8/9/2019 The effects of golf courses on water quality in South
Africa
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Nitrate/nitrite concentrations above 50 g/l will affect the
fitness of
water for aquaculture
Total phosphorus concentrations above 100 g/l will affect the
fitnessof water for aquaculture
Total nitrogen concentrations above:
5,000 g/l will affect the fitness of water for crop yield and
quality aswell as contaminate ground water
500 g/l will affect the irrigation equipment
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Totaln
itrogen(g/l)
Upstream Downstream
Total ammonia concentrations above:
1,000 g/l will affect the fitness of water for human
consumption
600 g/l will adversely affect the South African coastal zone
300 g/l will affect the fitness of water for aquaculture
No target water quality requirement for orthophosphate
The effects of golf courses on water quality in theGauteng and
Western Cape Provinces in South Africa
Vuyani Lingela and Jenny DayDepartment of Zoology, University of
Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Introduction
Conclusions
Methods
Acknowledgements
For further information
Results
The authors acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology
of
South Africa for funding this research. Special thanks to Craig
Attwoodfor the water analysis and Johan Maritz for the location
maps. The
authors are especially grateful to greenkeepers and golf
course
managers for granting them access to their golf courses.
Please contact [email protected]
Water quality effects are golf-course-specific:
some cause pollution of surface waters
some improve water quality downstream
Therefore:
partnerships between the golf course industry and government
should be developed to allow golf courses to be beneficial
features
of the landscape
This paper examines the effects of golf courses on water
quality.
Water samples were collected upstream (where the stream enters
the
golf course) and downstream (where the stream exits the golf
course) in10 golf courses in the Gauteng Province and the Western
Cape Province
in South Africa in April and May 2009, as illustrated below.
Samples were analysed for nitrate/nitrite (NOx); total ammonia
(NH4 +
NH3); total nitrogen (N); orthophosphate (PO4); and total
phosphorus (P).
Indian
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
Northern Cape
North West
Western Cape
Free State
Eastern Cape
KwaZulu-
Natal
Mpumalanga
Limpopo
Gauteng Golf courses
Cities
Provinces
Nature reserves
Legend
E
S
W
N
Northern Cape
Western Cape
Eastern Cape
Kleinmond
BredasdorpRiversdale
KnysnaPlattenberg Bay
Cape
Town
North West
Mpumalanga
Gauteng
IreneWoodhill
Silverlakes
Pretoria
Zwartkop
Johannesburg
Pretoria
2
2 1
1
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Orthophosphate(g/l)
Upstream Downstream
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Totalphosphorus(g/l)
Upstream Downstream
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Totalammonia(g/l)
Upstream Downstream
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10
Nitrate/nitrite
(g/l)
Upstream Downstream
MosselBay Golf Club, Western Cape Province, South Africa
KnysnaGolf Club, Western Cape Province, South Africa
mailto:[email protected]
