The Effect of Types of Medium Filter in the Filtration Processing Time

8/6/2019 The Effect of Types of Medium Filter in the Filtration Processing Time

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I. INTRODUCTION

Motivation for conduction of the Study

Filtration is a more efficient method for the separation of mixtures than

decantation, but it is much more time consuming. If a very small amount of solution is

involved, most of the solution may be soaked up by the filter medium.

Filtration methods are used in home, in research laboratories, in industrial

processes, and in controlling environmental pollution. For example, a coffee filter is usedto separate brewed coffee from the grounds.

On an industrial scale, filtration is used by the oil, gas, food and beverage, and

pharmaceutical industries, among others. Municipalities use filtration techniques when

treating sewage and purifying water.

Filtration cleans up river streams or other water streams. Furnaces use filtration to

prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates. Pneumatic conveying

systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported,

through the use of a baghouse.



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Background of the Study

The history of water treatment dates back, approximately, to the thirteenth century

B.C. in Egypt. However, modern filtration began much later. John Gibb's slow sand

filter, built in 1804 in Scotland, was the first filter used for treating potable water in large

quantities. Slow sand filters spread rapidly, with the first one in the United States built in

Richmond, VA, in 1832. A set of slow sand filters adapted from English designs was

built in 1870 in Poughkeepsie, NY, and is still in operation.

The history of water filters is indelibly tied to the history of water, itself. As

human industry has grown and water has become more contaminated, water filters have

emerged over the centuries in response to the growing recognition of the need for pure,

clean water to drink and the realization that such water does not occur naturally.

Water has greatly affected humanity and civilization for millennia. Because water

is so absolutely vital to our body systems, we, as living beings, are entirely dependent

upon water. In fact, this simple substance, more than any other factor, guided the

formation of civilization. Early civilizations were clustered around water sources, and it

was water that initiated the first substantial agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, leading to

more complex and sedentary civilizations. For centuries, water availability guided the

type of foodstuff that could be grown in an area. Water was also the impetus and guiding

force behind the first cross-cultural interactions. Early trade was completely dependent

upon water, for transportation of goods and sustenance of people and animals.



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Throughout the centuries, as technology developed, people have gradually gained

more control of water. They have been able to transport water to arid lands, stop and

redirect rivers, and even determine when, where, and how much rain will fall. Even with

increased control of water resources, water still continues to dominate the political,

economic, and social structure of all nations. This statement can be verified by looking at

political struggles within the United States over water resources or throughout the Middle

East over access to limited water. Concerning conflict in the Middle East, former World

Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin stated in 2000, "Many of the wars of this [20th]

century were about oil, but the wars of the next century will be about water" (Smith,2000).

In modern times, concerns over water quality remain supreme. Over the years,

scientists have discovered more and more contaminants in fresh water sources, and these

same scientists have noted a strong correlation between drinking water contamination and

many significant health problems. Due to the rampant impurity of water and the crucial,

physiological need for clean, fresh drinking water, several treatment alternatives have

emerged throughout the history of water treatment. Water filtration, one of the more

viable and prominent of these treatment alternatives, has something of a remarkable past.

Historians believe that the use of water filters began more than 4000 years ago! In the

next several pages, the fascinating history of water filters will be addressed. Read on to

learn more about this interesting history.



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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The summary of some of related literature relevant to our study

The relevance of these related articles is that these could be a guide for households about the importance of water and to be educated on how water must

be treated properly.

Filtration in Water and Wastewater Analysis

As simple as it looks, the filtration media and how it works is more complex that what

meets the eye.

- L.P. Raman

Filtration is widely accepted as a way of producing quality water. As simple as it looks,

the filtration media and how it works is a complex process. In general, filtration media is

classified as depth filters or screen filters. Depth filters retain particles in the matrix of the

filter media and along the direction of fluid flow. In contrast, screen filters (also known

as membrane filters) retain particles on the surface of the filters.

While depth filters are rated based on the size of the particles they retain, membrane

filters are usually rated by pore sizes.

Filtration Media Construction Materials

Filtration media is made from natural materials such as cotton and wood pulp or from

synthetic polymers such as polypropylene. In-organic materials such as glass micro fiber,



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quartz, aluminum oxide and silver are also used as filter media. Table 2 shows materials

of construction and types of filters these are made into.

Water Analysis Lab Filters

Filters used in water analysis labs generally are used for removing particulates, capturing

and quantifying specified impurities or for analyzing microorganisms. Generally,

laboratories use filter media in circular formats in sheet forms such as filter papers or

membranes or as encapsulated devices such as syringe filters and capsules.

Filter Papers

Cellulose and glass micro fiber media are used for basic qualitative and quantitative

measurements. The basic procedure is to take a filter paper, measure its base line weight,

then filter a specified quantity of liquid through it, dry the filter paper and measure the

weight again. Total suspended solids analysis is done through a similar method.

Total Suspended Solids ± Waste Water. Total suspended solids refers to matter

suspended in wastewater and is the residue left behind on a filter paper (with a retention

of 2 µm or less) after filtration and drying. The procedure is specified in Method 2540D

of American Public Health Association¶s (APHA) ± Standard Methods of Analysis of

Water and Waste Water. Depending on the volume required to be filtered, a 934-AH

Glass Micro Fiber (GMF) Filter in diameter of 2.4, 4.7 or 9.0 cm is widely used for this

application. With a particle retention of 1.5 µm and made of binder free borosilicate

glass, 934-AH has a unique GMF formulation that has high flow rates, high loading



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capacity and can withstand high temperatures. The product is designed to have no

brittleness, increased strength, less fiber shedding and pin holing.

Membranes

Membranes are screen filters that remove particles generally in the sub-micron range.

These are used for both filtration and enumeration of particles and microorganisms.

Membranes used in laboratory analysis are cast membranes (mixed ester of cellulose used

commonly for coliform colony counting) or sieve±like track-etch membranes. In water

analysis membranes are used for capturing and analyzing microorganisms on the surfaceof the filter.

Rapid Enumeration of Microorganisms. Epifluorescent membrane assay that can be used

in the field, on-line or in the laboratory using the unique surface capture effect of Black

Polycarbonate Track-Etch Membrane. Black Polycarbonate Track-Etch Membranes

exhibit extremely low auto fluorescence and therefore permit high visibility of microorganisms captured on the membrane surfaces. Since, essentially, all types of

microorganisms, including viable, nonviable, autotrophs and anaerobes are detected by

this method; it consistently yields higher counts than the traditional pour-plate, or similar

culturing methods. It shows generalized work flow of this method.



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Work Flow for Epifluroscence Microscopy

Step 1

y Filter Sample.

y Use standard filtration technique.

y Collect microorganism on track-etch membrane.

y Black Polycarbonate membrane surface.

Step 2

y Stain Sample.

y Stain/label sample.

y Air dry.

y Mount on slide.

Step 3

y View Sample.

y View sample under Epifluorescence Microscope.

y UV excitation results in fluorescence emission.

y Enumerate Microorganisms.

It shows Epifluorescence micrograph of bacteria in water. These can be rapidly counted

using standard microscopy counting techniques.



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Method¶s Advantages.

y Better enumeration of microorganisms: Culture techniques underestimate the total

number of microorganisms present in a sample due to the selective nature of themedia which they employ.

y Results in less than 30 minutes: Culture techniques require incubation times of

48-72 hours before the results become available.

y Detect both non-viable and viable microorganisms.

y Can detect microorganisms present in clumps or micro-colonies.

y Time-averaged samples may be taken. Samples for microbial analysis may be

collected during an entire production run. This adds an additional in-process

control to the overall process quality control program.

Encapsulated Devices

Filtration media are often encapsulated in a ready-to-use plastic device. Examples of encapsulated filtration devices are syringe filters, capsule filters and filter cups.

Encapsulated filtration devices are widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical

industry and more and find more and more applications in laboratory water filtration.

These devices are easier to use and minimize cross-contamination of samples. Capsule

filtration devices are widely used when collecting ground water samples.

Ground Water Sampling.

U.S. EPA and State Departments for Environmental Protection (DEP) protocols for

groundwater specify filtering the sample when analyzing for inorganic constituents.



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Ground water monitoring wells are not under daily use and hence sample water contains

silt and sand. Presence of particles can adversely affect the results, as the protocols often

require instant acidification; samples are instantly acidified to prevent oxidation of

ferrous salts to insoluble ferric salts upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Presence of

sand particles in the acidification process can result in erroneous results. Figure 3 above

shows a schematic of how Polycap GW ground water capsule is used.

Some of the advantage of using capsule filtration for ground water collection includes:

y

Minimization of cross contamination of samples.y Savings in time for sample collection as no disassembling and reassembling of

filter is required.

Conclusion

Filtration methods are widely used in water analysis labs. Filter papers are used in the

basic quantitative methods such as those involved in total suspended solids analysis.

Membranes are used as matrices for collecting and enumerating microorganism.

Encapsulated filtration devices offer the convenience and ease of use for sample

preparation before analysis.

Making the Filtration Buying Process Easier for Your Customers

How Culligan Helps Their Dealers Become Better-Educated Consumers of Drinking

Water

- By David M. Marsh

If you¶ve seen it once, you¶ve seen it a hundred times²customers who come to you



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looking for a home filtration system, unaware of what their specific needs are. While

many consumers simply want a system that improves their water¶s taste and aesthetic

qualities, the majority are looking for a product that will make their water healthier. But

as you know, ³healthier´ is a subjective term, and without knowing the issues that are

present in the customer¶s water, providing them with a system that fits their needs isn¶t

very easy to do.

According to the 2001 National Consumer Water Quality Survey conducted by the Water

Quality Association (WQA), the media was the most frequently cited source of information about home water contaminants. When a contaminant is in the media

spotlight such as arsenic is this year or MTBE the year before sales of systems that

reduce that contaminant

are elevated. The concern, however, is that the chances of the specific newsworthy

contaminant affecting a consumer¶s water may be slim, while in actuality something else

may be present. The goal as providers of high-quality home filtration equipment then

should

be to encourage Americans to start taking a proactive approach to protecting and

improving their home¶s water quality.

For example, Culligan implements a program to make it easier for customers

to take personal control of their water quality. Through this program, Culligan dealers

encourage their customers to follow these steps.



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�Study your home¶s water. Does your water have an unpleasant taste? If so, what does the

taste resemble? Have you noticed a particular smell in your water? If so, how would you

describe the odor? Does your water have a brownish color? Are there particles floating in

it? If so, how large? What about the way your water feels? After bathing or showering, do

you feel like a ³film´ is left on your skin? Which of these issues are you most concerned

about? Be sure to report all of these observances to your dealer.

�Determine how much of your home¶s water you¶d like to treat. Do you simply want to

improve your drinking water or would you like to improve the quality of water

throughout your entire home? If your goal is to improve drinking water only, how manyfaucets do you and your family drinks from?

�Consider routine maintenance. Do you want to be responsible for the routine

maintenance necessary with your filtration product or would you rather have a trained

professional manage this? If you decide to do the maintenance, how often do you want to

be responsible for changing the filter? Do you want to be ³alerted´ by the system of

necessary filter changes or will you remember to change it regularly?

�Determine your monthly budget. Are you willing to spend more money to get the most

advanced equipment for your specific filtration needs or would you prefer to spend less

and receive a more basic model? (Be sure when considering the price of a filtration

product that you break the cost out by gallon of water filtered or treated. Sometimes

systems that have a more expensive price tag upfront actually save you a significant

amount of money in the long term.) How much are you willing to put towards the

maintenance of your product on a monthly basis? Note that your budget may need to be

increased if your goal is to reduce a more complex contaminant.



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�Most importantly, get your home water tested. Work with your dealer to have a

comprehensive laboratory testing conducted on your home¶s water. Because many

contaminants cannot be detected by the human senses, this is the only way to truly know

what is in your home¶s water. In addition, the contaminants present in your home¶s water

may change over time. Therefore, the importance of ongoing home water testing cannot

be underestimated. Your dealer will analyze the data and talk with you about the results.

Many first time buyers of home filtration equipment select products at retail rather than

working with a dealer due to the misconception that they¶ll have to spend more moneywhen working with a professional. However, as C.R. Hall, an independent Culligan

dealer and the current president of the Water Quality Association and the Culligan

Dealers Association of North America (CDANA) notes, dealers add a significant amount

of value to the purchase of home filtration products, thereby actually saving the customer

money across the term of ownership. ³Unfortunately, we as dealers often fail to

effectively communicate to our customers the added benefits that we offer²assistance in

selecting a product, installation, sizing and maintenance. Yet when we outline all of our

services, the decision to buy from a dealer suddenly is easy.´ For this reason, the

questions above point to the benefit of working with a professional.

Another important step to helping your customer become well educated about his home¶s

water quality is recommending that he read his Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) if he

receives his water from a municipal system. CCRs are distributed annually with

residents¶ water bills. Often discarded, they provide key information about the city¶s



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water content, specifically, those contaminants that are present at higher than normal

levels. If your customer no longer has the most recent version of this report, he may be

able to find it on the Environmental Protection Agency¶s (EPA) website (www.epa.gov),

or he can contact his local municipality.

Finally, spend some time with your customer overviewing the fact that a wide variety of

contaminants legally are present in his water but at specific levels. A consumer may

believe that his municipality removes all traces of all contaminants. When alerted that

this is not the case, he may decide to research health effects and the levels at which theyare allowably present in his water. (The EPA website is a good resource for this type of

information.) Based on this information, he may determine contaminants that he wants to

reduce to even further levels. In addition, it will help him to better understand his CCR.

However, when discussing contaminants with your customer, remember to approach the

topic professionally. Never use scare tactics to encourage someone to buy.

(For additional information, visit www.waterinfocenter.com and search the article

archives for ³ethical selling.´)

Assisting your customer in becoming a better educated consumer of drinking water

requires a small amount of your time, yet makes the filtration buying process easier for

both of you. In addition, it establishes your business as a trusted resource, thereby

ensuring a greater chance of a long-term buying relationship



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III. PURPOSE AND MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to identify some combination of values, for variable

factors that affect on how to determine a better filtration process. This study aims todetermine the appropriate type of filter to be used.

This study was also conceptualized with the researcher¶s desire to determine the

best process of filtering water. And by using proper filtration processes in different kinds

of situation in order to avoid some cases of improper misuse of water.

The motivation of this study is to be a guide for households about the importance

of water and to be educated on how water must be treated properly.







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Problem Statement

Response Variable:

Duration of filtering water (in seconds).

To know the effectiveness of the filter medium to the filtration

processing time

Factors of Interest:

Factor A: The Type of Filter

Factor B: The Type of Water to be filtered

Levels:

Levels (A): Cloth, Strainer, Filter Foam

Cloth ± an ordinary cloth used by households in filtering water from

faucets or any water source

Strainer ± a strainer used for separating residue from water

Filter Foam ± a foam used in filtering water from faucets

Levels (B): Clean water and Dirty (contains rust) water

Clean ± a clean water for drinking

Dirty ± a dirty water that contains rust



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Other Factor:

The Volume of Water to be filtered

Levels:

100 ml, 200 ml., and 300 ml. of clean and dirty water



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Hypothesized Model

The three factor fixed effect model is used in the study, the hypothesized model of which

is shown below:

Yjkl = µ + i+ j + Yk + ( )ij + ( Y)ik + (Y)jk + ( Y)ijk + ijkl

Where: l = 1, 2, 3,« a, j = 1, 2, 3,« b, k = 1, 2, 3,« c, l = 1, 2, 3,«n.

µ = mean

= types of filter

= types of water

Y = volume of water ( ) = interaction between types of filter and types of water

( Y) = interaction between types of filter and volume of water

(Y) = interaction between types of water and volume of water

( Y) = interaction between the types of filter, types of water and volume of water

= random error

Hypothesis



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Ho: i = 0

H1: at least one i � 0

Ho: ß j = 0

H1: at least one ß j � 0

Ho: yk = 0

H1: at least one yk � 0

Ho: ( ß )ij = 0

H1: at least one ( ß )ij � 0

Ho: T Y = 0

H1: at least one T Y � 0

Ho: ( ßY) jk = 0

H1: at least one ( ßY) jk � 0

Ho: ( ßY)ijk = 0

H1: at least one ( ßY)ijk � 0

V. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES



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In doing the experiment, the processes involved were statistically designed in

order to observe the effectiveness of a certain method. And accuracy must be observed in

performing the process.

There were three types of filter was used in filtering like cloth, strainer and filter

foam. There were also three certain volumes of water involved and there were two types

of water filtered with a clean and dirty water. The volume of water that would determine

the effect if a certain volume could affect the filtration process. The two types of water

would vary with the filtration process. And filtering of water was performed withconstant flow of water and prevents overflowing in order to properly filter clean and dirty

water.

Materials used:

1. Different kinds of Filter (cloth, strainer and filter foam)

2. Stopwatch



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3. Measuring cup

Process of Gathering Data



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- Get a required amount of clean and dirty water to be filtered with a volume of

100, 200 and 300 ml. of water.

- Randomization Procedure



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Run A B C Run A B C

1 A11 B21 C31 28 A11 B11 C31

2 A12 B22 C32 29 A12 B12 C32

3 A13 B23 C33 30 A13 B13 C334 A21 B11 C11 31 A21 B21 C11

5 A22 B12 C12 32 A22 B22 C12

6 A23 B13 C13 33 A23 B23 C13

7 A31 B21 C21 34 A31 B11 C21

8 A32 B22 C22 35 A32 B12 C22

9 A33 B23 C23 36 A33 B13 C23

10 A11 B11 C31 37 A11 B21 C31

11 A12 B12 C32 38 A12 B22 C32

12 A13 B13 C33 39 A13 B23 C33

13 A21 B21 C11 40 A21 B11 C11

14 A22 B22 C12 41 A22 B12 C12

15 A23 B23 C13 42 A23 B13 C13

16 A31 B11 C21 43 A31 B21 C21

17 A32 B12 C22 44 A32 B22 C22

18 A33 B13 C2

3 45

A33 B2

3 C2

319 A11 B21 C31 46 A11 B11 C31

20 A12 B22 C32 47 A12 B12 C32

21 A13 B23 C33 48 A13 B13 C33

22 A21 B11 C11 49 A21 B21 C11

23 A22 B12 C12 50 A22 B22 C12

24 A23 B13 C13 51 A23 B23 C13

25 A31 B21 C21 52 A31 B11 C21

26 A32 B22 C22 53 A32 B12 C22 27 A33 B23 C23 54 A33 B13 C23



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- Pour the water into the filter with a constant flow of around 5 sec. per 100 ml of

water by avoiding overflowing with a 90° of upper arm then record the duration

of filtration with a stopwatch at the moment the water touches the filter medium

and after the water subsides into the filter.



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IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Presentation of Data

Type of Water

Clean Dirty (contains rust)

Volume of water

Types of

Filter100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml. 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml.

Cloth 10.86 16.23 21.16 11.79 18.41 25.28

11.01 15.61 20.69 12.07 18.02 24.91

9.98 15.90 21.97 11.88 17.96 25.79

31.85 47.74 63.82 35.74 54.39 75.98 309.52

Strainer 6.33 11.92 15.58 6.64 12.73 17.96

5.99 10.63 16.08 7.03 12.85 18.88

6.15 11.10 15.82 6.88 13.09 18.35

18.47 33.65 47.48 20.55 38.67 55.19 214.01

Filter Foam 14.89 20.50 25.67 23.03 38.71 58.79

15.11 21.25 26.98 21.99 34.18 55.93

14.58 21.10 27.38 22.43 37.01 57.90

44.58 62.85 80.03 67.45 109.90 172.62 537.43

94.90 144.24 191.33 123.74 202.96 303.79 1060.96



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Residual Analysis

Type of Water

Clean Dirty (contains rust)

Volume of Water

Types of Filter 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml. 100 ml. 200 ml. 300 ml.

Cloth -6.34 -0.97 3.96 -5.41 1.21 8.08-6.19 -1.59 3.49 -5.13 0.82 7.71-7.22 -1.3 4.77 -5.32 0.76 8.59

Strainer -5.56 0.03 3.69 -5.25 0.84 6.07-5.90 -1.26 4.19 -4.86 0.96 6.99-5.74 -0.79 3.93 -5.01 1.20 6.46

Filter Foam -14.8 -9.19 -4.02 -6.66 9.02 29.1-14.58 -8.44 -2.71 -7.7 4.49 26.24-15.11 -8.59 -2.31 -7.26 7.32 28.21

+/- residuals: 29.1 and -15.11

Dij k =

= -15.11/(¥3.79)

Dij k = -7.76

Dij k =

= 29.1/(¥3.79)

Dij k = 14.95

y Therefore, the result are not normally distributed.



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Computations

SS T = 7569.23

= 3067.88

= 740.89



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= 2126.84

= 767.12

= 303.86

SS BC = 199.50



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= 226.80

SS subtotals (A BC) = 7432.89

= 7569.23 ± 7432.89

SS E = 136.34

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

ANOVA TABLE

Source of Variation SS df MS F

A (Type of Filter) 3067.88 2 1533.94 404.73*significant

B (Type of Water) 740.89 1 740.89 195.49 *significantC (Vol. of Water) 2126.84 2 1063.42 280.49 *significant

AB 767.12 2 383.56 101.2 *significant

AC 303.86 4 75.97 20.04*significant

BC 199.5 2 99.75 26.4 *significant

ABC 226.8 4 56.7 14.96 *significantError 136.34 36 3.79

Total 7569.23 53

F0.05, 1, 36 = 4.116; F0.05, 2, 36 = 3.266; F0.05, 4, 36 = 2.642 FC > Ftable



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Where:

A = Type of Filter

B = Type of Water

C = Volume of Water

AB = Interaction of Type of Filter and Type of Water

AC = Interaction of Type of Filter and Volume of Water

BC = Interaction of Type of Water and Volume of Water

ABC = Interaction of Type of Filter, Type of Water and Volume of Water

Conclusion

Based on the gathered and computed data, the conclusions are the following:

A: The Type of Filter has a significant effect on the filtering processing time

B: The Type of Water has a significant effect on the filtering processing time

C: The Volume of Water has a significant effect on the filtering processing time

AB: The interaction of Type of Filter and Type of Water has significant interaction in the

filtering processing time

AC: The interaction of Type of Filter and Volume of Water has significant interaction in

the filtering processing time

BC: The interaction of Type of Water and Volume of Water has significant interaction in

the filtering processing time

ABC: The interaction of Type of Filter, Type of Water and Volume of Water has

significant interaction in the filtering processing time



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Decision

y Reject all Ho, Accept all H1

Interpretation

y Accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis since the

computed F value is less than the critical F value.

y Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis since the

computed F value is greater than the critical F value.

Post ANOVA (Using LSD)

For Types of Filter

1 = 51.59 (Cloth)

2 = 35.67 (Strainer)

3 = 89.57 (Filter Foam)

1 vs. 2 = 15.92

1 vs. 3 = -37.98

2 vs. 3 = -53.9

LSD = t/2, N-a ¥2MSe/n

= t0.025, 36 ¥2 (3.79)/3

x = 2.0294

LSD = (2.0294)(1.59)

LSD = 3.23



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1 is better than 2

3 is better than 1

3 is better than 2

Decision

Based on the result of the post analysis of variance, the Filter Foam has the

longest filtration processing time, so it is the best filter medium to use.



VII. CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Experimental Conclusion

y The type of water is a factor in the duration of filtering water regarding if the

water is clean or dirty.

y The volume of water is also a factor in the duration of filtering water depending

with the amount of water.

y The duration of filtration is longer with Filter Foam for both clean and dirty water

that shows a good performance in filtering water.

Recommendation

The researchers of the study recommend:

y For some reasons, it is best to use the Filter Foam since it gives a longer duration

of filtration that can assure that the water is filtered well.

y The researchers recommend for other students to have some useful studies or

experimental method that could help us have some improvement to our daily

living.

y Rather than using different types of filter as treatment, other types of liquid

samples can also be regarded for a different kind of study.

y We can also consider the pressure of water from a water source as an alternative

factor.

Documents

The Effect of Types of Medium Filter in the Filtration Processing Time