The Effects of Iron Fertilization on the Depleting Carbon Dioxide

Jonathan TamManhasset Science Research

Period 2

Carbon Dioxide

http://kauaian.net/blog/wp-content/themes/default/images/sushi/co2molecule.jpg

http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

The Greenhouse Effect

http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png

Emission Responsibilities

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/co2_human.html

Phytoplankton

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/images/phytoplankton-defense2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Phytoplankton_SoAtlantic_20060215.jpg

http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/events/TeacherTECH_2005/equation_photosynthesis.gif

Photosynthesis

Literature Review

http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/pdc/files/Image/chlorosis_%20riverbirch.jpg

http://www.dias.kvl.dk/Plantvirology/esymptoms/IMG-color4.gif

Literature Review

http://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/iron.htm

http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_36/issue_8/1793.pdf

Literature Reviewhttp://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/iron.htm

http://www.planktos-science.com/ocean_science.html

http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/images_of_the_week/IrelandBloomMERFROrbit22250_H.jpg

Literature Reviewhttp://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/scifocus/oceanColor/iron_limits.shtml

Literature Review

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/diadr.html

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/3/37/May30_chisholm1.jpg

Purpose

• The purpose of this experiment is to examine the effects that iron fertilization has upon the photosynthetic methods of different types of phytoplankton

Hypothesis

• Alternate Hypothesis – If plankton undergo iron fertilization, there will be growth in the amount of plankton therefore depleting carbon dioxide

• Null Hypothesis – if plankton do not undergo iron fertilization, there will be no change in the growth in the amount of plankton therefore depleting the normal amount of carbon dioxide

Do – Ability

• Fully Do-able

Algae/Plankton

ProchlorococcusPennate Diatoms Synechococcus Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellate

Cultivated with Iron Proportional to 1 nmol to 2,000 ml of sea water

Amount of Carbon Dioxide to be measured after 90 days using Pasco Probes

Results Taken

Statistical Analysis

Daily Photographs to be taken to see any changes in pigment of the vials

Budget

Vendor Item Description Number Price

Pasco CO2 Gas Gas collector to measure the level of carbon dioxide before and after this experiment

PG 40 School

Carolina Preserved Marine Plankton

Target organism that will be used to undergo photosynthesis

#222300 $13.50

Home/Lab Aquatic Tanks Tanks that will simulate the phytoplankton environment

N/A N/A

Home/Lab Glass Vials The Vials will be used to simulate the phytoplankton’s environment

N/A N/A

Chemicalstore.com

Iron Powder For the Cultivation of Plankton (Variable). 350 grams,12 oz, Special, Coarse

IRON100 $11.00

Home/Lab Sea Water Oceanic-based water for organism testing

N/A N/A

BibliographyAguilera, Mario and Clark, Cindy. Tiny Marine Organisms Reflect Ocean Warming.

Cavender-Bares, Kent K., Elizabeth L. Mann, Sallie W. Chisholm, Michael E. Ondrusek, and Robert R. Bidigare. "Differential Response of Equatorial Pacific Phytoplankton to Iron Fertilization." Limnology and Oceanography. Mar. 1999. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 15 May 2008

Daley, Beth. Seeds of a solution - Could iron dropped in the ocean combat climate change?

Falkowski, Paul G. The Ocean’s Invisible Forest.

Jin, X, N Gruber, H Frenzel, S C. Doney, and J C. McWilliams. "The Impact on Atmospheric CO2 of Iron Fertilization Induced Changes in the Ocean’S Biological Pump." Biogeosciences. 18 Mar. 2008. Institution of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. 15 May 2008

Kelley, John. Uncertainties of global warming.

Maffly, Brian. Scientist says oceans at greatest risk from greenhouse emissions.

Lam, Phoebe, and Sallie W. Chisholm. "Iron Fertilization of the Oceans: Reconciling Commercial Claims with Published Models." Web MIT. 29 Apr. 2002. 15 May 2008

Maranon, Emilio, and Patrick M. Holligan. "Photosynthetic Parameters of Phytoplankton From 50" N to 50" S in the Atlantic Ocean." Marine Ecology Progress Series. 18 Jan. 1999. Southampton Oceanography Center. 15 May 2008

Melville, Kate. Fertilization of Phytoplankton Not A Solution For CO2 Removal.

Richtel, Matt. Recruiting Plankton to Fight Global Warming.

Riebesell, Ulf. Ocean Plankton Reducing Greenhouse Gases By Using More Carbon Dioxide.

Sheppard, Anna. Giant seabed plumbing scheme 'can save us from global warming.

Weise, Elizabeth. Scientists: Global warming could kill off reefs by 2050 ; Worst-case

Referenceshttp://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/hmenuz.php?daurl=http://ccmp.bigelow.org/future/OrderCultures.htmlhttp://www.ocean.udel.edu/cms/dhutchins/CIBculturecollection05.htmhttp://members.optushome.com.au/chelmon/Phytoplankton.htmhttp://www.uaex.edu/aquaculture2/FSA/FSA9070.htmhttp://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/aug2002/breeder.htmhttp://www.seahorse.org/library/articles/phyto.shtmlhttp://www.brooklynaquariumsociety.org/articles/2002-nov-pg26.htmhttp://www.aqua-medic.com/index.asphttp://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~barrick/Filters/SpectPhotProc.htmlhttp://www.unicosci.com/spectro/1100.htmhttp://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1996-March/041756.htmlhttp://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1996-March/041757.html