The end of HooverThe end of Hoover

The Bonus MarchThe Bonus March– July 1932July 1932

Election 1932Election 1932

Hoover and RooseveltHoover and Roosevelt

Franklin Roosevelt, 1933Franklin Roosevelt, 1933

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

A Patrician in GovernmentA Patrician in Government – From a an old, wealthy familyFrom a an old, wealthy family– Married a cousin Eleanor RooseveltMarried a cousin Eleanor Roosevelt– Contracted polio in 1921Contracted polio in 1921

The Making of a Politician The Making of a Politician – Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow WilsonAssistant Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson– Governor of New York 1928Governor of New York 1928

The Election of 1932The Election of 1932– Campaigned to give “a new deal to the American people.”Campaigned to give “a new deal to the American people.”– A new coalition of farmers, factory workers, and immigrantsA new coalition of farmers, factory workers, and immigrants– Won by a large marginWon by a large margin– ““fireside chats”fireside chats”

The “New Deal”The “New Deal”

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

1.1. RELIEFRELIEF for the poor and unemployedfor the poor and unemployed

2.2. RECOVERYRECOVERY for the economyfor the economy

3.3. REFORMREFORM government and banking government and banking systems to avert future economic systems to avert future economic disastersdisasters

Guiding Ideas of New DealGuiding Ideas of New Deal 1. 1. Capitalist solutionsCapitalist solutions to problems (not to problems (not

socialist or communist)socialist or communist)

2. Attempt to achieve a 2. Attempt to achieve a balance between balance between consumption and productionconsumption and production

3. 3. Government programsGovernment programs to counterbalance to counterbalance power of huge corporationspower of huge corporations

4. Allow working people 4. Allow working people a bigger share in a bigger share in economyeconomy

Who?Who?

The New Dealers The New Dealers – Harry HopkinsHarry Hopkins– Frances PerkinsFrances Perkins– Eleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt– Mary McLeod BethuneMary McLeod Bethune

Harry Hopkins (right)Harry Hopkins (right)

Frances PerkinsFrances Perkins

Frances Perkins (left)Frances Perkins (left)

Mary McLeod Bethune Mary McLeod Bethune receiving a YWCA awardreceiving a YWCA award

Bethune in office at Bethune-Bethune in office at Bethune-Cookman CollegeCookman College

Banking and Finance Banking and Finance ReformReform

Emergency Banking Act created Emergency Banking Act created during “bank holiday”: four days during “bank holiday”: four days where banks were closed for where banks were closed for reorganizationreorganization

FDIC: the government to insure bank FDIC: the government to insure bank depositsdeposits

SEC: Securities and Exchange SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission to prevent fraud and Commission to prevent fraud and insider trading in the stock marketinsider trading in the stock market

Relief and Conservation Relief and Conservation ProgramsPrograms

FERA: Federal Emergency Relief ActFERA: Federal Emergency Relief Act Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation Corps

– For example Hoover DamFor example Hoover Dam TVATVA

Agricultural InitiativesAgricultural Initiatives

AAA: Agricultural Adjustment ActAAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act– ““While millions of Americans went to While millions of Americans went to

bed hungry, farmers slaughtered bed hungry, farmers slaughtered millions of cattle, hogs, sheep, and other millions of cattle, hogs, sheep, and other livestock and destroyed millions of acres livestock and destroyed millions of acres of crops in order to qualify for their of crops in order to qualify for their allotment payments.”allotment payments.”

FCA: Farm Credit ActFCA: Farm Credit Act– Helped farmers to avoid foreclosureHelped farmers to avoid foreclosure

Industrial RecoveryIndustrial Recovery

NIRA: National Industrial Recovery NIRA: National Industrial Recovery ActAct

NRA: National Recovery ActNRA: National Recovery Act– A sort of “peace” offering by Roosevelt A sort of “peace” offering by Roosevelt

to business, asking them to monitor to business, asking them to monitor themselves to curtail competition and themselves to curtail competition and agree to collective bargaining.agree to collective bargaining.

– Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for taking powers reserved to Congressfor taking powers reserved to Congress

Dust BowlDust Bowl

Opposition to the New Opposition to the New Deal from the right and Deal from the right and

the leftthe left From the Right:From the Right:

Resistance to Business Resistance to Business Reform; said reforms Reform; said reforms were too radicalwere too radical– U.S. Chamber of U.S. Chamber of

CommerceCommerce– National Association of National Association of

ManufacturersManufacturers Casualties in the Casualties in the

Countryside Countryside Politics on the FringesPolitics on the Fringes

From the LeftFrom the Left– Socialists and Socialists and

CommunistsCommunists– Father Charles CoughlinFather Charles Coughlin– Dr. Francis TownsendDr. Francis Townsend– Huey Long, Governor of Huey Long, Governor of

LouisianaLouisiana– Upton Sinclair, candidate Upton Sinclair, candidate

for Governor of Californiafor Governor of California

Father Charles CoughlinFather Charles Coughlin

Doctor TownsendDoctor Townsend

Social SecuritySocial Security

What is it?What is it? The Social Security Act required that The Social Security Act required that

pensions for the elderly be funded not by pensions for the elderly be funded not by direct government payments, but instead by direct government payments, but instead by tax contributions from workers and tax contributions from workers and employers.employers.

For the first time in the nation’s history, For the first time in the nation’s history, millions of ordinary citizens were numbered, millions of ordinary citizens were numbered, registered, and identified by the registered, and identified by the government, creating a link between the government, creating a link between the individual and the government. individual and the government.

First check not issued until 1940.First check not issued until 1940.

Toward a Welfare StateToward a Welfare State

Relief for the Unemployed Relief for the Unemployed Empowering Labor Empowering Labor Social Security and Tax Reform Social Security and Tax Reform Neglected Americans and the New Neglected Americans and the New

DealDeal

The New Deal from The New Deal from Victory to DeadlockVictory to Deadlock

The Election of 1936 The Election of 1936 Court Packing Court Packing Reaction and Recession Reaction and Recession The Last of the New Deal ReformsThe Last of the New Deal Reforms

TVATVA

Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority landscapelandscape

TVATVA

Worker, TVAWorker, TVA

Mrs. Roosevelt during the Mrs. Roosevelt during the warwar

Farm wifeFarm wife

Mass meetingsMass meetings

Demonstration S.F. City Hall, Demonstration S.F. City Hall, WPAWPA

In California from Dust BowlIn California from Dust Bowl

In California from Dust BowlIn California from Dust Bowl

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

Workers, Hoover DamWorkers, Hoover Dam

Successes of the New DealSuccesses of the New Deal

Social SecuritySocial Security Labor’s right to organizeLabor’s right to organize Stabilization of agriculture and its Stabilization of agriculture and its

marketsmarkets Did not abandon democracy for Did not abandon democracy for

socialism or communismsocialism or communism Retained American capitalist systemRetained American capitalist system

Failures of the New DealFailures of the New Deal

Relief, recovery, and reform left many Relief, recovery, and reform left many people outpeople out

Depression not fundamentally Depression not fundamentally remediedremedied

Did not address the shortcomings of Did not address the shortcomings of capitalismcapitalism

Two of its programs deemed Two of its programs deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme unconstitutional by the Supreme Court: the NRA and the AAACourt: the NRA and the AAA

Firsts of the New DealFirsts of the New Deal First woman cabinet member: Frances Perkins, First woman cabinet member: Frances Perkins,

Secretary of LaborSecretary of Labor First Labor Relations Law: The Wagner Act 1934, First Labor Relations Law: The Wagner Act 1934,

the so-called “Magna Carta” for laborthe so-called “Magna Carta” for labor First president to advocate protection for the First president to advocate protection for the

elderlyelderly First national registration of ordinary citizens with First national registration of ordinary citizens with

the governmentthe government First black woman to head a federal agency: Mary First black woman to head a federal agency: Mary

McLeod Bethune in the National Youth McLeod Bethune in the National Youth AdministrationAdministration

First federal housing law: National Housing Act, First federal housing law: National Housing Act, 1937, for decent urban housing1937, for decent urban housing