The Enhanced Inland Food Chain and Export Disparities of ...ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR1903056.pdf · Selvamani P.& Zafar M. Syed, 2012, The marketing problems of cardamom growers in Tamil

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IJRAR1903056 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) wwwijrarorg 448

The Enhanced Inland Food Chain and Export

Disparities of Small Cardamoms in India A Critical

Review

Dr Durga Prasad Mishra [1]

Dr Siba Prasad Mishra [2]

Dr Nishikanta Mishra[3]

1Corresponding Author Chief General Manager The STC of India Ltd Nilhat House 9th Floor R N

Mukherjee Road Kolkata

2 Associate Professor Centurion University of Technology and Management Jatni Bhubaneswar Odisha

3 Associate Professor School of Humanities KIIT University Bhubaneswar Odisha

Abstract

Small Cardamom is called the ldquoqueen of the spicesrdquo planted in the rain forests of Western Ghats Hills of India

The cardamom is used in sweet and confectionary industry as flavoring agent including traditional medicines

and naturopathy Besides India and Sri Lanka cardamom is also grown as a commercial crop in Guatemala and

on small scale in Tanzania Sri Lanka El Salvador Vietnam In last few decades Guatemala has replaced India

as leading exporter of small cardamom However the quality of Indian produce is superior and regularly

exported to Saudi Arabia UAE Kuwait USA Japan and Scandinavian countries Indian planters are

diversifying to organic crops and applying measures for value addition to maximize sales returns The major

issues in cardamom complex are raising cost of production pesticide and insecticide residual issues seasonal

availability price fluctuations robust growth in domestic demand stronghold of intermediary in the value

chain and unethical trade practices There is urgent need to augment the productivity and to introduce modern

technique of crop management diseases and pest control Spice Board and other stakeholders should take

suitable steps to ensure remunerative prices to planters for the long-term growth of this plantation crop The

study has revealed that commercial cardamom plantation cultivation crop is increasingly gaining popularity

among planters due to growth in demand in domestic vis-a-vis overseas markets India has lost out to

Guatemala in the last few years in terms of export volumes Indian exporters should maintain quality standards

as per requirement of importing nations Exporters should promote ethical trade practices to regain confidence

of overseas buyers

Key Words Cardamom Export food chain e-auction Spices India WGB Hills

Introduction

Small Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum M) the queen of spices is of exotic taste colorful aromatic and has

a combined flavor of camphor lemon mint and has sweet flower smell too Small cardamom is a perennial

herbaceous rhizomatous plant based on the nature of pinnacles Three varieties of small cardamom are mainly

recognized viz Malabar with prostrate panicle Mysore with erect panicle and Vazhukka with semi erecting

panicle Vazhukka variety is a mix of both the above physical characteristics Indian cardamom is offered to the

international markets in different grades but Alleppey Green Extra Bold (AGEB) Alleppey Green Bold

(AGB) and Alleppey Green Superior (AGS) are the names that register instant appeal worldwide



Cardamom (small) is the third costliest spice in the

global market after saffron and vanilla The spice has the

family name Zingiberaceae and the native plant of south

India and Ceylon It is the fruit (pale green capsule) of a

pseudophakic plant of globosely ovoid ellipsoidal but

elongated shape containing 15 to 20 seedscapsule The

propagation of the plant is either by its seeds or vegetative

or by using bamboo culture technology Some of the

common uses of the capsules are flavoring foodcoffeetea

beverages perfumes liquors cakes and confectioneries

The seeds have medical uses as an antidote for snake or

scorpion venom teeth cleaning The fish poisoning and

digestive disorders In addition cardamom can dilute fat

rev up human metabolism vibrant digestive system decrease water retention lower cholesterol levels by

burning g fat It is even among foods that lower the blood pressure through its diuretic properties

Cardamom of 100gms has nutritional values such as energy 311Kcal Protein 1076gms Carbohydrates

6847gms with no cholesterol All vitamins except Vit-A is present in cardamom All minerals like sodium

(18mg) Potassium (1119mg) Calcium 383mg Copper Phosphorous Manganese and Zinc are also available

http epgpinflibnetacinepgpdata uploads epgp _contentfood_technologytechnology_of_spa

ices_and_condiments17cardamom The cardamom (small elaichi) plants are of medium size (about 2 to 3

meter height) with pubescent leaves (on the dorsal side) and fruits globose in the case of Malabar region

whereas plant robust (3 to 4 m height) with leaves glabrous on both sides with ovoid capsules in the case of

Mysore region The third luxurious spice produced mainly in Kerala (Nelliampathy Wayanad and Idukki)

Karnataka (Uttar Kannada Shimoga Hassan and Chikmagalur hills of Kodagu in Coorg districts and Tamil

Nadu (foothills of Nilgiris Didigul Theni Salem and Tirunelveli and parts of Coimbatore districts) in states of

India (Fig -1)

Review of Literature

Yogesh amp Mokshpathy (2014)1

reported that India is the apex global producer consumer and exporters

of 75 varieties spices out of 109 varieties listed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (data

2005-06 to 2012-13) The bulk of produce in India is used in domestic consumption (90) Govindasamy R

(2015)2

had reported that Kerala produces about 70 of total India‟s production of small cardamom followed

by Karnataka (20) and Tamilnadu (10) George et al (2017) 3

cardamom (small) rdquo is the third most

expensive spices next to Saffron and Vanilla and had given importance of the cultivation of organic cardamom

and meeting Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards stipulated by importing nations Murugan et al

(2012)4

had correlated the climatic parameters and yield of cardamom capsules in Indian hills using the

Mann-Kendall method and found significant trends were identified at annual seasonal and monthly scale

considering the spatial and temporal variations in SAT rainfall and RH Verghese P K (2007)5)

by using

the Life Cycle Approach is difficult under practical conditions but attempted to arrive at the relative

profitability by using cost-benefit analysis net present value and internal rate of return and was successful

Hameedu M S (2014)6

had noted that the cardamom cultivation has significant influence in the economic

development of Kerala due to employability and tourism promotion Vijaybanu et al 20167

studied the

livelihood and occupational pattern of cardamom farmers of Munnar districts by employing correlation and

regression analysis and mentioned that the three major factors affecting livelihood namely occupational pattern



livelihood issues and saving pattern which shall be very useful for policymakers Subba et al (2017)8

had

reported that there was an increase in black cardamom cultivation area in Sikkim during 2003- 15 but the

production productivity and CAEGR had declined Selvamani et al (2012)9

studied the problems faced by

farmers in the marketing of cardamom and suggested Government intervention in accelerating export volume

especially for cardamom growers in Theni amp Idukki district Murugan amp Muthusami (2011)10

studied the

impact of the application of pesticides fertilizers and manures resulting in accumulation of heavy metals The

population of honeybees mainly pollinators of cardamom are adversely affected by toxic pesticides and erratic

climate change Dhanya K et al (2011)11

studied 35 varieties for cardamom in relation to volatile oil husk-

seed ration and aroma profile and observed that APG-63 60 and 75 were high with regard to oil content and

APG-244 and 10 were found to be good in the flavor

Ibrahim (2015)12

assessing the export performance of India spices in the WTO regime reported that the

export of spices appears satisfactory globally in terms of growth trend But there is instability in growth due to

a decrease in overseas market share Rajesh (2002)13

observed that spices like Pepper small Cardamom

Ginger Turmeric and Chili are the major export earners Jadav Suvita 201314

reported about cardamom

growing districts of Kerala is not profitable due to low ruling market price forcing growers switching over to

profitable crops like nutmeg and mace The growth in domestic consumption of cardamom has witnessed a

flood of imports of cheaper origin from Srilanka Tanzania and Guatemala By imposing port and quantitative

restrictions on imports including registration of GI relating to spices can reduce such import The Hindu 10th

Jan 2011 (Roy Mathew) had reported that noxious pesticides herbicides fungicides and other hormones were

in use for Cardamom growth and yield had high health risks Muthusamy M 201715

had reported that the

yield of cardamom crop is influenced by the genetic factors (50) climate (25) fertilizers (15) and 10 on

pesticides insecticides herbicides etc httpswww news18com news India climate-change-a-boon-for-

farmers-in-cardamom-376816

Methods and methodology

A huge research work had been undertaken on the cultivation yield processing and the pest control of the

agri-product the procedure of marketing and export etc The present study is based on collection of the old

statistical data from 1970 Stochastic modeling along with the regression analysis of the production export and

other parameters for the time series Those series were taken whose R2 value approaching one The causes for

such trend line had been tried The where Yi = individual data point value (Yi ) = value obtained by

substituting data in best fit line and verage value of i he 2 value should be close to unity indicating

perfect fit of the model with actual data

The field visit was conducted to the small cardamom fields in south India (WGB hills) the auction

centers at Bodinayaknur and Puttadi in TN State and in Kerala respectively from time to time and the procedure

of e-auctions was observed and reported The market was studied for the factors affecting demand and supply

and the price variations were recorded for analysis The lacunae in the increasing export scenario were

investigated and ameliorative measures were discussed elaborately

Small Cardamom in history

History reveals Cardamom the oldest and costliest species of the globe was reported in Kautilya‟s Maitreya

Upanishad (4000YBP) Charka Samhita (medical compendium 4000 YBP) and Susrutha Samhita (1000 YBP)

as a medicinal plant Ancient Egyptians used cardamom for ritual and medicinal practices (3500BP) In the 1st



century AD huge quantity of cardamom was imported from India to Rome Vikings a traveler had carried

cardamom to Scandinavia and Germany 1000YBP The Greek the Roman Arabs the Portuguese the Dutch

and the English traders carried the huge quantities of cardamom to their country During lexander‟s invasion

of India (176-180 AD) his soldiers carried cardamom to the European countries The queen spice was first to

come to limelight during the 8th

century The species is now imported to almost all countries of the globe by the

15th

century https wwwslidesharenet senthamizhselvan 1481green- The Germans introduced small

cardamom cultivation in 1914 by Oscar Majus Kloeffer a German coffee planter in the states of Guatemala and

had spread to Costa Rica afterward Though German settlement in anzania frica introduced in 1890‟s but

the cultivation was initiated in 1954

Present scenario of consumption of small cardamom inside India has increased where as local prices is falling

the variation in unit price of cardamom in India is depleting and an example is given in Fig 2

Fig 2 Variation in the unit rate of cardamom in the period of 15th April and 7th May 2018

Land use and land cover

Since small cardamom is a native grain of profitable yield was cultivated in WGB Hills India from

4000YBP The land use and land cover for the elaichi was considered from 1970 to 2016-17 The total area of

cultivation varied from 70000 Ha to 100000 Ha depending upon the farmers choice‟ and market condition

From 1970 to 1993 the area covered for small cardamom was about 90000Ha to 100000 Ha with a meager yield

and productivity was below 52

Fig 3 LU statistics of small cardamom in India (1970 to 2016) source Spices Board of India



After the liberalization of the economy the small cardamom sector was given due importance especially on the

productivity aspect Moreover the cost of production became high whereas the market was sluggish during

1990‟s With modernized methods the farmers got more yields for which there was paucity in the market In

the 21st century the land use for small cardamom reduced to 70000Ha whereas productivity was raised to 150

to 170From the statistical study it was found that land use for cardamom plantation decreased exponentially

The best fit model was an exponential model and the goodness of fit was 075 The cost of cultivation for three

years to get the economic yield comes around about Rs279 lakhs rupees and the average production of small

cardamom shall be around 350-420KgHa httpwwwindianspicescomsites

Production of Small cardamom India

The average production of Cardamom small from 1970-71 to 2016-17 was 896111 MTyear The average

production between 2000-01 and 2016-17 was 1320912MTyear (Fig 3) The production was constant from

1982 to 1993 but due to demand of the queen of spices the farmers gave more interest on cultivation for more

profit and the erratic climate during SW and NE monsoon and modern method of cultivation have favored the

production of small cardamom in the WGB Hills

y = 92841x2 - 12058x + 34997Rsup2 = 08902

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970-hellip

1972-hellip

1974-hellip

1976-hellip

1978-hellip

1980-hellip

1982-hellip

1984-hellip

1986-hellip

1988-hellip

1990-hellip

1992-hellip

1994-hellip

1996-hellip

1998-hellip

2000-hellip

2002-hellip

2004-hellip

2006-hellip

2008-hellip

2010-hellip

2012-hellip

2014-hellip

2016-hellip

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mt

YEAR

Production of cardamom in India from 1970-71 to 2016-17Source Spice Board India

ProductionInd in Mts

Figure 4 Production of small cardamom in India in MT (Source Spices Board India)

The 21st-century small cardamom production is increased by the 20th-century production by 156 which is

encouraging The best fit trend has followed the exponential function and the R2 value is 08902 The export of

small cardamom by destination from India was fluctuating in 1980‟s and remained almost stable till 2007-08

Afterward the quantity of export had increased erratically depending on demand The best fit trend had

followed a 2nd

order power function having R2

value 0655 The average value of exports was 946MT between

the period 1980 and 2000 whereas the average export has increased to 2020MT from 2001 to 2016 Fig -5



y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR

Export of small Cardamom from India by destination 1981-82 to 2016-17 dataSpice Board India

Export (MT)

Figure 5 Quantity of Export of elaichi from India (Source Spices Board India)

From the stochastic modeling of the time series of total earning from cardamom from 1981-82 to 2016-17 by

India follows a polynomial function with the goodness of fit ie R2 value 08606 The graph of earning from

cardamom by India had shown a stable export till 2007-08 There was increase in the global market price the

international demand and supply have increased the earning The average earnings of 1824 million Rupees

between 1981and 2000 while the average earnings had increased to 13209 million rupees

Fig 6 Earning in million rupees by India by the export of elaichi (Source Spices BoardIndia)



cardamom by India had shown a stable export till 2007-08 The increases in the global market price the





Consumption vs Export

The export and import quantities of the queen spices of India were studied for the period 1981-82 to 2016-17

The economic liberalization started in India from 1991 and by the start of 21st century India progressed towards

the free market economy India enjoyed high growth rate in Indian economy from the 21st century Fernadis L

200016

has reported that after liberalization and free economy the middle class was restructured in India

There was the growth of another economic class as new middle-class upward mobile

In the process of economic restructuring such as industrial laws processes of appointments retrenchment job

insecurity and shift towards subcontracted labor in the 21st century has converged the industrial workers to the

middle-class group Consequently the average income of the middle class increased the lifestyle had hammered

the old family structure and made people rather individualistic The living standard was raised which changed

the food habits from homemade food to fast and spicy food in hotel and restaurants The result was the large

disparity between the export and import of cardamom in India Fig 7

y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR

The export and internal consumption of small Cardamom India (1981-82 to 2016 -17) Source Spice Board India

Export

Inland intake

Fig 7 The export and inland consumption of small cardamom in India (Source Spices Board India)

Economical agro-Climate and productivity

The small cardamom is a perennial herbaceous and monocot plant cultivated in Western Ghats of India or

Indian Cardamom Hills (ICH) in about 70170 Ha yielding asymp11000 M in the year 2011-12

httpswwwslidesharenet VishnuMishra2 propagation-of-cardamom Agro-climatic condition of the area

provides aroma flavor fragrance and color to the product The Cardamom production is challenging as it

needs specific environmental settings such as rainforests having rainfall gt150cm Tropical or subtropical hot

and humid climate high forest Canopy (600 to 1800m MSL) loamy soils with a temperature variation of 18 to

350C and RH (relative humidity) gt 75 The humus loamy potassium phosphorous rich acidic soil (pH values

55 to 65) in sloping land with good drainage system is essential for cardamom cultivation A healthy plant

yields 900gmyear green cardamom which after processing reduces to 200gms httpwwwcelkauin

CropsSpices Cardamomvarietiesaspx



Fig 8 Agro-climate modern methods and improved technique and productivity of small cardamom in

HaKg (Source Spices Board India)

Cardamom propagates by seeds vegetative and tissue culture plantlets It takes 20-22 months for maturing and

economic production starts from 3rd year of plantation and production continues for 8-12 crop years under

healthy management practices

Considering the data series from 1970-71 to 2016-17 it has been found that the average productivity has

increased at a faster rate of 3968 KgHa (data from 1970-71 to 1992-93) Afterward there was a sharp increase

in average productivity of 15919 Kgha (data from 1993 to 2016-17) onwards It is due to the favorable

climate modern technique use of manures and proper paste control The 21st-century trend is Polynomial and

the goodness of fit R2

value is 09059 of the time series

Cardamom in latosol overburdened by Organic soil

Cardamom is cultivated in WGBHills soil of Indian Alfisol or Latosol and the suborder is Ustalf (Sadanandan

et al 1998) 17

The laterite soils (latosol) are promising for the cardamom plant The lateritic loam is covered

with layers of organic remains that are present in tropical evergreen forests although the plant can grow on a

variety of soils with only a shallow zone of humus accumulation In general cardamom-growing soils are fairly

deep with good drainage The clay fraction is predominantly kaolinite as potassium fixation occurs in these

soils The cardamom-growing soils of the state of Karnataka are mostly clayey loam Kulkarni et al (1971)18

In Guatemala cardamom is generally grown in rich forest soils In the countryside the crop is grown in the

northern region in recently cleared forestlands where soils have dolomitic limestone‟s underlined with typical

tropical organic clay In the southern regions the soil is sandy clay loam with volcanic ash deposits which

render the soils in the south more fertile than those of the north George (1990)19

Since the cardamom fields

are at high altitude in rainforests and always shaded by large vegetation the soil contains large volumes of

organic matter and most favorable for the growth of cardamom plants

Cardamom Guatemala and other countries

Till 2000 the small cardamom trade was running with a monopoly of India Guatemala in Central America

started cardamom cultivation in 1914 has reached the apex producer importer of the trade (90 of world trade)

at present The country produces around 25000 MT yearly accounting for almost 66 of the total global



production The country had exported cardamom of value $367 million dollars in 2017 which was 60 excess

over the year 2016 as the global market price increased The unit rate per Kg was $642 in 2016 was raised to

$1027 per Kg in 2017 Taking base price of 2016 there was decline by 11 in 2015 and 35 in 2014 due to

deforestation pest soil lack of interest of marginal farmers and nationalization of the trade https

encentralamerica data comenarticlehome Guatemala_ Increased_ Cardamom_ production Considering the

similar climate elevation and soil conditions countries like Tanzania Sri Lanka El Salvador Vietnam Laos

Cambodia Papua New Guinea are the other growing nations

The superiority of Indian green Cardamom

Indian cardamom is found to be superior in quality as compared to the produces from Guatemala and Sri Lanka

attesting the age-old concept of intrinsic quality of the commodity

Table 2 Indian green cardamom compared with that of Guatemala and Ceylon

Properties Physical Unit India Guatemala Ceylon

1 Wt of 100 capsules (7mm) Gm 24-25 12-125 18-19

2 Capsules in 100gm Numbers 334 807 554

3 Color intensity Hue

lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10

4 Av Length of the capsule mm 189 160 195

5 Av circumference mm 246 208 213

6 Moisture (after drying) 15 -16 5 -6 18-19

7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15

11 Fiber More fibrous Less Less

Grades and specifications of Indian cardamom in trade

Indian small cardamom is offered to the world market in different grades such as AGEB (Alleppey Green Extra

Bold) AGB (Alleppey Green Bold) and AGS (Alleppey Green Superior) AGSI (Alleppey Green shipment)

AGL (Alleppey Green Light) CGEB (Coorg Green Bold) CG1 (Coorg Green Superior) CG (Coorg Green

Mota) CG3 (Coorg Green Shipment) CGL (Coorg Green Light) BL1 BL2 and BL 3 (Bleached cardamom)

Common Guatemala grades are Jumbo Green (extra-large green capsules) Imperial Best Green (Large green

capsules) Fancy Green Extra (extra green capsule) Fancy Green (medium-sized green capsule) Imperial

Mixed Green (large pale green capsule) Mixed Green (capsules of assorted colors) Mixed Green Split

(medium sized open green capsules) Yellow Mixed (mediumlarge closed yellow capsules) and MYQ or

Mixed Yellow Quality (medium sized light-brown cardamom for grinding)

The grades Indian cardamom in inland and foreign trade and their specification is in Table 3 Cardamom is

generally traded in bulk and graded using a sieve and fetches different prices based on their size color and

freshness command varied prices The 7-mm and above grade with fancy green color have command a

premium over the other grades In addition to above there are different grades that are marketed according to

the requirement of buyersend users at different destinations



Table 3 Grade and requisites of small cardamom trade India (Ankegowda et al ICAR 2015)20

Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1

Bold Light green Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular

tri-locular capsules

Market influencing factors

The major factors influencing exports from India are production domestic consumption sustenance to climatic

anomalies topography plant pastes and microbes farming techniques seasonal variations and round the year

availability competition from Guatemala etc

Marketing auction of small Cardamom in India

Spices Board facilitates the sale of small cardamom through organized auction system conducted on

daily basis under their supervision The major cardamom auction centers are Bodinayakanur (largest) in Tamil

Nadu and Puttadi (Spice Park) - Kumuli Kerala he uction rates at Bodinayakanur as considered as ldquoBench

Mark atesrdquo for deciding the Cardamom Prices in the Industry There are other small auction centers with less

volume of trade are at Sakleshpur Sirsi and Coorg in Karnataka where the manual auction is conducted

Reportedly about 10-15 of cardamom is traded through open market route outside the Auction systems

About 75-80 of cardamom is production is consumed in the domestic market and balance about 20 of

cardamom produced in India is exported overseas The harvesting season for cardamom is usually from

September to February During this period the volume of cardamom auction is comparatively higher as

compared to arrivals for the auction during the non-harvesting season The auction price fluctuates daily and

monthly due to a number of auction agents and the quality and grade of cardamom For example on 3rd

May

2018 the auction price was between Rs774- and Rs822- per Kg and on 5th

May 2018 the auction price raised

between Rs 829- and Rs1196- per Kg as per httpwwwindianspicescommarketingprice domestic daily-

pricev=archive

Global Scenario - Demand and Supply

Cardamom is generally produced in the tropical regions of the world Guatemala is the largest cardamom

producing country followed by India The production of small cardamom in Guatemala was 36000-38000Mt



and 30000 to 32000Mt in 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively whereas export for the fiscal year 2015-16 was

34000MT https Guatemala cardamom WordPress com2016 1205 The other countries that produce Small

cardamom are Thailand Ceylon Tanzania Uganda Laos but in small quantities Consumption of cardamom

has sharply increased throughout the world during the last two decades The major consuming countries of

cardamom are the Middle Eastern countries India Pakistan European countries the US and Japan Middle

Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and South-East Asian countries such as

India etc account for more than 60 of the worlds consumption Saudi Arabia is the single largest importer

of Cardamom in the world followed by Kuwait Indians are also the greatest consumer of green Cardamom

The inland consumption of small cardamom is highest (45) in western India followed by Northern (35) and

southern India (20) respectively (Source wwwkarvycomtradecom There is a depletion in small

cardamom industry in the year 2016-17 was due to the imposition of VAT transporters strike and the influx of

volume from Guatemala The export of small cardamom in India has become sluggish due to low production

demonetization and the imposition of GST in India economic recession in UAE and Middle East countries

Despite the constraints the export quantity had touched 3850MT in 2016-17 whereas it was 5500 MT in the

year 2015-16 for India

The Importers

The major importers are Saudi Arabia Kuwait UAE USA Japan Pakistan UK Malaysia Israel

Australia Canada and South Africa Saudi Arabia is the single largest importer of Cardamom in the world

followed by Kuwait Cardamom oil is a precious ingredient in food preparations perfumery health foods

medicines and beverages Only 20-25 of the production of small cardamom is exported to the middle-east

market mainly in Saudi Arabia Middle East countries use cardamom for preparation of Gahwa - a strong

cardamom - coffee concoction Spices Board on Cardamom production is as follows India consumes almost

90 of the domestic production with almost 45 of the demand coming from the western part of the country

followed by northern India with 35 However cheaper Guatemalan cardamom finds its way into the country

and is preferred for low value uses like pan masala and bakeries India exports 5-8 of its total production

mostly the premium grade India also exports by-products of cardamom such as cardamom oil and oleoresins to

European countries The traditional major markets in West Asia and Far-East have been lukewarm since the

mid 80‟s to Indian Cardamom Merchandise on account of price disadvantages over a period of time Indian

cardamom that ruled the Middle-east market in particular and the rest of the world in general for many years

had all of a sudden faced the onslaught of stiff competition from Guatemala

Major issues in cardamom production in India

The major contemporary issues in cardamom industry are the rising cost of production insecticides and

pesticide residual issues annual surplus after export volatility in price continuous cost rise in value chain

robust domestic demand change in taste and preference of the end users etc However we have to augment the

productivity bring increased awareness about the modern technique of crop management diseases in

cardamom plants and cognizance of pest control among the growers The stake holders should promote

distribution of healthy cardamom samplings at grass root level to the planters at subsidized prices The small

sized and marginalized growers are lacking adequate funds to be provided low interest loans to sustain the

cardamom farming



Discussion

he researcher has adopted bdquorandom bdquoor ldquoconvenientrdquo sampling method to study the factors affecting exports of

small cardamom from India in the recent pasts The study relied on personal interview and questionnaire

method for the study among the planters traders and exporters of small cardamom based in Kumily and

Bodinayakanur area The major findings are as enumerated below narrations

The major overseas markets for Indian small cardamom are Saudi Arabia Kuwait UAE China Japan

Hong Kong Netherlands Singapore and the USA The main demand is from the Middle East where its

used for serving flavor coffee Saudi Arabia accounts for the bulk of export volume and fluctuation in

demand from this importing nation leads to the volatility of prices in the domestic markets It is reported

that Saudi Arabia recently rejected some export consignments on the ground of exceeding prescribed

limits for pesticides and the price in the domestic market slumped due to the rejection Europe isnt a

significant customer for cardamom (although it is popular in Scandinavia)

Guatemala has emerged as the main competitor to India in the global market due to price

competitiveness Most of the importing nations other than buyers in Japan and Europe are price

sensitive Even the Indians are importing Guatemala origins through both official and unofficial

routes Though the quality of Guatemala origin is inferior compared to India origin the price is the

key factor behind the import decisions The low quality even rejected quality is being in demand by

the Gutkha and Pan Masala manufacturing companies Sweet manufacturing companies are also

using cardamom in flavoring Indian sweets Cardamom prices peak around big festivals such as

Divali as there is a huge spike in demand for these sweets The ruling price of Guatemala are origin

reportedly low and after accounting for duty factor of about 70 the landed cost in India is more or

less competitive compared to domestic price It is gathered that some consignments are imported

through unofficial routes mainly through Nepal and then divertedsmuggled into India

There is robust growth in domestic demand due to various factors such as middle class with disposable

income moving up in the food chain changes in lifestyle food habits emphasis on nutrition and

demand luxury food items etc The growth in domestic demand also is due to increased end use of small

cardamom for its fragrance aroma and its medicinal properties Round the year availability of

cardamom and maintaining shelf- life of cardamom for a longer period are some of the factors affecting

domestic demand Tax evasion is rampant in the cardamom trade and reported sales of significant

quantity are not routed through official channels despite the introduction of GST The interest of

planters amp growers is compromised in the process as they are not getting remunerative prices

Planters are being encouraged to cultivate organic cardamom to cater to premium overseas markets and

to elite consumers in domestic markets The organic cultivation requires adopting environment-friendly

agricultural practices and the planters realize improved margin in sales value depending on market

conditions

The market value of small cardamom mainly depends upon the ldquogreennessrdquo of cardamom as more the

green color the cardamom fetches more prices The greenness is retained in natural condition between 2

to 3 weeks he planters adopt bdquosun drying methodrdquo under natural light or machine dried method to

process small cardamom to keep in marketable conditions Hence planters and the traders make effort to

increase the shelf life of the product by adding chemicals and additives to retain the greenness for a

longer duration

Most of the importing nations have adopted stringent phytosanitary and health measures by prescribing

suitable insecticides and pesticides limits for the import consignment It has been reported that many



consignments have been rejected due to factors like artificial coloring and higher than prescribed

pesticide limits

Another factor affecting small cardamom exports during our study that most of the export business is

undertaken against credit basis In the export transactions involving credit the exporters dispatch the

export consignment to the overseas buyer The buyer inspects the goods at discharge point and after

satisfying themselves about quality they remit the payments The cardamom trade is carried out from

generations on a trust basis and most of the traders exporters and buyers are familiar with each other

The disputes are settled amicably by way of compensation in terms of price During the study in the last

few years it was reported that no significant defaults in the domestic deals or in export dealings

As a researcher the trust underlying cardamom business would act as double-edged weapons

Traditional business practices based on trust goodwill market reputation intimacy etc lead to a healthy

business relationship At the same time the traditional business practices need to undergo

transformation to adopt with modern business tools and also to keep with a change in modern

technology innovations ideas values and ethics The planters need to adopt innovative modern

agricultural practices and processing technology to increase productivity There should be an increased

flow of know-how between Government agencies and research bodies and private stakeholders

The overseas markets like Japan and Europe are quality conscious and most of the buyers rely on

ethical practices in their business dealings There are instances of Indian exporters undercutting each

other to gain market share which ultimately leads to tarnishing the image of the country Hence the

stakeholders in export business need to adopt ethical and value-based business practices to win the

confidence of buyers for a long-term business relationship

The Cardamom Industries in India thrive on mostly traditional agricultural practices and planters give

less importance to intensive research and ultra-modern technology imparted by the private and

government sector There is lack of bondage due to the poor dissemination of information and know-

how between the exporter importer producer and the research bodies like soya trade in India (Mishra et

al 2018) The vagaries of SW and NW monsoon in the 21st century have depleted the yieldHa in most

of the growing region of Southern India

Improvement proposition

There were widespread apprehensions on the impact of WTO on spices sector However the study of

the pre and post-WTO impact on spices production and export including cardamom reveals that the export has

not declined The study revealed supported by official and unofficial trade sources that there has been the

import of small cardamom from Guatemala The suggestive ameliorating measures for improvement of small

elaichi trade are discussed as

There is an urgent need to improve and sustain production by increasing the average productivity

including capacity building programmers for better post-harvest practices Further development of

disease-free tissue culture and planting with improved genetic material needs to be undertaken as per

a YES Bank study March 12 2011

As per Gulshan John chairman All India Spices Exporters Forum Indian spices have a particular

liking globally Though the country consumes a large portion of its production we could cater

well to the export market as well India produces the superior quality of cardamom hence we have

religious buyers across the globe The trend will continue in the future as well Guatemala is a

prominent player but they could not beat us in qualityrdquo (16th

April 2017 Express News Service)

Hence Indian exporters should adopt scientific technique in production drying storage

transportation packaging fumigation surveying to meet global quality standards



As per the Commerce Minister statement made in the floor of Parliament besides assistance for

farm mechanization in order to address the labor problem and to reduce the cost of production

the supply of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) kits to cardamom (small) growers and

recognition of growers by instituting awards were also initiated (16th

April 2017 Express News

Service)

India can reclaim the first place in cardamom trade soon provided the Indian government pays more

attention to cardamom cultivation marketing activities export promotional activities and minimum

support price to farmers Thamaraikannan et al 2009[31]

The food processing industry in Europe buys significant amounts of crushed cardamom European

(re-)exporters add value to re-exported and processed cardamom by further processing and

packaging Stocking and distributing the product in smaller quantities is also a way of adding value

Processing and heat treatments such as steam sterilization are mainly done by European processors

More and more however these processes are performed in countries of origin as well Especially

heat treatment is becoming an important buyer requirement (Exporting cardamom to Europe Freek

Jan Koekoek CBI Sector Expert Food Ingredients at Mercadero 2015) Since European Market is

important to market exporters should take necessary steps to market value-added products by

adhering to stringent quality standards

Conclusion

As commercial plantation crop cultivation of small cardamom is increasingly gaining popularity among

planters due to growth in demand in domestic and overseas markets The issue of productivity scientific

agricultural practices improved technology maintenance of quality supply chain management value addition

needs to be addressed Though India has lost out to Guatemala in the last few decades in terms of export

volumes India can consolidate its market strength by promoting the superior quality aspect of our product

Spices Board has taken various measures to promote cardamom trade with the involvement of all stakeholders

as observed during the course of study However the export of small cardamom can be further boosted by

ensuring remunerative prices to planters promoting ethical trade practices compliance to the tax regime

adherence to quality standards of importing nations

Reference

1 Yogesh M S Mokshapathy S 2014 Growth of Indian export amp import of spices Int Jr of Humanities Arts

Medicine and Sciences (IJHAMS) Vol 2 (9) pp 41-46

2 Govindasamy R 2015 Production and export performance of cardamom in India Shanlax International Journal

of Management Vol 2 (4) pp-76-85

3 George M amp Cherian E 2017 Emergent Global Marketing Challenges for Kerala Cardamom Producers Vis-agrave-

Vis the Role of the Spices Board of India International Journal of Community Development amp Management

Studies 1 39-62 Retrieved from httpijcdmsorg Volume 01v1p039-061George3465pdf

4 Muthusamy Murugan Paddu Krishnappa Shetty Raju Ravi Aavudai Anandhi Arulappan Joseph Rajkumar

(2011) Climate change and crop yields in the Indian Cardamom Hills 1978ndash2007 CE Journal of climatic

change vol 110 pp 737ndash753 DOI 101007s10584-011-0115-8

5 Verghese P K 2007 Economics of Cardamom Cultivation in Kerala Ind Jn of Agri EconVol 62 (1) pp 99-

112

6 Hameed Shahul M (2014) Supply chain analysis of cardamom in Kerala International Journal of Scientific and

Research Publication Vol 4 (3) March ISSN 2250-3153

7 Vijayabanu C Vijayanand V et al July 2016 A Study of Marginal Cardamom Farmers Livelihood and

Occupational Pattern in Munnar District Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 9 (27)

8 Subba S and Ghosh S 2017 Status of Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum) among the Major Crops in

Sikkim India IntJrCurrMicrobiolSci (2017) 6 (11) PP 166-175



9 Selvamani Pamp Zafar M Syed 2012 The marketing problems of cardamom growers in Tamil Nadu and Kerala -

a comparative study Int Jour of research in Commerce and management Vol 3(6) pp 60-79

10 Murugan M2012 Factors and patterns of pesticide usage and sustainability of cardamom Elettaria

cardamomum L Maton in Indian cardamom hills Thesis of Manipal University Ch 1to 8 pp 1-198

11 Dhanya K S Syamkumar S Siju B Sasikumar (2011) SCAR markers for adulterant detection in ground

chili British Food Journal Vol 113 Issue 5 pp656-668 httpsdoiorg 101108 00070701111131755

12 Ibrahim Y C Arunachalam P 2015 the Export performance of Indian spices in the WTO regime a

disaggregated analysis PhD Thesis Dyuthi Home Department of Applied Economics

httpsdyuthicusatacinxmluihandlepurl5013

13 Rajesh SR 2002 the Export performance of major spices in India Thesis for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

Agricultural Economics to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univy Coimbatore pp1-181

14 Yadav S 2013 Cardamom cultivation its effect on rural livelihoods and its importance in the international

market Thesis University Nordland httpsbragebibsysnoxmluibitstream handle11250193848 Yadav_Suvitapdfsequence=1




16 Fernandes L 2000 Restructuring the New Middle Class in Liberalizing India Comparative Studies of South

Asia Africa and the Middle East Vol XX Nos 1amp2 pp 88-112

17 Sadanandan A K Hamza S 1998 Organic farming on yield and quality of spices in India (Abs) 16thW

world Congress on Soil Science Montpellier France during 20-26P 738

18 Kulkarni DS Kulkarni S V Reddy S BG and Pattanashetty HV 1971 ldquoNutrient uptake by cardamom

(Elettaria cardamomum Maton)rdquo In Proceedings of International Symposium on Soil Fertility Evaluation New

Delhi Vol1 pp 293-296




20 Ankegowda S J Biju C N Jayashree E Prasath D Praveena R Senthil Kumar C M and Srinivasan V2015

Cardamom ICAR- Indian Institute of Spices Research Kozhikode Kerala pp1-23 Cardamom - Extension

Pamphlet httpwwwspicesresinpdfpackagecardamom

21 Gunaseelaprabhu K November 2007 A study on production and marketing practices of cardamom in western

ghats of South India PhD thesis submitted to Gandhigram Rural University

22 Selvan S2018 Green cardamom processing-queen of spices RampD Food Technologist Thibbotuwawa Manoj

2017 Cardamom Value chain analysis http www ipslkimages

News201720_03_2017_Cinnamon_ipsCardamom

23 Nirupama E 2013 Futures Trading on Selected Spices Pepper amp Cardamom Ph D Thesis Research and

Development Centre Bharathiar University Coimbatore

24 Cardamom ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research Kozhikode Kerala

25 Nair KPP (2006) The agronomy and the economy Of cardamom (Elettaria Carda- momentum M) The Queen

Of Spices Advances in Agronomy Vol 91 pp 179-471

26 S Krishna Nair 2006 The Problems of Production and Marketing in the Cardamom Industry with Particular

Reference to Kerala Phd Thesis submitted to University of Calicut

27 Gills Reshma 2012 An Analytical Study of Organic Cardamom Growers in Idukki Districts of Kerala Indian

Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 2012

28 Thomas TP June 2009 PhD Thesis Department of Commerce amp Research Centre The Cochin College Cochi

29 Joseph K J 2012Trade and Development Case of Black Pepper and Cardamom Research and Development in

Small Cardamom by ICRI An Evaluation 2012 by NRPPD Discussion Paper 10 pp 1-67

30 Mishra D P Mishra S P Mishra N K Sahu M 2018 Management of Declining Soymeal exports from India

Int Journal of Advance Research Vol- 6(5) pp-48-65 DOI 1021474 IJAR017007

31 Thamaraikannan M Palaniappan Gand dharmalingam S 2009 Can We Reclaim Top Spot in Cardamom

Exports Market survey httpefyefymagcomadminissuepdfCardamom_Mar09pd

Websites referred to

Website of Karvy Commodities wwwkarvycommoditiescom



Website of MC wwwmcxindiacom

Website of Spices Board wwwindianspicescom

Website of Yesbank wwwyesbankcom



Cardamom (small) is the third costliest spice in the

global market after saffron and vanilla The spice has the

family name Zingiberaceae and the native plant of south

India and Ceylon It is the fruit (pale green capsule) of a

pseudophakic plant of globosely ovoid ellipsoidal but

elongated shape containing 15 to 20 seedscapsule The

propagation of the plant is either by its seeds or vegetative

or by using bamboo culture technology Some of the

common uses of the capsules are flavoring foodcoffeetea

beverages perfumes liquors cakes and confectioneries

The seeds have medical uses as an antidote for snake or

scorpion venom teeth cleaning The fish poisoning and

digestive disorders In addition cardamom can dilute fat

rev up human metabolism vibrant digestive system decrease water retention lower cholesterol levels by

burning g fat It is even among foods that lower the blood pressure through its diuretic properties

Cardamom of 100gms has nutritional values such as energy 311Kcal Protein 1076gms Carbohydrates

6847gms with no cholesterol All vitamins except Vit-A is present in cardamom All minerals like sodium

(18mg) Potassium (1119mg) Calcium 383mg Copper Phosphorous Manganese and Zinc are also available

http epgpinflibnetacinepgpdata uploads epgp _contentfood_technologytechnology_of_spa

ices_and_condiments17cardamom The cardamom (small elaichi) plants are of medium size (about 2 to 3

meter height) with pubescent leaves (on the dorsal side) and fruits globose in the case of Malabar region

whereas plant robust (3 to 4 m height) with leaves glabrous on both sides with ovoid capsules in the case of

Mysore region The third luxurious spice produced mainly in Kerala (Nelliampathy Wayanad and Idukki)

Karnataka (Uttar Kannada Shimoga Hassan and Chikmagalur hills of Kodagu in Coorg districts and Tamil

Nadu (foothills of Nilgiris Didigul Theni Salem and Tirunelveli and parts of Coimbatore districts) in states of

India (Fig -1)

Review of Literature

Yogesh amp Mokshpathy (2014)1

reported that India is the apex global producer consumer and exporters

of 75 varieties spices out of 109 varieties listed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (data

2005-06 to 2012-13) The bulk of produce in India is used in domestic consumption (90) Govindasamy R

(2015)2

had reported that Kerala produces about 70 of total India‟s production of small cardamom followed

by Karnataka (20) and Tamilnadu (10) George et al (2017) 3

cardamom (small) rdquo is the third most

expensive spices next to Saffron and Vanilla and had given importance of the cultivation of organic cardamom

and meeting Maximum Residue Level (MRL) standards stipulated by importing nations Murugan et al

(2012)4

had correlated the climatic parameters and yield of cardamom capsules in Indian hills using the

Mann-Kendall method and found significant trends were identified at annual seasonal and monthly scale

considering the spatial and temporal variations in SAT rainfall and RH Verghese P K (2007)5)

by using

the Life Cycle Approach is difficult under practical conditions but attempted to arrive at the relative

profitability by using cost-benefit analysis net present value and internal rate of return and was successful

Hameedu M S (2014)6

had noted that the cardamom cultivation has significant influence in the economic

development of Kerala due to employability and tourism promotion Vijaybanu et al 20167

studied the

livelihood and occupational pattern of cardamom farmers of Munnar districts by employing correlation and

regression analysis and mentioned that the three major factors affecting livelihood namely occupational pattern




had






studied the







Ibrahim (2015)12










































15th































y = 92841x2 - 12058x + 34997Rsup2 = 08902

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970-hellip

1972-hellip

1974-hellip

1976-hellip

1978-hellip

1980-hellip

1982-hellip

1984-hellip

1986-hellip

1988-hellip

1990-hellip

1992-hellip

1994-hellip

1996-hellip

1998-hellip

2000-hellip

2002-hellip

2004-hellip

2006-hellip

2008-hellip

2010-hellip

2012-hellip

2014-hellip

2016-hellip

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mt

YEAR








followed a 2nd






y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR


Export (MT)



















200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112





































































had






studied the







Ibrahim (2015)12










































15th































y = 92841x2 - 12058x + 34997Rsup2 = 08902

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970-hellip

1972-hellip

1974-hellip

1976-hellip

1978-hellip

1980-hellip

1982-hellip

1984-hellip

1986-hellip

1988-hellip

1990-hellip

1992-hellip

1994-hellip

1996-hellip

1998-hellip

2000-hellip

2002-hellip

2004-hellip

2006-hellip

2008-hellip

2010-hellip

2012-hellip

2014-hellip

2016-hellip

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mt

YEAR








followed a 2nd






y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR


Export (MT)



















200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112










































































15th































y = 92841x2 - 12058x + 34997Rsup2 = 08902

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970-hellip

1972-hellip

1974-hellip

1976-hellip

1978-hellip

1980-hellip

1982-hellip

1984-hellip

1986-hellip

1988-hellip

1990-hellip

1992-hellip

1994-hellip

1996-hellip

1998-hellip

2000-hellip

2002-hellip

2004-hellip

2006-hellip

2008-hellip

2010-hellip

2012-hellip

2014-hellip

2016-hellip

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mt

YEAR








followed a 2nd






y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR


Export (MT)



















200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112


















































































y = 92841x2 - 12058x + 34997Rsup2 = 08902

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1970-hellip

1972-hellip

1974-hellip

1976-hellip

1978-hellip

1980-hellip

1982-hellip

1984-hellip

1986-hellip

1988-hellip

1990-hellip

1992-hellip

1994-hellip

1996-hellip

1998-hellip

2000-hellip

2002-hellip

2004-hellip

2006-hellip

2008-hellip

2010-hellip

2012-hellip

2014-hellip

2016-hellip

Pro

du

ctio

n in

Mt

YEAR








followed a 2nd






y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR


Export (MT)



















200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112




































































y = 99988x2 - 31332x + 27484Rsup2 = 06543

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Ex

po

rt b

y d

est

inat

ion

in M

T

YEAR


Export (MT)



















200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112








































































200016









y = 84952x2 - 26445x + 24032Rsup2 = 05824

y = -17195x2 + 44758x - 38225Rsup2 = 08668

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

In M

T

YEAR


Export

Inland intake




























et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112

















































































et al 1998) 17


































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112



















































































lightness

23-13 to

24-8

24-13 to

24-07

24-10




7 Fat content 8 - 10 4-6 13-15

Other nutrients

8 Carbohydrate 40 -42 35 -37 3133

9 Starch 39-40 29-30 29-30

10 Protien 1-11 1-11 14-15




















Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112





































































Trade

requisites

Capsule

size(mm)

Weight

gmli

Type of

cardamom

Colour General

prerequisites

1 Export

quality

ge 8 350-BL1

450-

CGEB

Extra bold

supper bold

Pale variety

gold- light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

2 Premium

quality

75-8 CGB

BL-1


smooth skin

4 Fairly

good

quality

65-7 AGB

BL 2

Extra Bold Green or

creamy

Klin dried

triangular

ribbedsmooth look

5 Average

quality

60- 65 CG-1

CG-2

Superior

Mota

green

Green or light

green

Round ribbed amp

smooth skin

6 Inferior

quality

le60 AGS AG

S1 AGL

Light amp

BL3

Shipment

light

Green Light

green Brown

dull white

Round ribbed amp

smoothtriangular


















May




pricev=archive





















The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112



















































































The Importers























cardamom farming



Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112




































































Discussion


































conditions






longer duration






pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112





































































pesticide limits



















































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112









































































Service)













Conclusion










Reference












112


































































































































Documents

The Enhanced Inland Food Chain and Export Disparities of ...ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR1903056.pdf · Selvamani P.& Zafar M. Syed, 2012, The marketing problems of cardamom growers in Tamil