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The Emerging QCD Frontier:The Electron Ion ColliderPhysics Opportunities with e+A Collisions at the EIC
Thomas UllrichMIT
November 27, 2007
2
Theory of Strong Interactions: QCD
“Emergent” Phenomena not evident from Lagrangian Asymptotic Freedom & Color Confinement In large part due to non-perturbative structure of QCD vacuum
2
Theory of Strong Interactions: QCD
Action (~energy) density fluctuations of gluon-fields in QCD vacuum (2.4 ×2.4× 3.6 fm)(Derek Leinweber)
“Emergent” Phenomena not evident from Lagrangian Asymptotic Freedom & Color Confinement In large part due to non-perturbative structure of QCD vacuum
Gluons: mediator of the strong interactions Determine essential features of strong interactions Dominate structure of QCD vacuum (fluctuations in gluon fields) Responsible for > 98% of the visible mass in universe
2
Theory of Strong Interactions: QCD
“Emergent” Phenomena not evident from Lagrangian Asymptotic Freedom & Color Confinement In large part due to non-perturbative structure of QCD vacuum
Gluons: mediator of the strong interactions Determine essential features of strong interactions Dominate structure of QCD vacuum (fluctuations in gluon fields) Responsible for > 98% of the visible mass in universe
Hard to “see” the glue in the low-energy world Gluon degrees of freedom “missing” in hadronic spectrum
but drive the structure of baryonic matter at low-x are crucial players at RHIC and LHC
2
Theory of Strong Interactions: QCD
“Emergent” Phenomena not evident from Lagrangian Asymptotic Freedom & Color Confinement In large part due to non-perturbative structure of QCD vacuum
Gluons: mediator of the strong interactions Determine essential features of strong interactions Dominate structure of QCD vacuum (fluctuations in gluon fields) Responsible for > 98% of the visible mass in universe
Hard to “see” the glue in the low-energy world Gluon degrees of freedom “missing” in hadronic spectrum
but drive the structure of baryonic matter at low-x are crucial players at RHIC and LHC
⇒ How to study “glue” ?
3
How? With Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments!Quantitative description of electron-proton scattering
e(k)
e(k´)
P(p)X(p´)
!"(q)
#e
Q2 = 4EeE!e sin2
!!!
e
2
"Q2 = !q2 = !(k ! k!)2
3
How? With Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments!Quantitative description of electron-proton scattering
Measure of resolution power or “Virtuality”e(k)
e(k´)
P(p)X(p´)
!"(q)
#e
Q2 = 4EeE!e sin2
!!!
e
2
"
y =pq
pk= 1! E!
e
Eecos2
!!!
e
2
"
Q2 = !q2 = !(k ! k!)2
3
How? With Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments!Quantitative description of electron-proton scattering
Measure of resolution power or “Virtuality”
Measure of inelasticity
e(k)
e(k´)
P(p)X(p´)
!"(q)
#e
Q2 = 4EeE!e sin2
!!!
e
2
"
y =pq
pk= 1! E!
e
Eecos2
!!!
e
2
"
x =Q2
2pq=
Q2
sy
Q2 = !q2 = !(k ! k!)2
3
How? With Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments!Quantitative description of electron-proton scattering
Measure of resolution power or “Virtuality”
Measure of momentum fraction of struck quark
Measure of inelasticity
e(k)
e(k´)
P(p)X(p´)
!"(q)
#e
Q2 = 4EeE!e sin2
!!!
e
2
"
y =pq
pk= 1! E!
e
Eecos2
!!!
e
2
"
x =Q2
2pq=
Q2
sy
Q2 = !q2 = !(k ! k!)2
3
How? With Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiments!
€
d2σ ep→eX
dxdQ2 =4παe.m.
2
xQ4 1− y +y 2
2
F2(x,Q
2) − y2
2FL (x,Q
2)
Quantitative description of electron-proton scattering
Measure of resolution power or “Virtuality”
Measure of momentum fraction of struck quark
Measure of inelasticity
e(k)
e(k´)
P(p)X(p´)
!"(q)
#e
How can we measure color charge with DIS?
€
d2σ ep→eX
dxdQ2 =4παe.m.
2
xQ4 1− y +y 2
2
F2(x,Q
2) − y2
2FL (x,Q
2)
4
How can we measure color charge with DIS?
Scaling violation: dF2/dlnQ2 and linear DGLAP Evolution ⇒ G(x,Q2)
Gluons dominate low-x wave function
€
€
d2σ ep→eX
dxdQ2 =4παe.m.
2
xQ4 1− y +y 2
2
F2(x,Q
2) − y2
2FL (x,Q
2)
5
The Issue With Our Current Understanding
Established Model: Linear DGLAP evolution schemeWeird behavior of xG and FL from HERA at small x and Q2
Could signal saturation, higher twist effects, need for more/better data?
Unexpectedly large diffractive cross-section
5
The Issue With Our Current Understanding
Established Model: Linear DGLAP evolution schemeWeird behavior of xG and FL from HERA at small x and Q2
Could signal saturation, higher twist effects, need for more/better data?
Unexpectedly large diffractive cross-section
more severe:
Linear Evolution has a built in high energy “catastrophe”xG rapid rise for decreasing x and violation of (Froissart) unitary bound⇒ must tame grow (saturate)
What’s the underlying dynamics?
5
The Issue With Our Current Understanding
Established Model: Linear DGLAP evolution schemeWeird behavior of xG and FL from HERA at small x and Q2
Could signal saturation, higher twist effects, need for more/better data?
Unexpectedly large diffractive cross-section
more severe:
Linear Evolution has a built in high energy “catastrophe”xG rapid rise for decreasing x and violation of (Froissart) unitary bound⇒ must tame grow (saturate)
What’s the underlying dynamics? ⇒ Need new approach
6
Non-Linear QCD - Saturation
BFKL Evolution in x linear explosion of color field?
proton
N partons new partons emitted as energy increasescould be emitted off any of the N partons
Regimes of QCD Wave Function
6
Non-Linear QCD - Saturation
BFKL Evolution in x linear explosion of color field?
proton
N partons any 2 partons can recombine into one
Regimes of QCD Wave Function
New: BK/JIMWLK based models introduce non-linear effects ⇒ saturation
characterized by a scale Qs(x,A) arises naturally in the Color Glass
Condensate (CGC) framework
7
Scattering of electrons off nuclei: Probes interact over distances L ~ (2mN x)-1
For L > 2 RA ~ A1/3 probe cannot distinguishbetween nucleons in front or back of nucleon Probe interacts coherently with all nucleons
e+A: Studying Non-Linear Effects
7
Scattering of electrons off nuclei: Probes interact over distances L ~ (2mN x)-1
For L > 2 RA ~ A1/3 probe cannot distinguishbetween nucleons in front or back of nucleon Probe interacts coherently with all nucleons
e+A: Studying Non-Linear Effects
Nuclear “Oomph” FactorPocket Formula:
Enhancement of QS with A ⇒ non-linear QCD regime reached at significantly lower energy in A than in proton
!QA
s
"2 ! cQ20
#A
x
$1/3
8
Nuclear “Oomph” Factor
More sophisticated analyses ⇒ more detailed picture even exceeding the Oomph from the pocket formula (e.g. Kowalski, Lappi and Venugopalan, arXiv:0705.3047; Armesto et al., PRL 94:022002; Kowalski, Teaney, PRD 68:114005)
1/x
Q 2 (
Ge
V2)
1
0.1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
Au (c
entra
l)
Q2s,g Ca (c
entra
l)
proto
ns
Kowalski and Teaney
Phys.Rev.D68:114005,2003
4
Figure 3. Summary of measurements of !s(Q2). Results which are based on fits of !s(MZ0) to datain ranges of Q, assuming the QCD running of !s, are not shown here but are included in the overallsummary of !s(MZ0), see Figure 4 and Table 1.
agreement with the QCD prediction.Therefore it is appropriate to extrapolate all
results of !s(Q) to a common value of energy,which is usually the rest energy of the Z0 boson,MZ0 . As described in [1], the QCD evolution of !s
with energy, using the full 4-loop expression [29]with 3-loop matching [30] at the pole masses ofthe charm- and the bottom-quark, Mc = 1.7 GeVand Mb = 4.7 GeV , is applied to all results of!s(Q) which were obtained at energy scales Q !=MZ0 .
The corresponding values of !s(MZ0) are tab-ulated in the 4th column of Table 1; column 5and 6 indicate the contributions of the experi-
mental and the theoretical unceratinties to theoverall errors assigned to !s(MZ0). All values of!s(MZ0) are graphically displayed in Figure 4.Within their individual uncertainties, there isperfect agreement between all results. This jus-tifies to evaluate an overall world average value,!s(MZ0). As discussed e.g. in [1], however, thecombination of all these results to an overall aver-age, and even more so for the overall uncertaintyto be assigned to this average, is not trivial dueto the supposedly large but unknown correlationsbetween invidual results, especially through com-mon prejudices and biases within the theoreticalcalculations.
8
Nuclear “Oomph” Factor
More sophisticated analyses ⇒ more detailed picture even exceeding the Oomph from the pocket formula (e.g. Kowalski, Lappi and Venugopalan, arXiv:0705.3047; Armesto et al., PRL 94:022002; Kowalski, Teaney, PRD 68:114005)
1/x
Q 2 (
Ge
V2)
1
0.1
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
Au (c
entra
l)
Q2s,g
!s(Q2)
!s(Q2s)
9
Universality & Geometric ScalingCrucial consequence of non-linear evolution towards saturation: Physics invariant along trajectories
parallel to saturation regime (lines of constant gluon occupancy)
Scale with Q2/Q2s(x) instead of x and
Q2 separately
9
Universality & Geometric ScalingCrucial consequence of non-linear evolution towards saturation: Physics invariant along trajectories
parallel to saturation regime (lines of constant gluon occupancy)
Scale with Q2/Q2s(x) instead of x and
Q2 separately
⇐ Geometric Scaling Consequence of saturation which
manifests itself up to kT > Qs
x < 0.01
e+p
10
Qs - A Scale that Binds them All ?
Freund et al., hep-ph/0210139
Nuclear shadowing: Geometrical scaling
proton × 5
nuclei
10
Qs - A Scale that Binds them All ?
Freund et al., hep-ph/0210139
Nuclear shadowing: Geometrical scaling
Are hadrons and nuclei wave function universal at low-x ?
proton × 5
nuclei
11
A Truly Universal Regime ?
Radical View: Nuclei and all hadrons have a component of their wave function
with the same behavior This is a conjecture! Needs to be tested
A.H. Mueller, hep-ph/0301109
Small x QCD evolution predicts: QS approaches universal
behavior for all hadrons and nuclei
⇒ Not only functional form f(Qs) universal but even Qs becomes the same
?
ZEUS BPC 1995
ZEUS SVTX 1995
H1 SVTX 1995
HERA 1994
HERA 1993
NMC
BCDMS
E665
SLAC
CCFR
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
x
Q2
VeG(
2)
12
eA Landscape and A New Electron Ion ColliderWell mapped in e+p
12
eA Landscape and A New Electron Ion ColliderWell mapped in e+p
Not so for ℓ+A (νA)many of those with small A and very low statistics
NMC
BCDMS
E665
SLAC
CCFR
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
x
Q2
VeG(
2)
12
eA Landscape and A New Electron Ion ColliderWell mapped in e+p
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):L(EIC) > 100 × L(HERA)
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):Ee = 10 GeV (20 GeV)EA = 100 GeV√seN = 63 GeV (90 GeV)High LeAu ~ 6·1030 cm-2 s-1
Not so for ℓ+A (νA)many of those with small A and very low statistics
NMC
BCDMS
E665
SLAC
CCFR
1=y
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
x
Q2
VeG(
2)
20 GeV + 100 GeV/n
10 GeV +100 GeV/n
9 GeV + 90 GeV/n
EIC e+Au
12
eA Landscape and A New Electron Ion ColliderWell mapped in e+p
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):L(EIC) > 100 × L(HERA)
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):Ee = 10 GeV (20 GeV)EA = 100 GeV√seN = 63 GeV (90 GeV)High LeAu ~ 6·1030 cm-2 s-1
Not so for ℓ+A (νA)many of those with small A and very low statistics
1=y
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
x
Q2
VeG(
2)
20 GeV + 100 GeV/n
10 GeV +100 GeV/n
9 GeV + 90 GeV/n
EIC e+Au
Q 2s proton
Q 2s Ca (central)
Q 2s Au (central)
12
eA Landscape and A New Electron Ion ColliderWell mapped in e+p
Terra incognita: small-x, Q ≈ Qs
high-x, large Q2
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):L(EIC) > 100 × L(HERA)
Electron Ion Collider (EIC):Ee = 10 GeV (20 GeV)EA = 100 GeV√seN = 63 GeV (90 GeV)High LeAu ~ 6·1030 cm-2 s-1
Not so for ℓ+A (νA)many of those with small A and very low statistics
1=y
10-1
1
10
102
103
104
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
x
Q2
VeG(
2)
20 GeV + 100 GeV/n
10 GeV +100 GeV/n
9 GeV + 90 GeV/n
EIC e+Au
Q 2s proton
Q 2s Ca (central)
Q 2s Au (central)
PHENIX
STAR
e-cooling (RHIC
II)
Four e-beam passes
Main ERL (2 GeV per pass)
eRHIC(Linac-Ring)
Electron Ion Collider ConceptseRHIC (BNL): Add Energy Recovery Linac to RHICEe = 10 (20) GeVEA = 100 GeV (up to U)√seN = 63 (90) GeVLeAu (peak)/n ~ 2.9·1033 cm-2 s-1
TPC(2007$) ≈ $700 M
PHENIX
STAR
e-cooling (RHIC
II)
Four e-beam passes
Main ERL (2 GeV per pass)
Electron Cooling
Snake
Snake
IR
IReRHIC(Linac-Ring)
ELIC
13
Electron Ion Collider ConceptseRHIC (BNL): Add Energy Recovery Linac to RHICEe = 10 (20) GeVEA = 100 GeV (up to U)√seN = 63 (90) GeVLeAu (peak)/n ~ 2.9·1033 cm-2 s-1
TPC(2007$) ≈ $700 M
ELIC (JLAB): Add hadron beam facility to existing electron facility CEBAFEe = 9 GeVEA = 90 GeV (up to Au)√seN = 57 GeVLeAu (peak)/n ~ 1.6·1035 cm-2 s-1
Both allow for polarized e+p collisions !
EIC Covers Relevant Kinematic Region
10-510-4
10-310-2
1
10
0.1
!2QCD
Q2 (
Ge
V2)
200 120 40
A x
Pro
ton
Calc
ium
Gold
Parton Gas
Color Glass Condensate
Confinement Regime
EIC
Coverage
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What system to use?
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What system to use?1. e+p works, but more accessible by using e+A (Oomph Factor)
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What system to use?1. e+p works, but more accessible by using e+A (Oomph Factor)2. have analogs in e+p, but have never been measured in e+A
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What system to use?1. e+p works, but more accessible by using e+A (Oomph Factor)2. have analogs in e+p, but have never been measured in e+A 3. have no analog in e+p
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
15
Understanding Glue in Matter ...... involves understanding its key properties which in turn define the required measurements:
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter?
What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
‣ Extract from scaling violation in F2: δF2/δlnQ2
‣ FL ~ αs G(x,Q2) (BTW: requires √s scan)‣ 2+1 jet rates (needs modeling of hadronization)‣ inelastic vector meson production (e.g. J/ψ)‣ diffractive vector meson production ~ [G(x,Q2)]2
16
F2 : Sea (Anti)Quarks Generated by Glue at Low x
F2 will be one of the first measurements at EIC
nDS, EKS, FGS:pQCD based models with different amounts of shadowing
Syst. studies of F2(A, x, Q2):⇒ G(x,Q2) with precision⇒ distinguish between models
€
d2σ ep→eX
dxdQ2 =4πα 2
xQ4 1− y +y 2
2
F2(x,Q
2) − y2
2FL (x,Q
2)
17
FL at EIC: Measuring the Glue Directly
FL requires √s scanQ2/xs = y
Here: ∫Ldt = 5/A fb-1 (10+100) GeV = 5/A fb-1 (10+50) GeV = 2/A fb-1 (5+50) GeV
statistical error only
€
d2σ ep→eX
dxdQ2 =4πα 2
xQ4 1− y +y 2
2
F2(x,Q
2) − y2
2FL (x,Q
2)
nDS and EKS are "standard" shadowing parameterizations that are evolved with DGLAP
18
FL at EIC: Integrated over Q2
Here: ∫Ldt = 4/A fb-1 (10+100) GeV = 4/A fb-1 (10+50) GeV = 2/A fb-1 (5+50) GeV
statistical error only
Syst. studies of FL(A,x,Q2):⇒ G(x,Q2) with great precision⇒ distinguish between models
HKM and FGS are "standard" shadowing parameterizations that are evolved with DGLAP
19
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter?
19
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter?
How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
‣ Various techniques & methods:‣ Exclusive final states (e.g. vector meson production ρ, J/ψ)
‣ color transparency ⇔ color opacity
‣ Deep Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) γ*A → γA‣ Integrated DVCS cross-section: σDVCS ~ A4/3
‣ Measurement of structure functions for various mass numbers A (shadowing, EMC effect) and its impact parameter dependence
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter?
20
Vector Meson Production
HERA: Survival prob. of vector mesons (q q pair) as fct. of b extracted from elastic vector meson production (Munier curve: ρ0, Rogers: J/ψ)
Strong gluon fields in center of p at HERA (Qs ~ 0.5 GeV2)?
Surv
ival
Pro
babi
lity color opacity color transparency
“color dipole” picture
Note: b profile of nuclei more uniform and Qs ~ 2 GeV2
21
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium? Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral
excitations (Pomerons)?
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter?
21
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium?
Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral excitations (Pomerons)?
‣ Hadronization, Fragmentation‣ Energy loss (charm!)
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter?
22
Hadronization and Energy LossnDIS: Suppression of high-pT hadrons analogous but weaker than at RHIC Clean measurement in ‘cold’ nuclear matter
Fundamental question: When do colored partons get neutralized?
Parton energy loss vs. (pre)hadron absorption
zh = Eh/νEnergy transfer in lab rest frameEIC: 10 < ν < 1600 GeV HERMES: 2-25 GeVEIC: can measure heavy flavor energy loss
23
Connection to p+A Physics
e+A and p+A provide excellent information on properties of gluons in the nuclear wave functions
Both are complementary and offer the opportunity to perform stringent checks of factorization/universality ⇒
Issues: p+A lacks the direct access to x, Q2
F. Schilling, hex-ex/0209001
Breakdown of factorization (e+p HERA versus p+p Tevatron) seen for diffractive final states.
24
Charm at EIC
EIC: allows multi-differential measurements of heavy flavor covers and extend energy range of SLAC, EMC, HERA, and JLAB allowing study of wide range of formation lengths
Based on H
VQ
DIS m
odel, J. Smith
25
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral excitations (Pomerons)?
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium?
25
How EIC will Address the Important Questions
Do strong gluon fields effect the role of color neutral excitations (Pomerons)?
d!
dt
!!!!t=0
("!A! V A) " #2s[GA(x,Q2)]2
‣ diffractive cross-section σdiff/σtot
‣ diffractive structure functions‣ shadowing == multiple diffractive scattering ?‣ diffractive vector meson production - very
sensitive to G(x,Q2)
What is the momentum distribution of the gluons in matter? What is the space-time distributions of gluons in matter? How do fast probes interact with the gluonic medium?
26
Diffractive Physics in e+A
‘Standard DIS event’
Activity in proton direction
26
Diffractive Physics in e+A
Diffractive event
Activity in proton direction
HERA/ep: 15% of all events are hard diffractive Diffractive cross-section σdiff/σtot in e+A ?
Predictions: ~25-40%? Look inside the “Pomeron”
Diffractive structure functions Diffractive vector meson production ~ [G(x,Q2)]2
?
d4!eA!eAX
dxdQ2d"dt=
4#$2e.m
"2Q4
!"1! y +
y2
2
#FD
2 ! y2
2FD
L
$
27
Diffractive Structure Function F2D at EIC
⇒ Distinguish between linear evolution and saturation models
⇒ Insight into the nature of pomeron ⇒ Search for exotic objects (Odderon)
xIP = momentum fraction of the pomeron w.r.t the hadron
Curves: Kugeratski, Goncalves, Navarra, EPJ C46, 413
= x/xIP
28
Thermalization: At RHIC system thermalizes (locally)
fast (τ0 ~ 0.6 fm/c) We don’t know why and how? Initial
conditions?
Connection to RHIC & LHC Physics
28
Thermalization: At RHIC system thermalizes (locally)
fast (τ0 ~ 0.6 fm/c) We don’t know why and how? Initial
conditions?
Connection to RHIC & LHC PhysicsFF modification (parton energy loss)
Jet Quenching: Refererence: E-loss in cold matter d+A alone won’t do
• ⇒ need more precise handles no data on charm from HERMES
28
Thermalization: At RHIC system thermalizes (locally)
fast (τ0 ~ 0.6 fm/c) We don’t know why and how? Initial
conditions?
Connection to RHIC & LHC PhysicsFF modification (parton energy loss)
Forward Region: Suppression at forward rapidities
• Color Glass Condensate ?• Gluon Distributions ?
Jet Quenching: Refererence: E-loss in cold matter d+A alone won’t do
• ⇒ need more precise handles no data on charm from HERMES
28
Thermalization: At RHIC system thermalizes (locally)
fast (τ0 ~ 0.6 fm/c) We don’t know why and how? Initial
conditions?
Connection to RHIC & LHC PhysicsFF modification (parton energy loss)
Forward Region: Suppression at forward rapidities
• Color Glass Condensate ?• Gluon Distributions ?
Jet Quenching: Refererence: E-loss in cold matter d+A alone won’t do
• ⇒ need more precise handles no data on charm from HERMES
Accardi et al., hep-ph/0308248,CERN-2004-009-A
Even more crucial at LHC:Ratios of gluon distribution functions for Pb versus x from different models at Q2 = 5 GeV2:
?
29
Many New Questions w/o Answers …
From RHIC: Observe “E-loss” of direct photons
• Are we seeing the EMC effect?
29
Many New Questions w/o Answers …
From RHIC: Observe “E-loss” of direct photons
• Are we seeing the EMC effect?Many (all?) of these questions cannot be answeredby studying A+A or p+A alone.
EIC provides new level of precision:• Handle on x, Q2
• Means to study effects exclusively• RHIC is dominated by glue ⇒ Need to know G(x,Q2)
In short we need ep but especially eA ⇒ EIC
30€
dg1d log(Q2)
∝−Δg(x,Q2)
ΔG = Δg(x,Q2)dxx= 0
x=1
∫
Superb sensitivity to Δg at small x!
Spin Physics at the EIC - The Quest for ΔG
Spin Structure of the Proton½ = ½ ΔΣ + ΔG + Lq + Lg
quark contribution ΔΣ ≈ 0.3 gluon contribution ΔG ≈ 1 ± 1 ?
ΔG: a “quotable” property of the proton (like mass, charge)
Measure through scaling violation:
E155
E143
SMC
HERMES
0.01
0.1
1
10
100 101 102 103 104
Q2(GeV2)
gp 1(x
,Q2)
+ C
(x)
x = 0.0007
x = 0.0025
x = 0.0063
x = 0.0141
x = 0.0245
x = 0.0346
x = 0.0490
x = 0.0775
x = 0.122
x = 0.173
x = 0.245
x = 0.346
x = 0.490
x = 0.735
EIC
Coverage
x
2.5 < Q2 < 7.5 GeV
2
1
0
10-3 10-2 10-1-1
31
Experimental Aspects at the EIC
31
Experimental Aspects at the EIC
Concepts: Focus on the rear/forward acceptance and thus on low-x / high-x physics
• compact system of tracking and central electromagnetic calorimetry inside a magnetic dipole field and calorimetric end-walls outside
I. Abt, A. Caldwell, X. Liu, J. Sutiak, hep-ex 0407053
31
Experimental Aspects at the EIC
Concepts: Focus on the rear/forward acceptance and thus on low-x / high-x physics
• compact system of tracking and central electromagnetic calorimetry inside a magnetic dipole field and calorimetric end-walls outside
I. Abt, A. Caldwell, X. Liu, J. Sutiak, hep-ex 0407053 J. Pasukonis, B.Surrow, physics/0608290
Focus on a wide acceptance detector system similar to HERA experiments• allow for the maximum possible Q2 range.
32
SummaryEIC presents a unique opportunity in high energy nuclear physics and precision QCD physics
Embraced by NSAC in NP Long Range Plan• Recommendation $30M for R&D over next 5 years
EIC Long Term Goal: Start construction in next decade
e+A Polarized e+p Study the Physics of Strong Color Fields
• Establish (or not) the existence of the saturation regime
• Explore non-linear QCD• Measure momentum & space-time of glue
Study the nature of color singlet excitations (Pomerons)
Test and study the limits of universality (eA vs. pA)
Precisely image the sea-quarks and gluons to determine the spin, flavor and spatial structure of the nucleon
EIC Open Collaboration Meeting
Stony Brook University 7-8 December, 2007
http://web.mit.edu/eicc/SBU07/index.html
33
Additional Slides
34
Connection to Other Fields
35
CP Violation
?
Non-linearity,
Confinement,
AdS/QCD
QCD
Background
EIC
QCD Theory
Hadron Structure
(JLAB 12 GeV, RHIC-Spin)
Relativistic
Heavy Ion Physics
(RHIC, LHC & FAIR)
Technology FrontierExamples: beam cooling,
energy recovery linac,
polarized electron source,
superconducting RF
cavities
High Energy
Physics(LHC, LHeC,
Cosmic Rays)
Condensed
Matter Physics Bose-Einstein Condensate
Spin Glasses
Graphene
Lattice QCD New Generation
of Instrumentation
Physics of Strong
Color Fields
ab initio
QCD Calculations
& Computational
Development
Understanding
of Initial Conditions,
Saturation, Energy Loss
Valence ↔ Sea
GPDs
Saturation ModelsColor Glass Condensate
Fundamental
Symmetries
36
Diffractive DIS is …
momentum transfert = (P-P’)2 < 0
diffractive mass of the final stateMX
2 = (P-P’+l-l’)2
… when the hadron/nuclei remains intact
xpom = x/β rapidity gap : Δη = ln(1/xpom)
hadronP
P
β ~ momentum fraction of the struck parton with respect to the Pomeron
xpom ~ momentum fraction of the Pomeron with respect to the hadron
Pomeron
37
EIC Timeline & Status NSAC Long Range Plan 2007
Recommendation: $6M/year for 5 years for machine and detector R&D
Goal for Next Long Range Plan 2012 High-level (top) recommendation for construction
EIC Roadmap (Technology Driven) Finalize Detector Requirements from Physics 2008 Revised/Initial Cost Estimates for eRHIC/ELIC 2008 Investigate Potential Cost Reductions 2009 Establish process for EIC design decision 2010 Conceptual detector designs 2010 R&D to guide EIC design decision 2011 EIC design decision 2011 “MOU’s” with foreign countries? 2012
Why HERA did not do EIC physics?
• eA physics:– Up to Ca beams considered– Low luminosity (1000 compared to EIC)– Would have needed ~$100M to upgrade the source to
have more ions, but still the low luminosity• Polarized e-p physics
– HERA-p ring is not planar– No. of Siberian snake magnets required to polarize beam
estimated to be 6-8: Not enough straight sections for Siberian snakes and not enough space in the tunnel for their cryogenics
– Technically difficult• DESY was a HEP laboratory focused on the high
energy frontier.
39
eA From a “Dipole” Point of View
Coherence length of virtual photon’s fluctuation intoqq: L~ 1/2mN x
valid in the small-x limit
k
k’
p
r : dipole size
L << 2R Energy Loss color transparency EMC effect
L >> 2R Physics of strong color fields Shadowing Diffraction
In the rest frame of the nucleus:Propagation of a small pair, or “color dipole”
40
The EIC Collaboration17C. Aidala, 28E. Aschenauer, 10J. Annand, 1J. Arrington, 26R. Averbeck, 3M. Baker, 26K. Boyle, 28W. Brooks, 28A. Bruell, 19A. Caldwell, 28J.P. Chen, 2R. Choudhury, 10E. Christy, 8B. Cole, 4D. De Florian, 3R. Debbe, 26,24-1A. Deshpande, 18K. Dow, 26A. Drees, 3J. Dunlop, 2D. Dutta, 7F. Ellinghaus, 28R. Ent, 18R. Fatemi, 18W. Franklin, 28D. Gaskell, 16G. Garvey, 12,24-1M. Grosse-Perdekamp, 1K. Hafidi, 18D. Hasell, 26T. Hemmick, 1R. Holt, 8E. Hughes, 22C. Hyde-Wright, 5G. Igo, 14K. Imai, 10D. Ireland, 26B. Jacak, 15P. Jacobs, 28M. Jones, 10R. Kaiser, 17D. Kawall, 11C. Keppel, 7E. Kinney, 18M. Kohl, 9H. Kowalski, 17K. Kumar, 2V. Kumar, 21G. Kyle, 13J. Lajoie, 3M. Lamont, 16M. Leitch, 27A. Levy, 27J. Lichtenstadt, 10K. Livingstone, 20W. Lorenzon, 145. Matis, 12N. Makins, 6G. Mallot, 18M. Miller, 18R. Milner, 2A. Mohanty, 3D. Morrison, 26Y. Ning, 15G. Odyniec, 13C. Ogilvie, 2L. Pant, 26V. Pantuyev, 21S. Pate, 26P. Paul, 12J.-C. Peng, 18R. Redwine, 1P. Reimer, 15H.-G. Ritter, 10G. Rosner, 25A. Sandacz, 7J. Seele, 12R. Seidl, 10B. Seitz, 2P. Shukla, 15E. Sichtermann, 18F. Simon, 3P. Sorensen, 3P. Steinberg, 24M. Stratmann, 22M. Strikman, 18B. Surrow, 18E. Tsentalovich, 11V. Tvaskis, 3T. Ullrich, 3R. Venugopalan, 3W. Vogelsang, 28C. Weiss, 15H. Wieman,15N. Xu,3Z. Xu, 8W. Zajc.
1Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL; 2Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India; 3Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; 4University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; 5University of California, Los Angeles, CA; 6CERN, Geneva, Switzerland; 7University of Colorado, Boulder,CO; 8Columbia University, New York, NY; 9DESY, Hamburg, Germany; 10University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; 11Hampton University, Hampton, VA; 12University of I!inois, Urbana-Champaign, IL; 13Iowa State University, Ames, IA; 14University of Kyoto, Japan; 15Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; 16Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; 17University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; 18MIT, Cambridge, MA; 19Max Planck Institüt für Physik, Munich, Germany; 20University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI; 21New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM; 22Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA; 23Penn State University, PA; 24RIKEN, Wako, Japan; 24-1RIKEN-BNL Research Center, BNL, Upton, NY; 25Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland; 26SUNY, Stony Brook, NY; 27Tel Aviv University, Israel; 28Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA
96 Scientists, 28 Institutions, 9 countries