The English The English ReformationReformation

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Part 3Part 3

Early English ReformersEarly English Reformers

John Wyclif John Wyclif Inspired the Peasant Revolt of 1381 Inspired the Peasant Revolt of 1381

(John Ball)(John Ball) ““Every man free of mortal sin Every man free of mortal sin

possesses lordship”possesses lordship” His followers, His followers, the Lollardsthe Lollards continued continued

in England into the 16in England into the 16thth century century

William TyndaleWilliam Tyndale

A Humanist who translated the English A Humanist who translated the English Bible in 1526Bible in 1526

Became the basis for the King James Became the basis for the King James version laterversion later

Only Latin or Greek translations were Only Latin or Greek translations were allowedallowed

Tyndale was hunted down and executed in Tyndale was hunted down and executed in 15361536

But thousands of English Bibles had But thousands of English Bibles had circulated in Englandcirculated in England

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Had supported and defended the Had supported and defended the Church against LutheranismChurch against Lutheranism

Wrote and publishedWrote and published Defense of the Defense of the Seven SacramentsSeven Sacraments

The Pope awarded Henry VIII with The Pope awarded Henry VIII with the title, “Defender of the Faith”the title, “Defender of the Faith”

Since the 14Since the 14thth Century Century

The English king had the power to The English king had the power to appoint bishopsappoint bishops

France did not have this right until France did not have this right until the Concordat of Bologna in 1516the Concordat of Bologna in 1516

Henry VIII had no issues with Henry VIII had no issues with Church doctrine like the other Church doctrine like the other reformersreformers

Henry VIII wanted an Henry VIII wanted an annulmentannulment

Catherine of Aragon had five Catherine of Aragon had five pregnancies but the only successful pregnancies but the only successful one resulted in Mary (later Bloody one resulted in Mary (later Bloody Mary)Mary)

Problem: Mary was betrothed to the Problem: Mary was betrothed to the Dauphin of France.Dauphin of France.

If Mary inherited the throne, France If Mary inherited the throne, France would control England!would control England!

Henry needed a son!Henry needed a son! After much Bible study and soul-searching, After much Bible study and soul-searching,

Henry VIII concluded that God was Henry VIII concluded that God was punishing him because…punishing him because…

He was guilty of INCEST! (Book of Leviticus)He was guilty of INCEST! (Book of Leviticus)

Catherine, his wife, had been married to his Catherine, his wife, had been married to his deceased older brother, Arthur.deceased older brother, Arthur.

BUT belief that the marriage was never BUT belief that the marriage was never consummatedconsummated

So Henry and Catherine were given a papal So Henry and Catherine were given a papal dispensation to marrydispensation to marry

Henry asked the Pope for Henry asked the Pope for an annulmentan annulment

So he could marry Anne Boleyn who So he could marry Anne Boleyn who was already pregnant was already pregnant

The child HAD to be legitimate to The child HAD to be legitimate to inherit the throneinherit the throne

Henry did not expect trouble with the Henry did not expect trouble with the annulmentannulment

BUT Charles V had just sacked Rome!BUT Charles V had just sacked Rome!

No AnnulmentNo Annulment

The Pope was at the mercy of Charles VThe Pope was at the mercy of Charles V Charles V was Catherine’s nephew!Charles V was Catherine’s nephew!

If the annulment was granted…Mary If the annulment was granted…Mary would be illegitimate!would be illegitimate!

When Henry DID divorce, the French When Henry DID divorce, the French had cause to end Mary’s betrothal to the had cause to end Mary’s betrothal to the French dauphin (win, win for Henry)French dauphin (win, win for Henry)

What was Henry to do?What was Henry to do?

Cardinal WolseyCardinal Wolsey the English the English Archbishop failed to get the Archbishop failed to get the annulment from the Pope so he was annulment from the Pope so he was replaced by…replaced by…

……Thomas Cramner Thomas Cramner who convinced who convinced Henry to break away from the Henry to break away from the Church and grant himself a divorce Church and grant himself a divorce (as head of the Church)(as head of the Church)

The Act of Supremacy The Act of Supremacy 15341534

Henry broke from the Church and made Henry broke from the Church and made himself official head of the Church of Englandhimself official head of the Church of England

All Catholic land in England (25% of all land All Catholic land in England (25% of all land in England) was confiscated by the crown in England) was confiscated by the crown (Bonus)(Bonus)

Doubled royal revenues (Nobles purchased Doubled royal revenues (Nobles purchased the Church lands from the crown)the Church lands from the crown)

Was used to build up the armyWas used to build up the army Monasteries were closed down, convents tooMonasteries were closed down, convents too

Act of Succession 1534Act of Succession 1534

All English Subjects had to take an oath All English Subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to Henry as head of the of loyalty to Henry as head of the Church of EnglandChurch of England

Thomas More (Humanist and Thomas More (Humanist and Chancellor) refused and was beheadedChancellor) refused and was beheaded

1536 1536 Pilgrimage of GracePilgrimage of Grace a huge multi- a huge multi-class rebellion in the North…largest in class rebellion in the North…largest in English history (was squashed)English history (was squashed)

Henry’s wivesHenry’s wives

Anne Boleyn delivered a girl, Anne Boleyn delivered a girl, ElizabethElizabeth

Was executed for treasonWas executed for treason

Third wife Jane Seymour had a son, Third wife Jane Seymour had a son, Edward, who became king on Edward, who became king on Henry’s death in 1547Henry’s death in 1547

1539 Statute of the Six 1539 Statute of the Six ArticlesArticles

Most of the Catholic doctrines were Most of the Catholic doctrines were kept:kept: 7 sacraments7 sacraments Clergy to be celibateClergy to be celibate TransubstantiationTransubstantiation Infant BaptismInfant Baptism The TrinityThe Trinity Etc.Etc. Many were disappointed at the lack of Many were disappointed at the lack of

reformreform

Edward VI (1547-1553)Edward VI (1547-1553)

Was only 10 when he became kingWas only 10 when he became king Was hugely influenced by ProtestantsWas hugely influenced by Protestants Calvinism was gradually adopted:Calvinism was gradually adopted:

Priests could marryPriests could marry Icons removed from the ChurchIcons removed from the Church Communion by the laity was adoptedCommunion by the laity was adopted Salvation by faith alone (later Puritans Salvation by faith alone (later Puritans

will change)will change) Denial of TransubstantiationDenial of Transubstantiation Only 2 sacraments: Baptism, communionOnly 2 sacraments: Baptism, communion

Bloody Mary (1553-1558)Bloody Mary (1553-1558)

Religious struggle on Edward’s deathReligious struggle on Edward’s death Lady Jane Grey was queen for 9 daysLady Jane Grey was queen for 9 days

Lady Jane was ProtestantLady Jane was Protestant Mary (daughter of Catherine of Mary (daughter of Catherine of

Aragon) was Catholic and tried to Aragon) was Catholic and tried to bring the country back to Catholicismbring the country back to Catholicism

Mary TudorMary Tudor

Married Philip II of SpainMarried Philip II of Spain Rescinded reformation legislation of Rescinded reformation legislation of

Henry VIII and Edward VIHenry VIII and Edward VI Marian ExilesMarian Exiles Protests fled England Protests fled England

due to persecutiondue to persecution 300 people were executed300 people were executed =“Bloody” Mary=“Bloody” Mary

Elizabeth I 1558-1603Elizabeth I 1558-1603

Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIIIVIII

Catholics believed her to be Catholics believed her to be illegitimate and championed cause illegitimate and championed cause of Mary Queen of Scotsof Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth was Strongly Elizabeth was Strongly ProtestantProtestant

Legitimacy issueLegitimacy issue

Was a Was a PolitiquePolitique: : took the middle took the middle ground between Anglicans and other ground between Anglicans and other Protestants. Religion took a back Protestants. Religion took a back seat to the welfare of the stateseat to the welfare of the state

Puritans continued efforts to reformPuritans continued efforts to reform

Elizabethan SettlementElizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth required outward Elizabeth required outward conformity but did not go out of her conformity but did not go out of her way to persecute unless she was way to persecute unless she was challenged as head of the Churchchallenged as head of the Church

People really could worship as they People really could worship as they pleased as long as it was done pleased as long as it was done privatelyprivately

The Anglican Church under The Anglican Church under ElizabethElizabeth

1559 1559 The Book of Common PrayerThe Book of Common Prayer in Englishin English

Some Catholic ritual remainedSome Catholic ritual remained Monasteries NOT reestablishedMonasteries NOT reestablished Clergy NOT allowed to marryClergy NOT allowed to marry Anglican Church attendance was Anglican Church attendance was

required OR one paid a finerequired OR one paid a fine

The 39 ArticlesThe 39 Articles

Defined the Creed of the Anglican Defined the Creed of the Anglican ChurchChurch

BUT was vagueBUT was vague Accommodated most in England Accommodated most in England

EXCEPT the PuritansEXCEPT the Puritans

Plots against ElizabethPlots against Elizabeth

Mostly by CatholicsMostly by Catholics Wanted to replace Elizabeth with Wanted to replace Elizabeth with

Mary Queen of ScotsMary Queen of Scots 1587 Elizabeth had Mary Q of S 1587 Elizabeth had Mary Q of S

executed so the threat was removedexecuted so the threat was removed James I, King of Scotland and son of James I, King of Scotland and son of

Mary Queen of Scots, will take power Mary Queen of Scots, will take power on Elizabeth’s death beginning the on Elizabeth’s death beginning the Stewart DynastyStewart Dynasty