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The Empire of Rome Chapter 7

The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

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Page 1: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Empire of Rome Chapter 7

Page 2: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Geography of Rome• Roman Empire began on Apennine

Peninsula– Shaped like a high-heeled boot– Begins in the Alps to the north

• Blocks off Italy from rest of Europe• Several mountain passes left Italy vulnerable

to attack– Stretches into the Mediterranean Sea

• Economy often based on sea trade• Often let Italian Sea ports open to invasion

• Apennine Mountains run down the center from top to bottom

How does the geography affect

the cultural development?

Page 3: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the
Page 4: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Origins of Rome• As early as 2000 BC invaders from Caucus Mts.

move into Apennine Peninsula• 700 BC-Latins create settlements on banks of

Tiber River– Built on 7 hills, 15 miles inland from coast– Had access to sea via the river– Region known as Latium– Settlements unite to form Rome

• 600 BC - Etruscans from North take over Latium– Had written language– Skilled artisans– Created paved roads, sewer systems, & expanded

farmland by draining marshes– Population increased rapidly

• Greeks settle in Southern Italy & Sicily– City-states extremely disorganized– Absorbed into Latin/Etruscan populations– Latin/Etruscans adopted elements of Greek Culture

What role did geography play in where they chose

to settle?

What

are

som

e s

imila

riti

es

betw

een G

reek

& R

om

an

cult

ure

?

Page 5: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Early Roman Republic• 509 BC – Etruscans overthrown by Roman

landowners• Establish a republican form of government

– A form a government where voters elect government officials

– Only adult male citizens could vote• Three governing groups:

– The Senate:• Most influential level of gov• Controlled money & foreign policy• During war times, name a dictator to rule for 6 month terms

– The Magistrates• Consisted of three parts

– Consuls: 2 elected officials who ran the day to day operations of the government under the direction of the Senate

– Praetors: oversaw the armies during war times & the courts during peace

– Censors: oversaw the moral conduct of the Roman people & registered citizens according to class

– Popular Assemblies• Voted on laws written by the Senate• Elected officials to public office• Tribunes: 10 people elected by the Assemblies who watched

the actions of the Senate

What are some similarities between the governments of Greece, Rome, & the USA?

Of the magistrates, who had the most impact on daily life ? How?

Page 6: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Government of the

Roman Republic

Either the US

Government or

Athenian Government

Comparison Activity A

Page 7: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Conflict of the Orders• Two main social classes develop during Roman

Republic:– Patricians:

• Powerful landowners• Controlled the government• Served in public office• Power was inherited (passed down from father to son)

– Plebeians:• Majority of the population• Mainly farmers & workers• Could not hold public office• Could vote but had few other rights

• Shift in Power:– Plebeians gain more power through strikes

• Able to join military• Able to serve public office• Created own assembles & gained positions as tribunes

– Plebeians forced judges to write down codes of law• Known as the Twelve Tables• Open for public viewing in the Forum (public square)

Why would the plebeians want the laws written down; why did the patricians oppose this?

Page 8: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Dictator or Censor

Consul

Praetor

Aedile

Quaestor

Dictator or Censor

Consul

Praetor

Aedile

Tribune

The leadership ladder for the Patricians. Also, Patricians could serve in the Senate.

Quaestor

The leadership ladder for the Plebeians after the Conflict of the Orders. Also, all citizens

served in the Assembly.

Few Plebeians made it beyond the position

of Aedile.

Page 9: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Republic Grows• Republic grows through wars• The Role of the Army

–Every adult landowning male (citizen) to serve in military

–Extremely strict military discipline –Main military unit was the legion:

• Consisted of 4,500-6,000 legionnaires• The Auxilia was made of non-citizens

• Adapted strategy & techniques of the people they conquered

In some countries, if you do not go to

college, you must serve the state for 2 years? What do you

think of this?

Page 10: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Role of Public Policy• Wanted newly acquired people to be

loyal to Rome – Believed in giving citizenship to conquered

peoples near Rome– Gave partial citizenship to conquered peoples

distant from Rome– Allowed conquered areas some level

of self-government• Appointed a governor to oversee a conquered

territory• Allowed for the creation of local assemblies

– served as advisors to governor– Operated the courts and oversaw day-to-day

operations

• Allowed for the spread of Latin language & culture throughout Europe & the Mediterranean area

Page 11: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Exp

ansi

on o

f the

Rom

an R

epub

lic50

0 B

CE

– 2

18 B

CE

Page 12: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Rome Fights Carthage• Carthage:

– Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa– Great commercial power, controlled western

Mediterranean– Had colonies on Sicily, island South of Italy

• Reasons for the Punic Wars– Carthage fears Rome will take Sicily– Rome fears Carthaginian navy will prevent Roman

trade in the Mediterranean• First Punic War:

– Rome captured a Carthaginian ship & studied its weaknesses

– Roman navy would ram into Carthaginian ships & board them with armed soldiers

– War lasted 23 years, Carthage asks for peace

Page 13: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Rome Fights Carthage II• Second Punic War:

– Hannibal, a general, leads huge army over the Alps from Spain into Italy• Included foot soldiers, mounted cavalry, & elephants• Heavy casualties during crossing due to mountain climate

& terrain– Northern Roman outposts fall to Carthage– Rome sends troops into North Africa under

command of Scipio• Hannibal called back to Carthage to defend city• Hannibal defeated at the Battle of Zama

• Third Punic War:– Romans decide to crush Carthage so that it could

never again threaten Rome– Rome declares war w/ Carthage & Macedonia, a

Carthaginian ally– Rome wins, taking Greece, gaining territory in

North Africa & eastern Mediterranean

Does he think I’m a mountain

goat?

Page 14: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The End of the Republic• Expansion & warfare lead to unrest in Roman

Republic– Senate gained power at the expense of the citizens– Patricians dominate all political life– Farmer-soldiers bankrupt, lose farms & livelihood

• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus see need to reform Rome– Tiberius becomes Tribune,

• supports reforms that angered the Patricians• Tiberius & several hundred followers clubbed to death by the

Senate & their followers– Gaius elected Tribune

• Uses public funds to buy grain to sell to poor at low cost• Senate outraged, orders his death• Gaius & supporters killed by riot started by the Senate

• Allies of Rome rebel due to poor treatment– Wars break out throughout republic

• Allied militaries trained by Roman, evenly matched on battlefield

• Rome eventually wins, but at great cost to empire– Civil war & unrest dominates Roman politics

What role did the Senate

play in bringing

about an end to the

Republic?

Page 15: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The First Triumvirate• Julius gains military power

– Caesar joins with two other generals to form a political alliance known as the First Triumvirate• General Gnaeus Pompey• General Licinius Crassus

– Caesar becomes consul in 59BC• Asks for military command in Gaul (modern France)• Within 10 years, all of Gaul under Caesar’s control

• Triumvirate falters– Crassus dies while Caesar in Gaul– Pompey fears Caesar’s power, orders him back to

Rome w/o army• Caesar refuses, marches army to Rome crossing the

Rubicon River• Pompey flees to Greece, where he is defeated• Caesar marches on to Egypt, places Cleopatra on the

throne under command of Rome– Senate declares Julius Caesar dictator for life

How does Julius Caesar rise to

power; why did he join with Pompey &

Crassus

What is the importance of

Caesar's crossing the

Rubicon?

Page 16: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Reign of Julius Caesar• Caesar & The Senate

– increased the size of the Senate to 900– reduced the Senate’s power– Showed mercy to the Senators who had supported

Pompey• Senate’s Response to Caesar

– Feared Caesar’s popularity with the people– Feared Caesar would take total control of Rome– Group of Senators planned Caesar’s death

• Ware the Ides of March:– March 15, 44BC, Caesar takes his place in the

Senate– Caesar surrounded & stabbed repeatedly– Among the conspirators were two of his friends

Gaius Cassius & Marcus Brutus

Caesar has been hailed as both a

hero and a villain; which do you think

and why?

What does Caesar’s murder

tell you about Roman politics?

Page 17: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Second Triumvirate• Julius Caesar had named Octavian as his

heir• power struggle breaks out

– Octavian only 19, needs help to hold onto power– Brutus & Cassius take armies east and steal Asia

Minor from Rome• Marc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus form a new

triumvirate– Antony takes military east to re-conquer lost

territories• Destroys armies of Brutus & Cassius• Reclaims Syria & Asia Minor• Settles in Egypt to rule Eastern Empire under direction of

Octavian– Octavian Grows in Power

• Encourages Lepidus to retire• Takes control of Western Rome• Declares war on Marc Antony & Cleopatra• Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide following fall of

Alexandria to Rome• East & West Roman Empire reunited

What are some similarities

between Octavian & Julius Caesar?

Page 18: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Octavian: Caesar Augustus• Senate appoints Octavian as Augustus, first citizen– Did not want to make Julius Caesar's

mistakes– Becomes known as the 1st Roman Emperor,

but never called that during his life• Unified Roman Republic becomes

the Roman Empire– Series of military conquests expand Rome’s

territory• Expanded north into Germany to the Rhine

River• Expanded to control Spain

• Time period becomes known as the Pax Romana, “Roman Peace”

What should Octavian do differently?

What constitutes an empire?

Page 19: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

The Pax Romana• The Julio-Claudian

Emperors ruled for 54 years– Were descendants of

Julius Caesar– Emperors of Note:

• Caligula: – known for his brutality

& insanity– Murdered after four

years in power• Claudius

– Known for his intelligence

– Ordered the invasion of Great Britain

– Murdered by his wife, Agrippina

• Nero– Blamed for a fire that

devastated Rome– Committed suicide

• The Five Good Emperors– Combined reigned

for nearly 100 years– Emperors of Note:

• Hadrian– Born in Spain– Believed in

Romanizing the provinces

– Built a series of fortifications, including Hadrian’s Wall

• Marcus Aurelius– Last of the Five Good

Emperors – Known as a scholar &

philosopher– Preferred peace to

war, but saw to the defense of the Empire

– Believed to be murdered by his heir

What is the

difference

between a strong

ruler & a brutal

one?

Notice any

trends?

Farthest boundary

of the Empire!

Page 20: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Building A Strong Empire• Government &

Law– Served as a strong

unifying force– Kept order &

enforced laws– Emperor held most

power• Appointed officials to

govern provinces• Made all policy

decisions– Provincial governors

ruled over outlying areas• Reported to Rome

– Written law adapted to meet new needs• Twelve Tables

expanded• Judges given power to

interpret law• Believed that laws &

legal principles applied to all

• Trade & Transportation– Agriculture main

economic activity– Built infrastructure

to support trade• Roman Army built

roads & bridges• Roads designed to

move people & military rapidly

• Over 60,000 miles constructed

• Roman Army:– Soldiers to serve

16-20 years• Stationed at

outposts along frontier

• Non-citizen recruits were given citizenship at end of term

– Goal was peace-keeping

What are

some similarit

ies betwee

n Rome’s gov. & ours?

Page 21: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Life in The Empire• Daily Life

– Life for the Wealthy• Usually had a city

home & country home• Much time for

recreation• Known for lavish

banquets– Life for the Average

Person• Usually lived in multi-

storied apartment houses

• Food was scarce, meal usually just bread, cheese, & fruit

– Life for the Slaves• Largest element of the

population• No laws to prevent

abuse of slaves• Able to buy freedom,

but few could afford it• Slave ownership was a

status symbol

• Roles of Men, Women & Children– Father held most

power– Wife/mother

managed the household

– Women could own property

– Education in Rome• Children educated in

the home during early years

• Elementary schools throughout empire to teach reading, writing, math, & music

• Older boys sent to secondary schools to learn Greek, literature, rhetoric

Why was this a vulnerable social structure? How will

this contribute to the fall of Rome?

Page 22: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Religion & Recreation• Roman Religion

– Early Romans believed in ancestral spirits, • these spirits were

called lares• Focused on Vesta, the

spirit who guided home & hearth

– After conquering Greece, Romans adapted Greek beliefs to meet own needs

– State religion developed during reign of Caesar Augustus• Promoted patriotism• Built temples• Emperor was chief

priest• Rituals part of daily

life to reaffirm harmony with Gods & State

• Recreation– Patrons of Theatre

• Roman plays heavily influence by Greek tradition

• Preferred comedies and satires over tragedies

• Also enjoyed music, acrobats, dances, & mimes

– Patrons of Sport• Large chariot races

in the Circus Maximus in Rome

• Enjoyed seeing people pitted against animals

• Enjoyed watching trained fighters battle (Gladiators)

• Enjoyed watching mock battles

• Almost all sports ended in the deaths of the loser

– Enjoyed public executions

Why might

a gov.

want a

national

religion?

What are

some

modern

examples

?

Page 23: The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the

Factors that Contributed to the Fall of Rome

• Economic Factors