The European Commission in the 21st Century. Core Beliefs on EU Governance

7/27/2019 The European Commission in the 21st Century. Core Beliefs on EU Governance

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The European Commission in the 21stCentury

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N. 38 | A 2012

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 38 | April 2012

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The European Commission in the 21st Century | 3

The European Commission in the 21st Century

Core Beliefs on EU Governance

Liesbet Hooghe

Abstract

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db b , d, d d. Scd, w d C c d d-

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cc / , dcdd c-b. Idc vw d

dbd c vc, w c DG c c-dcc DG d

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c c b d d b v d d b zd fc f x

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H c v vc bw d bv

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C

1. Idc 5

2. C Oc d EU Gvc 5

2.1 Explaining Beliefs on EU Governance 9

2.2 Beliefs about the Future 12

3. C Oc d Pc 14

3.1UnderstandingIdeologicalVariaonintheCommission 15

3.2 The Meaning of the Polical 18

4. C Oc d Pc Sc 21

4.1CentralizaonAcrosstheBoard? 22

4.2Bureau-maximizaon? 24

5. Cc 26

Rfc 28

Adx: Mv A 31


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1. Id1

Ov fw dcd, E U b fd f f c-

b (Hx 1994; M . 1996; C 1996; Bz/R 2000; H/M 2009) wc C c cv . T d EU dc c bd

w f c, f E d E U f.

T d d bf E f. T dcb vw vc,

dc dc d c c f E U.2

T cdb v C c w bc f w C,

b d E P d . Dc f d

-c . W b b cc, w v

C, d x w x d fc fc

dd v EU vc bf. I x c, w dc dc dv

C c d x w DG v dd czb -. I

c, w x wc c, d w w c, C c d cz

dcz, d w q w bcc c v C c

bf E c d.

2. C O d EU G

W f f EU vc fvd b C c? W, vw,

bc f w C, b d E P? T v vb

EU vc :

A v -cc U wc ccv C d c

b v, .. b c f E (Mvc

1998).

1 I wd K-Fc (KFG) T Tfv Pw f E, E C

f Excc C H, d ERC # 249543_MLG. Sv vdd c v-

, c Mc B, B C, Rd D, M Eb, J Lb, M H,

H K, G M, J P, C Rc, T R, J Scf, d J Td. Ad

, w 2,000 C c w w q

v, f 200 fc--fc vw. A vd v w b bd

c H K, J P, Lb H, Rd D, Mc B, Adw T,

S C, TheEuropeanCommissioninQueson fc w OUP. E d c w d

w zd Fb 2011 KFG. A cc b

f .

2 T dw d ccd f T E C Q, fdd b UK Ecc

d Sc Rc Cc ( . RES-062-23-1188) d cdcd b Mc B, Rd D,

Lb H, H K (PI), J P d Adw T. F f f, v ://

www..c.//c/EUCIQ. T v w dd b YGv Sb d Ocb

2008. A f 4,621 c d w dw f f v 14,000. T w

d b d, d ; c f w b w

vd. T w 41% (1901 ). Iv w d c

wd c db b d, , , d DG c.


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A -fd E U wc C .

T v w zd b fc (Ldb/Scd 1970). L w d

b f E C f Jc f d

dw (Sdz/S Sw 1998). A v wc C d b c d c-

(M . 1996). T c E H, w bvd TheUningof

Europe E C d S C (ECSC) cd bd wc

fd v dc c d (H 1958: 526-7). H d-

cbd fd d f d cc f v.

S-c bd E bc d , d c d

c C c bf, f vw c v

C. T d v w xc

C c fv E U . T c w xz,

ccd wc bc b-xz (Pc 2003). I jb w w z-

dd f E C, wc xc vw b d b z-

c (Eb 2001). Ad cd w bv , v cc, fw dvd-

c z w c v.

S f fd U v d c d df f T

v C w f v v d b (

Cc f M) w w . H (1958) dw

v ECSC T, wc bc w C d (Wc 2000; W

1991; D d. fc).

T C d b c c. C Pd W H

bvd q fd (H 1963: 168). B H C d

w b qb d d C: T C d () vd

b bw d b w ccv :

v f C; d dcc , E d ,

v f Cc d E P, U (C 2001: 8).

W d f fd b, C d d- w b

f C d b c , d cv

f dfd f C f (H 2012). S d

b d w fd d w v vc. T C d dv

dd.

W d c d ? Tb 1 vd db f w

cc w bw C d b . T cdb

bvc. T x vw C f C

d bc v f E. A C c d w

d 16 c fc. T -cc b

C E P d b c E U dc

f c: 75 c , 20 c wd bjc.


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Table 1: EU Governance Views

S w C

f C bc

v f E.

S b

C E

P d b c E U.

Strongly agree 7.4 1.1

Agree 29.9 7.1

Neither agree nor disagree 16.1 11.8

Disagree 26.2 40.7

Strongly disagree 13.5 34.3

Notsure/missing 6.9 4.9

N: Pc; =1846.

Figure1:EUGovernanceOponsandTypesofCommissionOcials

N: N=1698. Fv- c f 1= d; 2=d; 3= d ; 4=; 5= .

F 1 z C c EU vc bd .

S C f C d b v f E d d-

b d c , w -c d w f

d w . B c bv neither C f

C nor b d b f E v. 13.3 c c

b cd -c, 36.6 c d 29.1 c -

. O f v c c b cd f c.


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Tb 2 b c dw b , d, d EU-12 v. EU-15. T dc

d . W c b . I, c d-

f bc d w c bc E -

(G & Ad 2000; N/G 2000). S v xd f cc: w vb cc c d b w f .

O z c bc dc: w c d cv d

ccc b w b. T x w w dd

. EU-12 c b d f f

c, dc w c w x c ( bw). A c ,

DG c, f-c, d d cvc .

Table2:EUGovernanceOponsbySeniority,Gender,andEnlargement

C

()

Top

Rank

d

Men Women EU-15

EU-12

S

S-C

I P

O

36.6

13.3

29.1

21.0

39.5*

9.2*

29.4

21.8

36.1*

13.5*

28.7

21.7

40.4**

12.0*

27.2*

20.4

29.8**

15.8*

32.6*

21.8

38.8**

12.8

28.9

19.5*

30.4**

14.7

29.7

25.2*

N 1692 119 1498 1068 614 1278 401

N: Pc. * dc dc f c .05 v d ** .01 v bw b, ..

c b w, d EU-15 c b EU-12.

T c , -c, d . T d

) C d fc x c; b) C

d b dbd b c) c d C v DG . Tb 3 w

f c f x , b j c d dc. B

dc d .

F, -c d C fc

( I). Scd, w d c C f

v w E P, -c c d -

c ( III). T C f v d f C

-b-q E U f v vc. I,

b f /fd w C v E. Td,

-c d c ccd b ccd -

, b c bc b C b ,

, w d ( IV d V).


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Table3:AtudesByEUGovernanceType

Pg w g g d g

State

centrists

I

g

S-

C Mg . C I

I. T C d fc x c

dv w .

24.8 12.0 10.0

II. T b EU ,

C c .

63.1 69.0 65.6

III. T C d f v w

E P.

29.8 32.1 37.6

Ad . dd

IV. S C d b dbd

b f c bc.

41.3 37.1 34.2

V. I v C b

v d c C.

36.8 32.0 20.2

L DG . L C

VI. C c w f DG , f

C.

42.0 29.8 29.2

N: Pc f d d w ( d d

d d d).

2.1 Explaining Beliefs on EU Governance

W , -c, ? P c

d fc ( f) d EU vc vw

E (Eb 2001; H 2002, 2005; B 2005; B 2008; H 2012). O

vd f cjc, b w d fc, c

f j C (v) d d, x EU vc vw.

F 2 cdb dc db f -

, d -c. B d I v vd

; -c c d f B, Sv, d Swd, d

f P, Sv, d Nd. F ccc

c d -c, , :

Mullevel governance. S d c d f

c w xv dcz d -c c d f

c.3

3 Ozd v c R A Idx f c b v (1995-

2006), f x f f d d f c d f v.

Sc: RAI d b H . (2010), ccb ://www.c.d/~. T dc -

c 0.001 v bw -c d ; bw.


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Religion and state building. S-c c d f c; -

d f cc c.4 T cc w

d E bc c f d b

Cc c (N . 2001; Md 2008; Bd/F 2009). S R -zd w f E jcd R d bcd

. P cc bc c f bd N d C

E, w Cc Cc d (R/Uw 1983).

Country size. S-c c d f c; f

c. T c w xc c,

b f -c E v.

Governance ecacy. S-c d c d f c-

w cv vc; f cv vc c. Sb

fd E v f v cv f c dc

bc d.5

4 Ozd c f cv cc f c b 2008;

ddzd d . Sc: US S D I R Fd R 2008 (c-

cb f ://www..v//d//f/). Dc f bw -c d

d d c 0.001 v.

5 Gv cv dvd b Wdwd Gvc Idc P f

Wdb. T dc bd dd f vb v d f

vc, f 35 d c vdd b 33 d z. T d c vw

vc f bc c, v c, d NGO x, bc d v. Sc: Kf

. (2009) (ccb f Wdb ://f.wdb./vc/w/dx.). Dc

bw -c d d d

c 0.001 v.


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Figure2:EUGovernanceTypesandNaonality

Ad d c c Dc G (DG), b dc -

cd f . O d d -d dv :

Technical experse DGs. I w d DG w cc

c; -c d DG w c c. W d cc

w-w b f cv c , w b v. I

vd DG c F, Ev, Dv, If

Sc. O d d b w bc f-

c ( cd) f cc DG, bc c v cz d cv-

z w w .

DGs with strong legal competence. Oc DG xc f C v

d not d b f , d DG w xv -

zd b vv d notv -c. W d f cz-

w . T x DG xc d, v xcd

w. Hwv, d d b .

T d DG xc x b f vc EU vc vw, b

dd fc .

Naonal administraon . C c w wd d d-

j C c b -c d


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b . T c w w (H 2002), d cf

xc f bc x -cd vw cqd

w jb.

Movaon for joining the Commission. Rd w jd bc f c E b d b -c.

C E c v 72 c , b 57

c f -c d 80 c f d 69 c f -

. 23 c c c, d dd

d vd. I, v-

d w w d , d w jd bc

w v, bc f f

cb f b -c w bc bw C d -

b .6

Gender. A dcd bv, w c b

-c, d b . T EU vc d -

cd EU-15.

T b v .7 N bcd wf d -

c f , w DG c x w .

S-c c f c w d v vc, c w

, d f P c. S c f c w v

vc, c, c w vc cv, d -P c.

S-c d . I d f

b c f w c f, b cc f f :

d w c DG w cc c w d cc wd dc

w .8 T v c c. T c B f

-c : w c b c b, b v,

bc f ccc b .

2.2 Beliefs about the Future

I vw w d d f , w d d w

cc f E C EU vc.

T C c d d f

T C d v Cc d P

T C v f E

6 T dc c c bc f b f c vvd.

7 S H (2012) f dd .

8 Dc vb v f 1 f d w c DG dd bv v

cc x, .. c, dv, v, EAd, , f c d -

d, , j c c, x, d c . Dc bw -

d -c c 0.05 v d 0.10 v w .


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T cc dc cb vc cd bv, b

. T dcb C d, cd c w -

c v, d d c c H fd cc.

Figure3:PreferencesandExpectaonsabouttheCommissionsRole

Sc: Fc--fc vw w d f d (=119).

W d wc f cc f C d d f, d wc f

w C b c f w? F 3 v dc bw d

d xc. E- c f C d, b 43 c bv w

vv bd . E c fd cc, b 2.5 c

C f. T c C d: j 1 c

, b 21 c xc b C f.9 T z

c f C c db dc d v wc

v c.

9 A b f vw dd d cd q. W v x-

cdd b c 56 c (C d), 27.5 c (d), d 3.3 c

(v).


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3. C O d P

Sc, c, d d d b dc b C bc,

dc f b. A bd d f c c dd E U f b c (v Ad . 2009). T c

w d b f T fv f (Scf 2010). Ic, -

c d c d b E C f xc v. I 1988, B P

M M Tc f ccd D C f c

bcd. Vcv K, Czc d, c dcb C c. W

f v cd c w w C c cc

d c-c :

P f v f c c cc .

S fv cv f v cc c q. O

. W wd c f f cc ? f 0 (

f v) v 5 (c) 10 ( f ).

P f v f c c c d c

. M w cd v b b d fv xdd f-

d (f x) b, -x , d . P cvv d d

fv d f f, , d d. W wd c f

f c-c ? f 0 ( b) 10 ( cvv).

Tb 4 d 0 () 10 () c. O cc /, E

C c c, (=5.47). O c b/cv-

v d, C c f c (= 3.68). V c v

cc v.

Table4:IdeologybySeniority,Gender,andEnlargement

C Top

Rank

d

Men Women EU-15 EU-12 P

P

EU-15

P

P

EU-12

E /g d

Mean 5.47 5.45 5.47 5.48 5.44 5.19** 6.27** 5.10 4.99

Median 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.00 5.00 4.70

S.D. 1.98 2.13 1.97 2.02 1.92 1.93 1.91 2.07 2.10

N 1676 122 1555 1060 616 1248 428 114 73

S- d

Mean 3.68 3.51 3.69 3.72 3.61 3.53** 4.13** 5.66 5.08

Median 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.75 5.00

S.D. 2.49 2.45 2.50 2.45 2.57 2.37 2.77 2.00 2.15

N 1676 122 1555 1060 610 1248 428 114 73

N: ** dc dc f c bw b


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O f d v vd f f c Tb 4. EU-12

c cdb w d c-b EU-15 c.10 B df-

fc c. Mv, EU-12 c q b - c

c. T c b. EU-12 c notv f c. T b, W-dcd, v c w, d b

cc f f , d ccf d W wd. A

, vd bc v d c, w z f c

cv. O v xcd d. A c f , dvd b Kc

. (1999) d Vcdv (2005), v c c dc cc -

d -dcc c v d c fc.

EU-12 c v b cc d c cvv EU-15

c. W d f w cvv, b q b b

W c.

3.1 UnderstandingIdeologicalVariaonintheCommission

Id C . W b -

c dc b cvv dd f. 11 Ex f

C c dc bf f bd c f d, b d

c d dc v C. L x c f v: -

, DG c, d EU vc vw.

10 I w dcd dc f d b f W E d

cdb f c b (M . 2006). T w w c c f EU-15

w EU-15 c d c f EU-12 w EU-12 c . T c

f c v f c wd f v c 2006.

Sc: 2006 C Ex v c (H . 2010).

11 T b dc cd b cd b xc C. Ab

c b f dc cv, Afd . (2005).


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Figure4:IdeologybyNaonality

N: N=1676, w N=>18 f c (Lxb xcdd). T b v b ,

d w 95 c cdc v. D- d cd b d wc v d d c f v v (-d -


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Naonal polical economy and economic ideology. F 4 v c-

c / b . T -d S c d cc b C

d E E c. Hwv, Scdv c d, , c f

-b B d d d w R-c G d Dc. Hc d c xc d c c-c-

c d: B c f b, G d Fc f R c,

Scdv f c dcc, d S f Md d d d f-

(B/J 2005; C 2010). A d bv, dc bw EU-12 c d EU-15

c bw c , b dc c b bd

dv cz. T w EU-12 c -b EU-15

c b .

Policy families and economic ideology. Oc -cc DG, c c, -

c c, v, - -c DG, c d

c (Tb 5). T cd w c cc w C -

vc dd b c dc fc. W (2005) w b DG

C c vdd j f cd EU c c (

W/N 2007). R (1995), H (1996), d F (1998) v dcd w c

C vc v b vd b c-dcc d d EU c d c

c. Sd f EU d d -dc c dcb w C vc v

d v d (Ccw 2007; C/Tw 2009).

DG core acvity and ideology. A f dc w cc

DG ccd c cv.12 Ecc c vd d DG, w

cc w c fd d DG. R DG

dc cvv, w c x d , DG c

Sc G, Ad L Svc c b.

EU governance views. S-c cc f , d

.13 T c w fv v c -

c, w fv c EU cc

(H/M 1999). O xc c w c b vw b v f

E d cvv dvd b v (I 1970; M . 2006;

R 2010). B Tb 5 w dc c c.

12 A DG cd f v c (, v, d, , x) f

cd vvd cv. DG cv d b f C A M

R, wc c DG x fc d cv d bd.

13 Dc f f cc bw -c d d

d d c 0.001 v; c-c

d 0.05 v. I d c d

d.


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Table5:DGLocaonandIdeology

E /g S b/

A DG M = 5.47 M = 3.68

M-c DG

M-cc DG

S

S

6.02 (.000)

5.02 (.000)

3.76 (.411)

3.55 (.215)

Sd DG

R DG

Lv DG

I DG

Ex DG

S

S

5.08 (.000)

5.83 (.000)

5.35 (.404)

5.35 (.221)

5.44 (.786)

S cvv

M b

M b

3.62 (.789)

3.96 (.005)

3.55 (.586)

3.40 (.049)

3.28 (.041)

N: F bc -v f - w f c DG c d f

f c d DG .

Pc cc c f v. T v C c v f c

c, d v c d bd v d.

M-cc DG c c c cv, qb f v c-

c q, d -c DG b. Svc db -

c-dc, d vc cc cvv. O cc

d, DG c dc . T xc: dc

dc bw EU-12 d EU-15 c.

I v c-c d dd. T

d c c cdb c b cz, b b xcd

v dvcd dc, bc c f, -d w w d f

c v c d c, f , d c (Kc 1994; Oc 2006).

Sc-c v c v w b DG : x DG dw c b-

, d DG c cvv. N d d c bw d ,

bw dvd w xc, b EU vc . W

x v c-c v f fc w :

c cvv vd EU-12 c, d c, c f --

c, d -f-c c. T v fw dc E

C EU c cx c dc c-c v.

3.2 TheMeaningofthePolical

C c dd f cd cv dc bf. Fw w c

(N=34) fd w b q, wc b w dd dc

f b d wc cf d (N=17). I b w

d d b dcb dc d c vw c. A

b x C c q cb f d bw -

c c v d c. T f ccd d vd jb;

c c d c cd.


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W cvd f f fc--fc vw w . W d 40 dc

d dc- w c j c d f w. Tw- (.. 70 c)

v c, x b v v, cc f jb,

j w w d c d f w cd. Mv, d b c f v v w E

P (68 c d, 24 c ),14 dd d c

f d b Cc d E P. Of 116 dvd fc--fc vw, 86

c d w E P d/ Cc f M

f w w f E C w 11 c . A B d E (2011: 25)

z, C c fc f cc c f II bc, ..

d c b d bw w-bd d c-bd dd f

c w ( Abbc . 1981).

E c d . W w dd c wc vd f

c w b f , w d w w

b f f w C. P w d f c

x . E c cd cd- b; w cdd b

cc wc (83 c), (49 c), d

(20 c), b b d dc bcd (13 c), d d d

c Ndc Md (10 c).15

T f cbd fc--fc vw w 116 d dd -

. W d dc b b, 85 c c v v b b f

d c b cv v b.16 T b c w

d (B/E 2011).17 Tb 6 w q b v

f C w. P c d b f cb

b f c, b v c d

d.

14 Mdd d c f v. A j c, w

w v w E P (52 c d, d 37 c

).

15 Mdd d v (=228).

16 T q d: If d d , d b c ? w fw

:

N, v.

I , .

Y, b I cv.

Y, d I cv.

O d b wd f cd q w cvd b v v, b f -

d cd vw w (1.7 c) c d. P cvd v-

f f bc d f c c f bc.

17 Hd cv vdc c. B d E f 2005 d f G c, w 48.5

c f vwd G c d b b f c .


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Table6:TheRoleofParsanship

Howimportantistheparty

aliaonorpartysympathyofocialsintheCommission?

Howimportantisparty

aliaonforcabinetmembers?

Partyaliaonisveryimportant 0.9 4.3

Itisimportant 3.4 15.5

Somemesitplaysarole,somemesnot 20.7 38.8

Itisnotveryimportant 46.6 20.7

It does not play any role at all 25.0 8.6

Dontknow/refusetosay 3.5 20.2

N: Pc. 116 d f dd d (92 c f EU-15).

Sc c bw w q ,18 c b cbd fc c

f cz. F fc c dc f cvd cz. F, d

f dc dc- bv . Scd,

cc cz. T c w vw

--b q c- bz -

cc d; b j c dv f v fc b

(Scf 2010). Td, c f c w d f czd d

d cz C.19 O vdc d b w

jc xc f c C, w c f

c w czd cv vc xd cz C. T

wd c xc, d cd xc C cd

b cc.

F, c jd C, cv cz.

D c cd d bf D dc

(bf 1995); c cd bw D d B (1995-2004); c

w d d B dc (2005 wd) d :

cv cz d , w cd dd.

T c bw d dc cz C d cc

d vw. D c d czd , b cx w d

b bq f. T c C bcc f f (d ) c,

b d d c c cd b bf (B/E 2011).

Hwv, d c bf w w xc w.

18 P c 0.34 (=100).

19 Pcz c dvd b B . (2008) f EU c. T ddv dx x

f z , dd v dc . Ec cdd 1 (.. czd) f

cd bc d. 1. S cd f d f (); 2. S cd f cd (); 3. S c b dd b

w c (); 4. S c b cd w v c (); 5. T cb

c (); 6. A fzd cb x (); 7. T f cb

fzd (). Gc czd d B (B/E 2011).


21/32


4. C O d P S

T f bcc c dc bc f xd c cc bd-

c d w, d x f c c d (Cv . 1989; N 1994; Pc 2003; Fc 2007). W x

w , b w dc c E

U, d cd b v w cc dc f c c. T

vdc w bcc w. C c d c

c , d d f c d b czd dd b d d EU

vc vw b c .

C c w d v b c d db db f b-

w b d EU v c:

WeareinterestedinyourviewsonthedistribuonofauthoritybetweenmemberstatesandtheEU

on a range of policies.

Pleasestartbygivingusyourassessmentoftheactualdistribuonin2008.Whereiseachpolicy

decided?

Whereshouldthispolicybedecided?

Rd w d c v- c f 0 (xcv /b-

) 10 (xcv EU). B bc c f db c w d C

c d wd q. Pv v dc d f cz d v

v f dcz. F & c c d & c d . T

dd f c, d d c. I, c w

bc cz c.


22/32


Table7:DesiredShisinEUAuthorityinElevenPolicyFields

A

scope

Dd

scope

Dd

-

z

Dd

rank-

ing of

Senior

O Men Women EU-15 EU-12

EU A Mean

St. Dev.

5.42

(1.22)

7.00

(1.30)

6.8

(1.37)

7.0

(1.30)

7.01

(1.27)

7.00

(1.38)

7.0

(1.30)

6.9

(1.34)

1.C

2. Td

3. Ac

4. Ev

5. R dv

6. Dv

7. E

8. A &

9. Pc & jdc c

10. F & c

11. Sc c

8.0

8.0

7.7

6.2

5.2

5.1

4.9

4.1

4.0

3.4

3.2

8.3

8.4

6.9

7.7

5.7

6.7

7.6

7.1

6.5

7.0

5.0

+0.3

+0.4

0.8

+1.5

+0.5

+1.6

+2.7

+3.0

+2.5

+3.6

+1.8

2

1

7

3

10

8

4

5

9

6

11

7.4*

6.4**

4.6*

7.8*

7.1**

5.1*

6.8*

7.1*

7.1*

6.8*

5.6**

7.1*

7.1**

6.0**

6.8*

6.7**

N: dc f , d - d wb *c .05 v; ** c 0.01 v. O dc

c d.

4.1 CentralizaonAcrosstheBoard?

E C c w EU b v f 1.58 v- c,

wc f 14 c. T c w bc dc f bcc c.

Hwv, b d f E. Dd c f c

czd, c d. Sc c cvd b dc-

zd C c cz , d czd c

(c, d, c) d v d. A dvd v, v

v. C bw c d dd c bw -0.36 d -0.51 (dd

bc). T v, c w f

dczd c, b d, c v dv vw d

dc c c-bd w-xz f.

M cd EU w, d j f-

c. Hwv, j c cz v, f & c, c c,

d cd bc EU c c, d c b cz

f & c. I bv , EU-12 c cd EU

EU-15 c. Hwv, cz & f &

c, w c dd f cz. T bcd b fc


23/32


fv f EU c EU-15 c. W qd c, wc -

bc b-xz d

c.

I v f v v dd c c, bf d d w-

f d DG c ( dx).

EU governance views. B f wf dc f w c cz c w

w -c . A q, -c

v f cz 0.69 w f d 1.24 w

d c f 11.

Ideology. Sc b c fv f cz cvv, d -w

c d b fv cc . T c b

v w w c f EU vc . I wd, fc -c d b

-b d d b d ww independentc f

cc dd c cz.

Religion and state building. Oc f c cz.

T c d d c , cd wd

f d bd N d C E (R/Uw 1983).

Country size. Oc f c fv f cz , wc

c w bc d . M d fc w: c f

d fv f cz, bc f EU bd

c fd, c w w vc cc.

East vs. West. EU-12 c cz c c b dcd

d, EU vc, d, c ccc.

Core acvity. Ex DG (d, Rx, dv, ) c-

z v c. T fc d :

c dc f f f DG. N c dc c

cc d -cc DG, w DG d , -cc d -c

DG.

I x v d f EU c c, DG c w. Hwv, d-

c c f c f v dd c. Tb 8 c

v dd c f -c c (c, d), -cc c (v-

, dv, dv, c c), d c c ( & ,

c & jc, f & c) c f DG.


24/32


Table8:DesiredPolicyScopeDisaggregatedbyPolicyFamily

A Mk-g

Mk-g

S

C

[S.Dv.]

7.00

[1.30]

8.39

[1.48]

6.30

[1.53]

6.83

[1.94]

M-c DG

M-cc DG

6.9

7.0

8.5

8.3

6.0

6.3

6.8

6.8

Sd DG

R DG

Lv DG

I DG

Ex DG

7.0

6.9

7.0

7.1

7.4

8.3

8.4

8.3

8.4

8.9

6.3

6.1

6.3

6.4

6.6

6.9

6.8

6.6

6.9

7.3

S-c

I

S

6.2

6.9

7.4

7.9

8.3

8.7

5.5

6.2

6.7

5.8

6.6

7.4

N: Av f c b. dc cc v f - w f c

c d f v f c d . =


25/32


b c w fc C d czd ? D ?

T w : . Tb 9 dd - c dd EU

bw DG w c d . O-d d bc xc-

c f DG w c d b c b EU c f DG.

Table9:DoesBureaucracPolicsWork?

Pc Dd EU d

S z Ow-DG O Scc

(-d)

Td

C*

Ac

Sc c

R dv

Ev

F & c c

A &

Pc & jdc c

47

53

93

70

59

81

65

50

50

9.5

8.1

7.7

5.3

6.0

7.8

7.6

7.5

6.5

8.4

8.3

6.9

5.0

5.7

7.7

6.9

7.0

6.5

.000

.279

.000

.158

.064

.414

.000

.057

.426

N: dd EU 0-10 c w 0 (xcv / b) 10 (xcv EU). Dc f

c .001 v bdd.

* W c c c, c w-DG d b fv f cz c d DG.

T d - w-d.

W c c dd w DG d f wc w v c -

f : c, d, c, c c, c, v, jc & c

c, c, d f & df c.20 T f c cf x-

c (d, c, f & c). N c cc 0.05 v.21 O

c dc: c DG c wd less EU f

c d c d DG. T dc c, b d ddd cdc

cc vdc vd d d f bcc c!

20 T cd b d z f DG, b fc c b fd c v-

DG ( f DG), c dv w c bc f / EU

.

21 O J 1, 2010, f DG f Jc, Fd d Sc w d w DG, f f-

f (DG H), wc d w d , d f jc d fd (DG Jc),

wc d w cz d jdc c. O v w cdcd bf d w

DG f & c d f c & jdc c.


26/32


5. C

T v c bf f C c: bc cc f EU vc, d

c d. I x w vw c d c f EU c . W d cdb v d b c, d

db vv .

T E C b d f E w

C dv . W d d vdc f . T f w f

36 c. T w C f C b v f E d d w

b b c . T c-b w 13.3 c -c, w w

, d w 30 c w bv neither C f

C nor b d b f EU v. S 20 c vd

.

N bcd wf d -c f , w DG c

x w . S-c f c

w d v vc, , d P cc, d

b f cv v. S c f c w v v-

c, c, c w vc cv, d -P c. T

dcv , , f vc, xc, b df-

f d ( d ) d d (

w d c b -c). S-c d

w c . I d f b c

f bcd, b cc f f : w c DG w d

cc wd dc w . T v c c w .

T c B f -c : w c b, b -

v, f f .

W v dc f bc C, b

d P, d bdd. E db d c f v f .

T d ) C d v w f v; b) C c d

b wcf f c; d c) c d b c f C.

Hwv, -c - d c ; d

w c bw C d b c f ;

wd b c bc d c . S b fw f

M, H, D, d c H bd f f v-

c, b -c C dc f d G, Tc, K.

T E C b ccd f b b, d b cd f -

c. N . E C c dc c cc /,

b . T f c f E c, EU-15. Oc

f EU-12 -b c, b d neo-b. T


27/32


C dcv c b/cvv d, w c d

b bd b xcd f dcd, cd, b, d bc

c f.

T db f d f f d c vc. Pc b c f v-

, d v C c v f c c. I v f

v d. M-cc DG c c c cv f v-

, d -c DG b. Svc db

c-dc, d vc cc cvv. O cc d, DG

c dc . T xc: EU-12 c -

b EU-15 c. O c d, dc f dc

d f cx. T xc: EU-12 c cvv

EU-15 c.

T E C c f bcc c wc dc bc

xz w. T vdc xd. E C c d

w, , EU v c w d v.

T dd c b d dc: v f 1.6 11- c (f 5.4 7).

T c v b c c d c c. EU vc vw d d

vd c f C c generalfc w c -

d b czd EU v dczd d b v. N

( c w EU ) d cz (P c w

) , b cd. DG c x which c C c wd

cz, d wc . T d cz cv d d; b dv

b d v c xz C w. B f DG c

x v c c, d cc dc f c dfd c

c v d bv f c? T w : . O b f d, w

ccd c f bcc c b vd.


28/32


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c, Cbd: Hvd Uv P.

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59.

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w), : J f E Pbc Pc 8/5, 728746.

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Fc, Fb 2007: T Pw f U: D EU, Cbd: Cbd Uv

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Gelleney,RonaldD./Anderson,ChristopherJ.2000: T Ec, Accb, d S f P-

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Madeley,John2008: T d f Ndc C Ecc, P d

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Pollack,Mark2003: T E f E I: D, Ac, d Ad S

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Risse,Thomas2010: A C f E? T Id d Pbc S, Ic, NY:

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Rokkan,Stein/Urwin,Derek1983: Ec, T, Id: Pc f W E P, L-d: S Pbc.

Ross,George 1995: Jcq D d E I, Oxfd: Oxfd Uv P.

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: Pbc S f Mx Pc I f Sd f Sc, Ff/Nw Y:

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Sandholtz,Wayne/Sweet,AlecStone (d) 1998: E I d S Gvc, Ox-

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Vachudova,Milada 2005: E Udvdd, Oxfd: Oxfd Uv P.

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Gvc - F Lb Lb, Ld: Pv.

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31/32


Adx: M A

TableA:ExplainingPerceponsofPolicizaonintheCommission

B d. -v

P b 0.274 0.297 0.358

L/ d 0.110 0.050 0.030

C -0.367 0.204 0.076

D c 0.567 0.310 0.071

Izz c 0.237 0.365 0.517

N cz 0.099 0.055 0.077

Constant -1.000 0.589 0.093

R2

Adj. R2

.164

.107

N: =100; b: v f 1 w c b b f c (f-); c :

1 f dc dc-, d 0 f d f ; cz: 18 f d z.

TableB:ExplainingVariaoninGeneralDesireforEUPolicyScope

B d. -v

C -0.209 0.127 0.101

Gd 0.003 0.072 0.972

EU-12 -0.279 0.128 0.030

S 1.157 0.109 0.000

I 0.674 0.111 0.000

O (fc-) 0.819 0.118 0.000

L/ d -0.033 0.018 0.058

Lb/cvv d -0.031 0.014 0.025

C z -0.003 0.000 0.007

P -0.435 0.175 0.013

Gvc cc -0.153 0.103 0.137

Mv vc 0.001 0.005 0.809

Sd DG 0.039 0.086 0.648

R DG -0.038 0.098 0.701

Lv DG -0.108 0.104 0.296

I DG 0.041 0.129 0.750

Ex DG 0.300 0.122 0.014

Constant 6.955 .237 0.000

R2

Adj. R2

.137

.126

N: =1678; c : z b A; d, EU-12, , , ,

/, b/cvv, c z, vc cc, v vc: H (2012) f z;

P: 3 f dd z. DG: 11 f d z.


32/32

T Kg-Fg - Egg Ad Exg d

I R

T K-Fc (KFG) w fd -

cd b G Rc Fd 2008. I c-

c f KFG vd cc v

wc vv c c c b d w b dc ddb w f d j c.

T K-Fc T Tfv Pw f E

b c E B-Bd-

b d z c w v-

d c . I x f EU -

d c f d, z c d c

f d x d c c :

Id d Pbc S

Cc, Cd d Bd

Cv R d E Ex R

Documents

The European Commission in the 21st Century. Core Beliefs on EU Governance