THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMBY ANDY TILLOTSON AND HOLDEN GJUKA

FUNCTION AND PROCESSES

• METABOLIC PROCESSES

• WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCES

• CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• AIDS IN TRANSPORT

• REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND GROWTH

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND EXOCRINE GLANDS

• THE 2 PRIMARY GLANDS

• EXOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE OUTSIDE THE BODY

• ENDOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM

HORMONES

• HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL SECRETIONS FROM GLANDS

• THEY ONLY WORK ON TARGET CELLS

• ELICIT A RESPONSE FROM TARGET CELL CAUSING CHANGE.

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE,

• PITUITARY GLAND

• THYROID GLAND

• PARATHYROID GLANDS

• ADRENAL GLANDS

• PANCREAS

• PINEAL GLAND

• THYMUS GLAND

• REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS, (TESTES AND OVARIES)

PITUITARY GLAND AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

• LOCATED AT BASE OF THE BRAIN UNDER THE HYPOTHALAMUS

• GROWTH HORMONE, STIMULATES DIVISION OF CELLS

• PROLACTIN, STIMULATES MILK GROWTH IN WOMEN, UNKNOWN IN MEN

• THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE, CONTROLS RATE OF THYROID SECRETIONS

• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, CONTROLS SECRETION OF ADRENAL GLAND

• FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BOTH GONADOTROPINS, ONLY WORK ON REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE, DECREASES URINE FORMATION.

• OXYTOCIN, CONSTRICTS UTERINE WALL DURING CHILDBIRTH, AND CAUSES MILK TO BE RELEASED FROM BREASTS

THYROID GLAND

• LARGE GLAND JUST BELOW LARYNX

• THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE REGULATE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS

• TRIIODOTHYRONINE IS STRONGER THAN THYROXINE

PARATHYROID GLANDS

• ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE THYROID GLAND

• PARATHYROID HORMONE, INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM CONCENTRATION, DECREASES BLOOD PHOSPHATE ION CONCENTRATION

ADRENAL GLANDS/ADRENAL MEDULLA

• SITS ON TOP OF KIDNEYS

• TWO PARTS, ADRENAL MEDULLA AND ADRENAL CORTEX

• EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE FUNCTION VERY SIMILARLY, CAUSE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSES

ADRENAL CORTEX

• ALDOSTERONE, MINERALOCORTICOID, REGULATES MINERAL ELECTROLYTES.

• CORTISOL, GLUCOCORTICOID, AFFECTS GLUCOSE METABOLISM

PANCREAS

• LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE STOMACH

• GLUCAGON, STIMULATES LIVER TO BREAK DOWN GLYCOGEN AND NONCARBOHYDRATES.

• INSULIN, STIMULATES LIVER TO FORM GLYCOGEN AND INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN OF NONCARBOHYDRATES.

PINEAL GLAND

• LOCATED DEEP BETWEEN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

• SECRETES MELATONIN IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT DECISIONS OUTSIDE BODY, DARKNESS CAUSES MORE MELATONIN, AND THIS HELPS REGULATE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

THYMUS GLAND

• LOCATED IN THE MEDIASTINUM, BETWEEN THE LUNGS

• SECRETES HORMONES CALLED THYMOSINS, WHICH REGULATE WHITE BLOOD CELLS

REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS

• LOCATED IN THE GENITAL AREA

• OVARIES PRODUCE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

• AND TESTES PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE BOTH OF WHICH CAUSE THE DIFFERENCE IN MALES AND FEMALES

REGULATION OF HORMONES

• ALL 3 WAYS USE A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

• HYPOTHALAMUS

• DIRECT NERVOUS SYSTEM

• RESPONDS DIRECTLY TO INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CHANGES

NERVOUS SYSTEMS CONNECTION TO SECRETION

• NERVOUS SYSTEM SENDS SYMPATHETIC NERVE IMPULSES, AND SEVERAL GLANDS CAN RESPOND TO THAT DIRECTLY.

STEROIDS AND NONSTEROIDS

• NON-STEROID, DOES NOT MAKE NEW PROTEINS

• STEROID, MAKES NEW PROTEINS

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

• HORMONES ARE REGULATED WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

• LOOKS LIKE A SINE WAVE

• HORMONES DO NOT STAY AT HOMEOSTASIS

• GO ABOVE AND BELOW.

DISEASES

• HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM, TOO LITTLE GROWTH HORMONE, NORMAL PERSON, JUST SMALL.

• GIGANTISM, TOO MUCH GROWTH HORMONE, HAS SEVERAL METABOLIC DISTURBANCES

• ACROMEGALY, OVERPRODUCTION OF GROWTH HORMONE AS AN ADULT, ENLARGED THINGS SUCH AS HEART, FEET, HANDS, HEAD, THYROID GLAND.

DISEASES CONT.

• HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROIDISM, BOTH ARE DISORDERS IN THYROID, HYPO WILL CAUSE STUNTED EVERYTHING IN A CHILD, STUNTED GROWTH, MENTAL RETARDATION

• HYPERTHYROIDISM CAUSES OVEREATING, RAISED TEMPERATURE, AND INCREASED METABOLIC RATE.

DISEASES CONT.

• DIABETES MELLITUS, CAUSED BY A LACK OF INSULIN, KILLS CHILDREN WITHOUT INSULIN, BUT WITH INSULIN, LEADS TO DISTURBANCE IN BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS AND EFFECTS BODY PARTS.

• HAS 3 TYPES OF DIABETES.

• TYPE 1, NO INSULIN, SEMI RARE

• TYPE 2, HAS INSULIN, NO RECOGNITION, 85-90% OF DIABETES ARE TYPE 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• BLYTHE. THYROID MOM. THYROIDMOM.COM. 16 DEC. 2013. WEB.

• KOEPPE & STANTON. BERNE AND LEVY PHYSIOLOGY, 6TH EDITION. 2008. MOSBY. ELSEVIER. PRINT.

• PEARSON EDUCATION. 2013. PRINT.

• CARYLYN IVERSON. 2012. PRINT.

• ADDISON. WESLEY LONGMAN. PRINT.