'e# m

As the e'e#se o' a ma# :#o&# to be ,ilty is #ot a crimi#al *,r*ose$ this comm,#icatio# is

*rotecte 'rom isclos,re.

(b) A$ a clie#t$ says to $ a# [A"ocate] - 6I &ish to obtai# *ossessio# o' *ro*erty by the ,se o' a'ore ee o# &hich I re?,est yo, to s,e.6

The comm,#icatio#$ bei# mae i# ',rthera#ce o' a crimi#al *,r*ose$ is #ot *rotecte 'rom

isclos,re.

(c) A$ bei# chare &ith embe99leme#t$ retai#s $ a# [a"ocate]$ to e'e# him. I# the co,rse o

the *roceei#s$ obser"es that a# e#try has bee# mae i# A>s acco,#t boo:$ chari# A &ith th

s,m sai to ha"e bee# embe99le$ &hich e#try &as #ot i# the boo: at the comme#ceme#t o' his

em*loyme#t.

This bei# a 'act obser"e by i# the co,rse o' his em*loyme#t$ sho&i# that a 'ra, has bee#

committe si#ce the comme#ceme#t o' the *roceei#s$ it is #ot *rotecte 'rom isclos,re.


















Sectio# 12 to a**ly to

i#ter*reters$ etc

127. The *ro"isio#s o' sectio# 12 shall a**ly to i#ter*reters a# the cler:s or ser"a#ts o'BB [ A"ocate].

<ri"ilee #ot &ai"e by

"ol,#teeri# e"ie#ce

128. I' a#y *arty to a s,it i"es e"ie#ce therei# at his o&# i#sta#ce or other&ise$ he shall #ot be

eeme to ha"e co#se#te thereby to s,ch isclos,re as is me#tio#e i# sectio# 123 a#$ i' a#y

*arty to a s,it or *roceei# calls a#y s,ch [A"ocate] as a &it#ess$ he shall be eeme to ha"e

co#se#te to s,ch isclos,re o#ly i' he ?,estio#s s,ch [A"ocate] o# matters &hich$ b,t 'or s,ch

?,estio#$ he &o,l #ot be at liberty to isclose.

Co#'ie#tial

comm,#icatio#s &ith

leal a"isers

12/. No o#e shall be com*elle to isclose to the Co,rt a#y co#'ie#tial comm,#icatio# &hich h

ta:e# *lace bet&ee# him a# his leal *ro'essio#al a"iser$ ,#less he o''ers himsel' as a &it#ess

&hich case he may be com*elle to isclose a#y s,ch comm,#icatio#s as may a**ear to the Co,

#ecessary to be :#o&# i# orer to e%*lai# a#y e"ie#ce &hich he has i"e#$ b,t #o others.

<ro,ctio# o' title-eeo' &it#ess$ #ot a *arty

1E. No &it#ess &ho is #ot a *arty to a s,it shall be com*elle to *ro,ce his title-ees to a#y *ro*erty or a#y oc,me#t i# "irt,e o' &hich he hols a#y *ro*erty as *leee or mortaee or a

oc,me#t the *ro,ctio# o' &hich miht te# to crimi#ate him$ ,#less he has aree i# &riti# t

*ro,ce them &ith the *erso# see:i# the *ro,ctio# o' s,ch ees or some *erso# thro,h &ho

he claims.

<ro,ctio# o' oc,me#ts

&hich a#other *erso#$

ha"i# *ossessio#$ co,l

re',se to *ro,ce

11. No o#e shall be com*elle to *ro,ce oc,me#ts i# his *ossessio#$ &hich a#y other *erso#

&o,l be e#title to re',se to *ro,ce i' they &ere i# his *ossessio#$ ,#less s,ch last-me#tio#e

*erso# co#se#ts to their *ro,ctio#.

;it#ess #ot e%c,se

'rom a#s&eri# o#

ro,# that a#s&er &ill

crimi#ate

12. A &it#ess shall #ot be e%c,se 'rom a#s&eri# a#y ?,estio# as to a#y matter rele"a#t to the

matter i# iss,e i# a#y s,it or i# a#y ci"il or crimi#al *roceei#$ ,*o# the ro,# that the a#s&er

s,ch ?,estio# &ill crimi#ate$ or may te# irectly or i#irectly to crimi#ate$ s,ch &it#ess$ or tha

&ill e%*ose$ or te# irectly or i#irectly to e%*ose$ s,ch &it#ess to a *e#alty or 'or'eit,re o' a#y

:i#5

<ro"ie that #o s,ch a#s&er$ &hich a &it#ess shall be com*elle to i"e$ shall s,b+ect him to a#






arrest or *rosec,tio#$ or be *ro"e aai#st him i# a#y crimi#al *roceei#$ e%ce*t a *rosec,tio#

i"i# 'alse e"ie#ce by s,ch a#s&er.

Accom*lice

1. A# accom*lice shall be a com*ete#t &it#ess aai#st a# acc,se *erso#3 a# a co#"ictio# is

illeal merely beca,se it *rocees ,*o# the ,#corroborate testimo#y o' a# accom*lice.

N,mber o' &it#esses 1B. No *artic,lar #,mber o' &it#esses shall i# a#y case be re?,ire 'or the *roo' o' a#y 'act.

CHA'TER

*+ THE EAINATI*N *+ WITNESSES

Orer o' *ro,ctio# a#

e%ami#atio# o' &it#esses

10. The orer i# &hich &it#esses are *ro,ce a# e%ami#e shall be re,late by the la& a#

*ractice 'or the time bei# relati# to ci"il a# crimi#al *roce,re res*ecti"ely$ a#$ i# the abse#

o' a#y s,ch la&$ by the iscretio# o' the Co,rt.

,e to ecie as to

amissibility o' e"ie#ce

1. ;he# either *arty *ro*oses to i"e e"ie#ce o' a#y 'act$ the ,e may as: the *arty

*ro*osi# to i"e the e"ie#ce i# &hat ma##er the allee 'act$ i' *ro"e$ &o,l be rele"a#t3 a#

the ,e shall amit the e"ie#ce i' he thi#:s that the 'act$ i' *ro"e$ &o,l be rele"a#t a# #ot

other&ise.

I' the 'act *ro*ose to be *ro"e is o#e o' &hich e"ie#ce is amissible o#ly ,*o# *roo' o' some

other 'act$ s,ch last-me#tio#e 'act m,st be *ro"e be'ore e"ie#ce is i"e# o' the 'act 'irst

me#tio#e$ ,#less the *arty ,#erta:es to i"e *roo' o' s,ch 'act$ a# the Co,rt is satis'ie &ith

s,ch ,#erta:i#.

I' the rele"a#cy o' o# allee 'act e*e#s ,*o# a#other allee 'act bei# 'irst *ro"e$ the ,

may$ i# his iscretio#$ either *ermit e"ie#ce o' the 'irst 'act to be i"e# be'ore the seco# 'act is

*ro"e$ or re?,ire e"ie#ce to be i"e# o' the seco# 'act be'ore e"ie#ce is i"e# o' the 'irst 'a

Illustrations

(a) It is *ro*ose to *ro"e a stateme#t abo,t a rele"a#t 'act by a *erso# allee to be ea$ &hich

stateme#t is rele"a#t ,#er sectio# 2.

The 'act that the *erso# is ea m,st be *ro"e by the *erso# *ro*osi# to *ro"e the stateme#t$

be'ore e"ie#ce is i"e# o' the stateme#t.

(b) It is *ro*ose to *ro"e$ by a co*y$ the co#te#ts o' a oc,me#t sai to be lost.

The 'act that the orii#al is lost m,st be *ro"e by the *erso# *ro*osi# to *ro,ce the co*y$ be'



the co*y is *ro,ce.

(c) A is acc,se o' recei"i# stole# *ro*erty :#o&i# it to ha"e bee# stole#.

It is *ro*ose to *ro"e that he e#ie the *ossessio# o' the *ro*erty.

The rele"a#cy o' the e#ial e*e#s o# the ie#tity o' the *ro*erty. The Co,rt may$ i# its iscretieither re?,ire the *ro*erty to be ie#ti'ie be'ore the e#ial o' the *ossessio# is *ro"e$ or *ermi

the e#ial o' *ossessio# to be *ro"e be'ore the *ro*erty is ie#ti'ie.

() It is *ro*ose to *ro"e a 'act (A) &hich is sai to ha"e bee# the ca,se or e''ect o' a 'act i# iss

There are se"eral i#termeiate 'acts ($ C a# ) &hich m,st be sho&# to e%ist be'ore the 'act (A

ca# be reare as the ca,se or e''ect o' the 'act i# iss,e. The Co,rt may either *ermit A to be

*ro"e be'ore $ C or is *ro"e$ or may re?,ire *roo' o' $ C a# be'ore *ermitti# *roo' o

A.

!%ami#atio#-i#-chie'

17. The e%ami#atio# o' a &it#ess by the *arty &ho calls him shall be calle his e%ami#atio#-i#-

chie'.

Cross-e%ami#atio# The e%ami#atio# o' a &it#ess by the a"erse *arty shall be calle his cross-e%ami#atio#.

4e-e%ami#atio#

The e%ami#atio# o' a &it#ess$ s,bse?,e#t to the cross-e%ami#atio# by the *arty &ho calle him$

shall be calle his re-e%ami#atio#.

Orer o' e%ami#atio#s

18. ;it#esses shall be 'irst e%ami#e-i#-chie'$ the# (i' the a"erse *arty so esires) cross-

e%ami#e$ the# (i' the *arty calli# him so esires) re-e%ami#e.

The e%ami#atio# a# cross-e%ami#atio# m,st relate to rele"a#t 'acts b,t the cross-e%ami#atio# ##ot be co#'i#e to the 'acts to &hich the &it#ess testi'ie o# his e%ami#atio#-i#-chie'.

irectio# o' re-

e%ami#atio#

The re-e%ami#atio# shall be irecte to the e%*la#atio# o' matters re'erre to i# cross-e%ami#ati

a#$ i' #e& matter is$ by *ermissio# o' the Co,rt$ i#tro,ce i# re-e%ami#atio#$ the a"erse *arty

may ',rther cross-e%ami#e ,*o# that matter.



Cross-e%ami#atio# o'

*erso# calle to *ro,ce

a oc,me#t

1/. A *erso# s,mmo#e to *ro,ce a oc,me#t oes #ot become a &it#ess by the mere 'act tha

he *ro,ces it a# ca##ot be cross-e%ami#e ,#less a# ,#til he is calle as a &it#ess.

;it#esses to character 1BE. ;it#esses to character may be cross-e%ami#e a# re-e%ami#e.

Deai# ?,estio#s

1B1. A#y ?,estio# s,esti# the a#s&er &hich the *erso# *,tti# it &ishes or e%*ects to recei"e

calle a leai# ?,estio#.

;he# they m,st #ot be

as:e

1B2. Deai# ?,estio#s m,st #ot$ i' ob+ecte to by the a"erse *arty be as:e i# a# e%ami#atio#-

chie'$ or i# a re-e%ami#atio#$ e%ce*t &ith the *ermissio# o' the Co,rt.

The Co,rt shall *ermit leai# ?,estio#s as to matters &hich are i#tro,ctory or ,#is*,te$ or

&hich ha"e$ i# its o*i#io#$ bee# alreay s,''icie#tly *ro"e.

;he# they may be as:e 1B. Deai# ?,estio#s may be as:e i# cross-e%ami#atio#.

!"ie#ce as to matters i#

&riti#

1BB. A#y &it#ess may be as:e$ &hilst ,#er e%ami#atio#$ &hether a#y co#tract$ ra#t or other

is*ositio# o' *ro*erty$ as to &hich he is i"i# e"ie#ce$ &as #ot co#tai#e i# a oc,me#t$ a#

he says that it &as$ or i' he is abo,t to ma:e a#y stateme#t as to the co#te#ts o' a#y oc,me#t$

&hich i# the o*i#io# o' the Co,rt$ o,ht to be *ro,ce$ the a"erse *arty may ob+ect to s,ch

e"ie#ce bei# i"e# ,#til s,ch oc,me#t is *ro,ce$ or ,#til 'acts ha"e bee# *ro"e &hich e#

the *arty &ho calle the &it#ess to i"e seco#ary e"ie#ce o' it.

Explanation.= A &it#ess may i"e oral e"ie#ce o' stateme#ts mae by other *erso#s abo,t the

co#te#ts o' oc,me#ts i' s,ch stateme#ts are i# themsel"es rele"a#t 'acts.

Ill,stratio#

The ?,estio# is$ &hether A assa,lte .

C e*oses that he hear A says to -6 &rote a letter acc,si# me o' the't$ a# I &ill be re"e#e

o# him.6 This stateme#t is rele"a#t$ as sho&i# A>s moti"e 'or the assa,lt$ a# e"ie#ce may be

i"e# o' it$ tho,h #o other e"ie#ce is i"e# abo,t the letter.



Cross-e%ami#atio# as to

*re"io,s stateme#ts i#

&riti#

1B0. A &it#ess may be cross-e%ami#e as to *re"io,s stateme#ts mae by him i# &riti# or re,

i#to &riti#$ a# rele"a#t to matters i# ?,estio#$ &itho,t s,ch &riti# bei# sho&# to him$ or be

*ro"e3 b,t$ i' it is i#te#e to co#traict him by the &riti#$ his atte#tio# m,st$ be'ore the &riti#

ca# be *ro"e$ be calle to those *arts o' it &hich are to be ,se 'or the *,r*ose o' co#traicti#

him.

,estio#s la&',l i#

cross-e%ami#atio#

1B. ;he# a &it#ess is cross-e%ami#e$ he may$ i# aitio# to the ?,estio#s herei#be'ore re'erre

to$ be as:e a#y ?,estio#s &hich te# =

(1) to test his "eracity$

(2) to isco"er &ho he is a# &hat is his *ositio# i# li'e$ or

() to sha:e his creit$ by i#+,ri# his character$ altho,h the a#s&er to s,ch ?,estio#s miht te#

irectly or i#irectly to crimi#ate him or miht e%*ose or te# irectly or i#irectly to e%*ose him

to a *e#alty or 'or'eit,re.

;he# &it#ess to be

com*elle to a#s&er

1B7. I' a#y s,ch ?,estio# relates to a matter rele"a#t to the s,it or *roceei#$ the *ro"isio#s o'

sectio# 12 shall a**ly thereto.

Co,rt to ecie &he#

?,estio# shall be as:e

a# &he# &it#ess

com*elle to a#s&er

1B8. I' a#y s,ch ?,estio# relates to a matter #ot rele"a#t to the s,it or *roceei#$ e%ce*t i# so 'a

as it a''ects the creit o' the &it#ess by i#+,ri# his character$ the Co,rt shall ecie &hether or #

the &it#ess shall be com*elle to a#s&er it$ a# may$ i' it thi#:s 'it$ &ar# the &it#ess that he is #

oblie to a#s&er it. I# e%ercisi# its iscretio#$ the Co,rt shall ha"e rear to the 'ollo&i#

co#sieratio#s5-

(1) s,ch ?,estio#s are *ro*er i' they are o' s,ch a #at,re that the tr,th o' the im*,tatio# co#"eye

by them &o,l serio,sly a''ect the o*i#io# o' the Co,rt as to the creibility o' the &it#ess o# thematter to &hich he testi'ies5

(2) s,ch ?,estio#s are im*ro*er i' the im*,tatio# &hich they co#"ey relates to matters so remote

time$ or o' s,ch a character$ that the tr,th o' the im*,tatio# &o,l #ot a''ect$ or &o,l a''ect i# a

sliht eree$ the o*i#io# o' the Co,rt as to the creibility o' the &it#ess o# the matter to &hich

testi'ies5

() s,ch ?,estio#s are im*ro*er i' there is a reat is*ro*ortio# bet&ee# the im*orta#ce o' the

im*,tatio# mae aai#st the &it#ess>s character a# the im*orta#ce o' his e"ie#ce5

(B) the Co,rt may$ i' it sees 'it$ ra&$ 'rom the &it#ess>s re',sal to a#s&er$ the i#'ere#ce that the

a#s&er i' i"e# &o,l be ,#'a"o,rable.



,estio# #ot to be as:e

&itho,t reaso#able

ro,#s

1B/. No s,ch ?,estio# as is re'erre to i# sectio# 1B8 o,ht to be as:e$ ,#less the *erso# as:i#

has reaso#able ro,#s 'or thi#:i# that the im*,tatio# &hich it co#"eys is &ell-'o,#e.

Illustrations

(a) A# B0 [ a"ocate] is i#str,cte by a B [ clie#t] that a# im*orta#t &it#ess is a a:ait. This is a

reaso#able ro,# 'or as:i# the &it#ess &hether he is a a:ait.

(b) A *leaer is i#'orme by a *erso# i# Co,rt that a# im*orta#t &it#ess is a a:ait. The i#'orma

o# bei# ?,estio#e by the *leaer$ i"es satis'actory reaso#s 'or his stateme#t. This is a reaso#a

ro,# 'or as:i# the &it#ess &hether he is a a:ait.

(c) A &it#ess$ o' &hom #othi# &hate"er is :#o&#$ is as:e at ra#om &hether he is a a:ait.

There are here #o reaso#able ro,#s 'or the ?,estio#.

() A &it#ess$ o' &hom #othi# &hate"er is :#o&#$ bei# ?,estio#e as to his moe o' li'e a#

mea#s o' li"i#$ i"es ,#satis'actory a#s&ers. This may be a reaso#able ro,# 'or as:i# him i

is a a:ait.

<roce,re o' Co,rt i#

case o' ?,estio# bei#

as:e &itho,t reaso#ablero,#s

10E. I' the Co,rt is o' o*i#io# that a#y s,ch ?,estio# &as as:e &itho,t reaso#able ro,#s$ it m

i' it &as as:e by a#y B7 [ A"ocate]$ re*ort the circ,msta#ces o' the case to the B8 [ Hih Co,rt

i"isio#] or other a,thority to &hich s,ch B/ [ A"ocate] is s,b+ect i# the e%ercise o' his *ro'essio

I#ece#t a# sca#alo,s

?,estio#s

101. The Co,rt may 'orbi a#y ?,estio#s or i#?,iries &hich it rears as i#ece#t or sca#alo,s

altho,h s,ch ?,estio#s or i#?,iries may ha"e some beari# o# the ?,estio#s be'ore the Co,rt$

,#less they relate to 'acts i# iss,e$ or to matters #ecessary to be :#o&# i# orer to etermi#e

&hether or #ot the 'acts i# iss,e e%iste.

,estio#s i#te#e to

i#s,lt or a##oy

102. The Co,rt shall 'orbi a#y ?,estio# &hich a**ears to it to be i#te#e to i#s,lt or a##oy$ or

&hich$ tho,h *ro*er i# itsel'$ a**ears to the Co,rt #eelessly o''e#si"e i# 'orm.

!%cl,sio# o' e"ie#ce to

co#traict a#s&ers to

?,estio#s testi# "eracity

10. ;he# a &it#ess has bee# as:e a# has a#s&ere a#y ?,estio# &hich is rele"a#t to the i#?,

o#ly i# so 'ar as it te#s to sha:e his creit by i#+,ri# his character$ #o e"ie#ce shall be i"e# t






















co#traict him3 b,t$ i' he a#s&ers 'alsely$ he may a'ter&ars be chare &ith i"i# 'alse e"ie#

!%ce*tio# 1.= I' a &it#ess is as:e &hether he has bee# *re"io,sly co#"icte o' a#y crime a#

e#ies it$ e"ie#ce may be i"e# o' his *re"io,s co#"ictio#.

!%ce*tio# 2.= I' a &it#ess is as:e a#y ?,estio# te#i# to im*each his im*artiality a# a#s&ers

by e#yi# the 'acts s,este$ he may be co#traicte.

Illustrations

(a) A claim aai#st a# ,#er&riter is resiste o# the ro,# o' 'ra,.

The claima#t is as:e &hether$ i# a 'ormer tra#sactio#$ he ha #ot mae a 'ra,,le#t claim. He

e#ies it.

!"ie#ce is o''ere to sho& that he i ma:e s,ch a claim.

The e"ie#ce is i#amissible.

(b) A &it#ess is as:e &hether he &as #ot ismisse 'rom a sit,atio# 'or isho#esty.

He i#es it.

!"ie#ce is o''ere to sho& that he &as ismisse 'or isho#esty.

The e"ie#ce is #ot amissible.

(c) A a''irms that o# a certai# ay he sa& at 0E [ h,l#a].

A is as:e &hether he himsel' &as #ot o# that ay at Chittao#. He e#ies it.

!"ie#ce is o''ere to sho& that A &as o# that ay at Chittao#.

The e"ie#ce is amissible$ #ot as co#traicti# A o# a 'act &hich a''ects his creit$ b,t as

co#traicti# the allee 'act that &as see# o# the ay i# ?,estio# i# 01 [ h,l#a].

I# each o' these cases the &it#ess miht$ i' his e#ial &as 'alse$ be chare &ith i"i# 'alse

e"ie#ce.

() A is as:e &hether his 'amily has #ot ha a bloo 'e, &ith the 'amily o' aai#st &hom he

i"es e"ie#ce.

He e#ies it. He may be co#traicte o# the ro,# that the ?,estio# te#s to im*each his

im*artiality.

,estio# by *arty to his

o&# &it#ess

10B. The Co,rt may$ i# its iscretio#$ *ermit the *erso# &ho calls a &it#ess to *,t a#y ?,estio#s

him &hich miht be *,t i# cross-e%ami#atio# by the a"erse *arty.











Im*eachi# creit o'

&it#ess

100. The creit o' a &it#ess may be im*eache i# the 'ollo&i# &ays by the a"erse *arty$ or$ &

the co#se#t o' the Co,rt$ by the *arty &ho calls him5-

(1) by the e"ie#ce o' *erso#s &ho testi'y that they$ 'rom their :#o&lee o' the &it#ess$ belie"e

him to be ,#&orthy o' creit3

(2) by *roo' that the &it#ess has bee# bribe$ or has acce*te the o''er o' a bribe$ or has recei"e

a#y other corr,*t i#,ceme#t to i"e his e"ie#ce3

() by *roo' o' 'ormer stateme#ts i#co#siste#t &ith a#y *art o' his e"ie#ce &hich is liable to be

co#traicte3

(B) &he# a ma# is *rosec,te 'or ra*e or a# attem*t to ra"ish$ it may be sho&# that the *rosec,tr

&as o' e#erally immoral character.

Explanation.=A &it#ess eclari# a#other &it#ess to be ,#&orthy o' creit may #ot$ ,*o# his

e%ami#atio#-i#-chie'$ i"e reaso#s 'or his belie'$ b,t he may be as:e his reaso#s i# cross-

e%ami#atio#$ a# the a#s&ers &hich he i"es ca##ot be co#traicte$ tho,h$ i' they are 'alse$ he

may a'ter&ars be chare &ith i"i# 'alse e"ie#ce.

Illustrations

(a) A s,es 'or the *rice o' oos sol a# eli"ere to . C says that A eli"ere the oos to

!"ie#ce is o''ere to sho& that$ o# a *re"io,s occasio#$ he sai that he ha #ot eli"ere the o

to .

The e"ie#ce is amissible.

(b) A is i#icte 'or the m,rer o' .

C says that $ &he# yi#$ eclare that A ha i"e# the &o,# o' &hich he ie.

!"ie#ce is o''ere to sho& that$ o# a *re"io,s occasio#$ C sai that the &o,# &as #ot i"e# by

or i# his *rese#ce. The e"ie#ce is amissible.

,estio#s te#i# to

corroborate e"ie#ce o'rele"a#t 'act amissible

10. ;he# a &it#ess &hom it is i#te#e to corroborate i"es e"ie#ce o' a#y rele"a#t 'act$ he m

be ?,estio#e as to a#y other circ,msta#ces &hich he obser"e at or #ear to the time or *lace at&hich s,ch rele"a#t 'act occ,rre$ i' the Co,rt is o' o*i#io# that s,ch circ,msta#ces$ i' *ro"e$

&o,l corroborate the testimo#y o' the &it#ess as to the rele"a#t 'act &hich he testi'ies.

Ill,stratio#

A$ a# accom*lice$ i"es a# acco,#t o' a robbery i# &hich he too: *art. He escribes "ario,s

i#cie#ts ,#co##ecte &ith the robbery &hich occ,rre o# his &ay to a# 'rom the *lace &here

&as committe.

I#e*e#e#t e"ie#ce o' these 'acts may be i"e# i# orer to corroborate his e"ie#ce as to the

robbery itsel'.



Former stateme#ts o'

&it#ess may be *ro"e to

corroborate latertestimo#y as to same 'act

107. I# orer to corroborate the testimo#y o' a &it#ess$ a#y 'ormer stateme#t mae by s,ch &it#

relati# to the same 'act at or abo,t the time &he# the 'act too: *lace$ or be'ore a#y a,thority

leally com*ete#t to i#"estiate the 'act$ may be *ro"e.

;hat matters may be

*ro"e i# co##ectio#

&ith *ro"e stateme#t

rele"a#t ,#er sectio# 2

or

108. ;he#e"er a#y stateme#t$ rele"a#t ,#er sectio# 2 or $ is *ro"e$ all matters may be *ro"

either i# orer to co#traict or to corroborate it$ or i# orer to im*each or co#'irm the creit o' th

*erso# by &hom it &as mae$ &hich miht ha"e bee# *ro"e i' that *erso# ha bee# calle as a

&it#ess a# ha e#ie ,*o# cross-e%ami#atio# the tr,th o' the matter s,este.

4e'reshi# memory

10/. A &it#ess may$ &hile ,#er e%ami#atio#$ re'resh his memory by re'erri# to a#y &riti# ma

by himsel' at the time o' the tra#sactio# co#cer#i# &hich he is ?,estio#e$ or so soo# a'ter&ar

that the Co,rt co#siers it li:ely that the tra#sactio# &as at that time 'resh i# his memory.

The &it#ess may also re'er to a#y s,ch &riti# mae by a#y other *erso#$ a# rea by the &it#es

&ithi# the time a'oresai$ i' &he# he rea it he :#e& it to be correct.

;he# &it#ess may ,se

co*y o' oc,me#t to

re'resh memory

;he#e"er a &it#ess may re'resh his memory by re'ere#ce to a#y oc,me#t$ he may$ &ith the

*ermissio# o' the Co,rt$ re'er to a co*y o' s,ch oc,me#t5

<ro"ie the Co,rt be satis'ie that there is s,''icie#t reaso# 'or the #o#-*ro,ctio# o' the orii#

A# e%*ert may re'resh his memory by re'ere#ce to *ro'essio#al treatises.

Testimo#y to 'acts state

i# oc,me#t me#tio#e

i# sectio# 10/

1E. A &it#ess may also testi'y to 'acts me#tio#e i# a#y s,ch oc,me#t as is me#tio#e i# secti

10/$ altho,h he has #o s*eci'ic recollectio# o' the 'acts themsel"es$ i' he is s,re that the 'acts &

correctly recore i# the oc,me#t.

Ill,stratio#

A boo:-:ee*er may testi'y to 'acts recore by him i# boo:s re,larly :e*t i# the co,rse o'

b,si#ess$ i' he :#o&s that the boo:s &ere correctly :e*t$ altho,h he has 'orotte# the *artic,lar

tra#sactio#s e#tere.



4iht o' a"erse *arty as

to &riti# ,se to re'resh

memory

11. A#y &riti# re'erre to ,#er the *ro"isio#s o' the t&o last *recei# sectio#s m,st be

*ro,ce a# sho&# to the a"erse *arty i' he re?,ires it5 s,ch *arty may$ i' he *leases$ cross-

e%ami#e the &it#ess there,*o#.

<ro,ctio# o' oc,me#ts

12. A &it#ess s,mmo#e to *ro,ce a oc,me#t shall$ i' it is i# his *ossessio# or *o&er$ bri#

Co,rt$ #ot&ithsta#i# a#y ob+ectio# &hich there may be to its *ro,ctio# or to its amissibility

The "aliity o' a#y s,ch ob+ectio# shall be ecie o# by the Co,rt.

The Co,rt$ i' it sees 'it$ may i#s*ect the oc,me#t$ ,#less it re'ers to matters o' State$ or ta:e oth

e"ie#ce to e#able it to etermi#e o# its amissibility.

Tra#slatio# o' oc,me#ts

I' 'or s,ch a *,r*ose it is #ecessary to ca,se a#y oc,me#t to be tra#slate$ the Co,rt may$ i' it

thi#:s 'it$ irect the tra#slator to :ee* the co#te#ts secret$ ,#less the oc,me#t is to be i"e# i#

e"ie#ce5 a#$ i' the i#ter*reter isobeys s,ch irectio#$ he shall be hel to ha"e committe a#

o''e#ce ,#er sectio# 1 o' the 02 [ M M M] <e#al Coe.

Gi"i#$ as e"ie#ce$ o'oc,me#t calle 'or a#

*ro,ce o# #otice 1. ;he# a *arty calls 'or a oc,me#t &hich he has i"e# the other *arty #otice to *ro,ce$ a#

s,ch oc,me#t is *ro,ce a# i#s*ecte by the *arty calli# 'or its *ro,ctio#$ he is bo,# to

it as e"ie#ce i' the *arty *ro,ci# it re?,ires him to o so.

Lsi#$ as e"ie#ce$ o'

oc,me#t *ro,ctio# o'

&hich &as re',se o#

#otice

1B. ;he# a *arty re',ses to *ro,ce a oc,me#t &hich he has ha #otice to *ro,ce$ he ca##ot

a'ter&ars ,se the oc,me#t as e"ie#ce &itho,t the co#se#t o' the other *arty or the orer o' th

Co,rt.

Ill,stratio#

A s,es o# a# areeme#t a# i"es #otice to *ro,ce it. At the trail A calls 'or the oc,me#t a

re',ses to *ro,ce it. A i"es seco#ary e"ie#ce o' its co#te#ts. see:s to *ro,ce the

oc,me#t itsel' to co#traict the seco#ary e"ie#ce i"e# by A$ or i# orer to sho& that the

areeme#t is #ot stam*e. He ca##ot o so.

,ePs *o&er to *,t

?,estio#s or orer

*ro,ctio#

10. The ,e may$ i# orer to isco"er or to obtai# *ro*er *roo' o' rele"a#t 'acts$ as: a#y

?,estio# he *leases$ i# a#y 'orm$ at a#y time$ o' a#y &it#ess$ or o' the *arties abo,t a#y 'act









rele"a#t or irrele"a#t3 a# may orer the *ro,ctio# o' a#y oc,me#t or thi#5 a# #either the

*arties #or their ae#ts shall be e#title to ma:e a#y ob+ectio# to a#y s,ch ?,estio# or orer$ #or

&itho,t the lea"e o' the Co,rt$ to cross-e%ami#e a#y &it#ess ,*o# a#y a#s&er i"e# i# re*ly to a

s,ch ?,estio#5

<ro"ie that the +,me#t m,st be base ,*o# 'acts eclare by this Act to be rele"a#t$ a# ,l

*ro"e5

<ro"ie also that this sectio# shall #ot a,thori9e a#y ,e to com*el a#y &it#ess to a#s&er a#y

?,estio# or to *ro,ce a#y oc,me#t &hich s,ch &it#ess &o,l be e#title to re',se to

a#s&er or *ro,ce ,#er sectio#s 121 to 11$ both i#cl,si"e$ i' the ?,estio# &ere as:e or the

oc,me#t &ere calle 'or by the a"erse *arty3 #or shall the ,e as: a#y ?,estio# &hich it &o

be im*ro*er 'or a#y other *erso# to as: ,#er sectio# 1B8 or 1B/3 #or shall he is*e#se &ith

*rimary e"ie#ce o' a#y oc,me#t$ e%ce*t i# the cases herei#- be'ore e%ce*te.

<o&er o' +,ry or

assessors to *,t ?,estio#s

1. I# cases trie by +,ry or &ith assessors$ the +,ry or assessors may *,t a#y ?,estio#s to the

&it#esses$ thro,h or by lea"e o' the ,e$ &hich the ,e himsel' miht *,t a# &hich he

co#siers *ro*er.

CHA'TER I

*+ I'R*'ER ADISSI*N AND RE/ECTI*N *+ EVIDENCE

No #e& trial 'or

im*ro*er amissio# orre+ectio# o' e"ie#ce

17. The im*ro*er amissio# or re+ectio# o' e"ie#ce shall #ot be ro,# o' itsel' 'or a #e& trail

re"ersal o' a#y ecisio# i# a#y case$ i' it shall a**ear to the Co,rt be'ore &hich s,ch ob+ectio# israise that$ i#e*e#e#tly o' the e"ie#ce ob+ecte to a# amitte$ there &as s,''icie#t e"ie#c

+,sti'y the ecisio#$ or that$ i' the re+ecte e"ie#ce ha bee# recei"e$ it o,ht #ot to ha"e "arie

the ecisio#.

Documents

The Evidence Act-1872