The European Security and Defence Policy

• Background- The Maastricht Treaty- The Amsterdam Treaty- The US position• Conceptual definition of the European Union as an external

security actor- Common Foreign and Security Policy principles and objectives- EU’s external affairs agenda- EU’s security and defence conceptual documents• European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) institutions and

capabilities- ESDP institutional arrangements- EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities

Background

• The Maastricht Treaty provisions- Launches Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)- Anticipates framing of a defence dimension to CFSP (Article J.4 (1))- Instruments for CFSP implementation: ‘joint actions’ and ‘common positions’• The Amsterdam Treaty- new instrument: ‘common strategy’- QMV and constructive abstention options- Establishes the office of Secretary General of the Council and High

Representative for CFSP (SG/HR)- WEU as an integral part of the development of the EU• The US position- enhancement of the European NATO Allies’ military capabilities and burden

sharing- The three Ds warning -duplication, decoupling and discrimination

EU’ security and defence policy conceptual definition

• CFSP principles and objectives/ The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) provisions:

- principles of the UN Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, and the Paris Chapter; peace and security; promotion of democracy, human rights, the rule of law

- ESDP tasks (Petersberg tasks): conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict stabilasation (TEU, Article 17.2)

• EU’s external security agendaTraditional external affairs policy instruments: trade,

development aid and political assistance• EU’s security and defence policy conceptual documents

ESDP conceptual documents

Thessaloniki Council (June 2003)• A European Security Strategy (A Secure Europe in a Better

World)Europe as a global security actorSecurity threats: regional conflicts, bad governance, poverty,

climate change, energy dependence; ‘new threats’: terrorism, proliferation of WMDs, and failed states and organised crime

Strategy: three-fold strategy- to contribute to stability and good governance in the Union’s immediate neighborhood; to work towards building an international order, based on effective multilateralism; and to counter new and old security threats

• Basic Principles for a EU strategy on against proliferation of WMDs

• Action Plan for implementation of the Basic Principles

ESDP institutional arrangements I

EU’s summits in Cologne (June 1999) and Helsinki (December 1999)ESDP structural arrangements: institutions, composition and functions• Political and Security Committee (COPS), the Nice Treaty (amended

Article 25)- composition: national officials at senior or ambassadorial level- Functions: to monitor and analyse international relations and formulate

policies; to politico-strategic command of EU’s crisis management operations

• Military Committee of the European Union (EUMC):- composition: MSs Chiefs of Defence, represented permanently by military

delegates- Functions: military advice to COPS and military direction to EUMS;

monitors EU’s military operation in crisis management• Military Staff of the European Union (EUMS), standing Council

Secretariat’s department, attached to the HR/SG- composition: 100-150 personnel, seconded from the Member States- Functions: early warning, situation assessment, and military aspects of

strategic planning in a crisis management situation

ESDP institutional arrangements II

• Decision- making procedures at politico-strategic level in the event of crisis management and conflict prevention EU engagement: the European Council, COPS, EUMC, EUMS and the selected Operation Commander.

• Three layers of operational planning and command: Military- strategic operation HQs, Theatre and field HQs; and Supporting and component HQs. Procedures for selecting Operational Headquarters:

- Berlin Plus procedure: EU’s operation with recourse to NATO’s assets; operational decision-making within NATO structures: SHAPE and CJTF;

- Nation Framework Concept: autonomous EU operations with recourse to a Framework Nation; strategic operational HQs- national, ad hoc creation of theatre HQs.

• The debate on EU/NATO relations.

EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities- I

• Military capabilities- Headline Goal (Helsinki European Council, 1999); Rapid

Reaction Force (RRF)- 60000-strong force, deployable within 60 days and sustainable for a year;

- Force Catalogue; 4 scenarios of the RRF engagement: separation by force of warring parties, peacekeeping, humanitarian operation and evacuation of nationals; the expected pool of troops: corps size with air, maritime and ground elements;

- Toolbox Paper and Food for Thought Paper: analysis of the strategic situation and the adversary’s character; character of the combat capability;

- European Capabilities Action Plan (ECAP)- rationalising Member States improvement in military capabilities.

EU military and civilian crisis management capabilities- II

• Civilian crisis management capabilities; Feira Summit (June 2000)- defines non-military aspects of the EU crisis management; intended to contribute to to missions of UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe; to be deployed in autonomous EU mission to the undertake the civilian aspects of the full range of EU Petersberg operations

• Four priority areas of EU civilian crisis management:- Policing; pool of 5000 constabulary officers, tasked to implement

missions of police advice, training, monitoring and executive policing- Strengthening of the rule of law; pool of 200 officials prosecutors,

judges, correction officers; tasked with implementation of legal framework and training of local magistrates and personnel

- Strengthening of civilian administration: general administrative, social and infrastructure functions

- Civil protection; immediate survival and protection of affected population in crisis situation.