The effect of prior experience on grammar learning

8/3/2019 The effect of prior experience on grammar learning.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-effect-of-prior-experience-on-grammar-learning 1/17

]fc ceeck} ae zxnax cvzcxnc`kc a`

oxdiidx lcdx`nò

Mna``c Dòcld Ma``cll~

Iamslc Kamc2 Z[^K;;?

_axm Kas`}2 =:;:



4

Dh{}xdk}

Zxcunas{ xc{cdxkf fd{ {faw` }fd} gàwlcmoc ae oxdiidx mczc`m{ sza` nizlnkn}, à} cvzlnkn}

lcdx`nò &Ecxxcnxd % Hakg, 8::5. A`c d{zck} ae nizlnkn} lcdx`nò n{ {}xsk}sxdl zxninò, n`

wfnkf zcazlc xczcd} {c`}c`kc {}xsk}sxc{ }fc~ fduc zxcunas{l~ fcdxm &Ecxxcnxd, 8::;. [lccz

fd{ hcc` eas`m }a haa{} }fc ceeck}{ ae zxcunas{ lcdx`nò &Idtsc}, 8::4. ]fc ksxxc`} {}sm~

dnicm }a s{c }fc {}xsk}sxdl zxninò zfcàicà` &s{nò mashlc ahbck} WMAY d`m zxcza{n}na`dl

ahbck} WZAY md}nuc{. }a }c{} ne dmsl}{‑ gàwlcmoc kaslm hc kfdòcm h~ id`nzsld}nò }fcnx

cvzcxnc`kc ae }fc ldòsdoc D {cka`m dni wd{ }a {cc ne }fn{ ceeck} wd{ {}xaòcx de}cx d `nof}

ae {lccz N} wd{ f~za}fc{n{cm }fd}2 4. ]fc `sihcx ae ZA d`m MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm h~ dmsl}{

n` d {c`}c`kc kaizlc}na` }d{g waslm hc nèlsc`kcm h~ }fc xcld}nuc `sihcx ae ZA d`m MA

md}nuc{ xckc`}l~ cvzcxnc`kcm 8. ]fc ceeck} waslm hc ldxocx wfc` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò d`m }c{}

zfd{c{ wcxc {czdxd}cm h~ d `nof}‑{ {lccz 3; zdx}nknzd`}{ exai d {}smc`} zazsld}na` kaizlc}cm

d {c`}c`kc kaizlc}na` }d{g, n` d zxakcmsxc {ninldx }a }fd} s{cm h~ Gd{kfdg, La`c~ %

Haxxcoon`c &8::5. ]fa{c n` }fc MA hnd{cm oxasz wcxc cvza{cm }a d {c`}c`kc ln{} ka`}dn`nò

?3# MA md}nuc{, d`m 83# ZA ]fa{c n` }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz wcxc cvza{cm }a ?3# ZA

md}nuc{, d`m 83# MA ]fc~ }fc` fdm }a kaizlc}c 6 à`)hnd{cm {c`}c`kc {}ci{ n` d zxc){lccz

zfd{c d`m 6 {ninldx {}ci{ n` d za{}){lccz zfd{c ]fc en`mnò{ ae }fc {}sm~ wcxc }fd}

f~za}fc{n{ 4 wd{ dkkcz}cm7 lcdx`nò wd{ nèlsc`kcm h~ }fc zxazax}na` ae MA ax ZA md}nuc{

cvzcxnc`kcm F~za}fc{n{ 8 wd{ xcbck}cm7 {lccz mnm à} n`kxcd{c }fc ceeck} N} wd{ ka`klsmcm

}fd} }fn{ {}sm~ a`l~ zdx}ndll~ {szzax}{ }fc nizlnkn} }fcax~ ae oxdiid}nkdl lcdx`nò

N`}xamsk}na`

Zcazlc oc`cxdll~ xczcd} {c`}c`kc{ {ninldx }a }fa{c }fc~ fduc zxcunas{l~ fcdxm ax fduc {dnm

}fci{cluc{ &Ecxxcnxd % Hakg, 8::57 ke Ecxxcnxd, 8::;. ]fn{ zxninò zfcàicà` n{ à}



8

{zcknenk }a d`~ zdx}nksldx {}xsk}sxc7 n} deeck}{ {}xsk}sxc{ d{ mnucx{c d{ s{c ae }xd`{n}nuc{!md}nuc{

d`m n`kls{na` ae }fc az}na`dl kaizlcic`}n{cx ‐}fd}‑ &Ecxxcnxd, 8::;. Eax }fc zsxza{c ae }fn{

{}sm~, }fc eaks{ n{ a` zxninò ae md}nuc {c`}c`kc{, wfnkf dxc {c`}c`kc{ s{cm }a n`mnkd}c }fc

n`mnxck} ahbck} ae d ucxh ]fc eaks{ {fdll hc a` zxninò ae mashlc ahbck} &MA. md}nuc{ d{

kaizdxcm }a zxcza{n}na`dl ahbck} &ZA. md}nuc{ Eax cvdizlc, ne d zdx}nknzd`} n{ {faw` d MA

{}xsk}sxcm {c`}c`kc {skf d{ “Lccd``c oduc fcx {n{}cx d idodrn`c’, }fc~ dxc iaxc lngcl~ }a s{c

}fc {dic {}xsk}sxc a` d }dxoc} {c`}c`kc }fd` d ZA {}xsk}sxc {skf d{ “Lccd``c oduc d idodrn`c

}a fcx {n{}cx’ &{cc Gd{kfdg, La`c~ % Haxxcoon`c, 8::5 , z 64, d`m }fc Ic}fam{ {ck}na` hclaw

eax esx}fcx cvdizlc{.

Kfdò, Mcll, Hakg d`m Oxneen` &8:::. dxosc }fd} {}xsk}sxdl zxninò dnm{ s{ n` kxcd}nò }fc

{~`}dk}nk {}xsk}sxc{ wfnkf wc s}}cx7n} n{ d {~`}dk}nk zxakc{{ ]fn{ icd`{ n} idz{ “}fc clcic`}{

ae ic{{doc{ n`}a lnòsn{}nkdll~ kamcm {}xsk}sxc{ d`m {ctsc`kc{’ &Kfdò, Mcll, Hakg %

Oxneen`, 8:::, z 846. N` {szzax} ae }fn{ zxcin{c, Hakg &4>65. {fawcm }fd} {~`}dk}nk zxninò

kd` cuc` akksx wfc` }fc zxnic d`m }dxoc} {c`}c`kc{ {fdxc à azc`)kld{{ waxm{, d`m wfc`

{c`}c`kc{ {fdxc d {ninldx {~`}dv hs} mn{{ninldx {cid`}nk ic{{doc Kaùcx{cl~, zxninò mac{

à} akksx wfc` {c`}c`kc{ fduc mn{{ninldx {~`}dv hs} {ninldx zxa{am~ ax {sxedkc dzzcdxd`kc

cuc` ne }fc es`k}na` waxm{ n` }fc zxnic dxc }fc {dic &Hakg % Lachcll, 4>>:. Mc{zn}c }fn{, n}

mac{ dzzcdx }fd} zxninò n{ haa{}cm wfc` }fc }dxoc} {c`}c`kc xczcd}{ ka`}c`} waxm{ exai }fc

zxnic, c{zckndll~ wfc` }fn{ {fdxcm waxm n{ d idn` ucxh &Znkgcxnò % Hxd`nod`, 4>>6. N} dl{a

akksx{ wfc` }fc ka`}c`} waxm{ ae zxnic d`m }dxoc} dxc xcld}cm n` icd`nò &Klcld`m %

Znkgcxnò, 8::;. Kfdò c} dl &8:::. kxcd}cm d kaizs}cx iamcl kdzdhlc ae zxninò kcx}dn`

{c`}c`kc {}xsk}sxc{7n} wd{ eas`m }fd} zxninò wd{ à} xclnd`} a` ‐lcvnkdl‑ ka``ck}na`{ Hakg,

Lachcll d`m Iaxc~ &4>>8. dxosc }fd} xczc}n}na` ae {~`}dk}nk {}xsk}sxc{ azcxd}c{ dhauc d`~



;

‐{cid`}nk )d{{noìc`}‑ zxninò ceeck}{ Fawcucx, n` }fc Znkgcxnò d`m Hxd`nod` &4>>6. {}sm~

}fc lcucl ae zxninò wd{ à} haa{}cm h~ {skf edk}ax{ wfc` `cs}xdl }xndl{ wcxc n`}xamskcm

[szzax} eax }fc cvn{}c`kc ae {}xsk}sxdl zxninò ceeck}{ dkxa{{ }xndl{ kaic{ exai d {}sm~ h~

Fdx}{sngcx d`m _c{}c`hcxo &8:::. ]fc~ ka`klsmcm }fd} xczcd}cm zxamsk}na` ae zdx}nksldx

ka`{}xsk}na`{ &{skf d{ md}nuc{. n`kxcd{cm }fc lngclnfaam }fd} {skf ka`{}xsk}na`{ waslm hc

xczcd}cm ld}cx a` n` }fc cvzcxnic`} Esx}fcxiaxc, Hakg % Gxakf &4>6>, kn}cm n` Gd{kfdg,

La`c~ % Haxxcoon`c, 8::5. eas`m }fd} de}cx zxamsknò {cucxdl cvdizlc{ ae a`c ka`{}xsk}na`

&c o d MA {}xsk}sxc., zxninò a` d kaizc}nò ka`{}xsk}na` &{skf d{ d ZA {}xsk}sxc. wd{

mnin`n{fcm Gd{kfdg, La`c~ d`m Haxxc oon`c‑{ &8::5. idn` en`mnò n` }fcnx {}sm~ ae ZA u{

MA {}xsk}sxc{ wd{ }fd} {}xcò}f ae zxninò wd{ mczc`mc`} sza` }fc xcld}nuc `sihcx ae }nic{

}fd} cdkf {}xsk}sxc fdm hcc` zxamskcm msxnò }fc zxninò zfd{c n` }fc {}sm~ N` ka`kaxmd`kc

wn}f }fc dhauc xc{sl}{, Hakg % Lachcll &4>>:. eas`m }fd} wfc` zd{{nuc &d{ azza{cm }a dk}nuc.

{}xsk}sxc{ wcxc s{cm }fc ia{} msxnò d` cvzcxnic`}, }fc~ wcxc zxamskcm iaxc elsc`}l~ n` }fc

}c{} zfd{c &mc{zn}c }fc edk} }fd} n` Còln{f, dk}nuc {}xsk}sxc{ dxc ia{} exctsc`}l~ s{cm.

Fawcucx n} wd{ dl{a eas`m }fd} }fn{ elsc`k~ wd{ a`l~ zxc{c`} n` }fc {fax})}cxi, wfcxcd{

zxninò fd{ hcc` eas`m }a hc d laòcx)}cxi zxakc{{ &_fcclma` % [in}f, 8::;, kn}cm n`

Ecxxcnxd % Hakg, 8::5. N` {szzax} ae }fc dxosic`} }fd} zxninò n{ d laòcx)}cxi zxakc{{,

Ha~ld`m % D`mcx{a` &4>>8, kn}cm n` Kfdò c} dl , 8:::. eas`m zxninò {}nll akksxxcm wfc`

}dxoc}{ wcxc zxc{c`}cm 8: in`s}c{ de}cx zxnic {c`}c`kc{

Kfdò c} dl.„{ &8:::. kaizs}cx iamcl kxcd}cm d zxninò ceeck} eax md}nuc{ d`m }xd`{n}nuc{ }fd}

ka`}n`scm aucx }c` {ctsc`kc{ [dudoc, Lncuc`, ]fcdg{}a`, d`m ]aid{clla &8::5. mn{kaucxcm

}fd} =)~cdx)alm{ mcia`{}xd}c zxninò ceeck}{ eax sz }a ia`}f, wfnkf {sooc{}{ }fd} kfdòc{ n`

oxdiid}nkdl lcdx`nò kd` ld{} eax d` cv}c`mcm zcxnam ae }nic



=

N} n{ dxoscm }fd} }fn{ zxakc{{ h~ wfnkf wc ka`{}xsk} {c`}c`kc {}xsk}sxc{ n{ {fdzcm h~

cvzcxnc`kc wn}fn` }fc zxamsk}na` {~{}ci ]fn{ icd`{ }fd} }fc {~{}ci lcdx`{ aucx }nic

&Kfdò, Mcll, Hakg % Oxneen`, 8:::. Hakg d`m Oxneen` &8:::. za{}sld}c }fd} zxninò kaslm

xczxc{c`} d {fax})}cxi xcelck}na` ae laòcx)}cxi dmdz}d}na`{ wn}fn` }fc lcdx`nò {~{}ci ]fc~

ka`msk}cm d` cvzcxnic`} n` wfnkf zdx}nknzd`}{ wcxc onuc` zxninò {c`}c`kc{ d`m }fc` d{gcm

}a mc{kxnhc d znk}sxc ]fc `sihcx ae `cs}xdl {c`}c`kc{ hc}wcc` zxnic d`m }dxoc} udxncm

hc}wcc` : d`m 4: ]fc~ eas`m }fd} zxninò waxgcm bs{} d{ wcll eallawnò 4: `cs}xdl

{c`}c`kc{ d{ n} mnm : Fawcucx, a}fcx xc{cdxkf, {skf d{ Lcucl} d`m Gcl}cx &4>68. fd{ eas`m

}fd} zxninò ceeck}{ kd` mn{dzzcdx de}cx a`l~ a`c `cs}xdl {c`}c`kc, icd`nò n} kd` dl{a hc d

{fax})}cxi ceeck} D {ninldx xc{sl} wd{ {cc` n` d wxn}}c` zxamsk}na` {}sm~ h~ Hxd`nod`,

Znkgcxnò d`m Klcld`m &4>>>7 {cc dl{a, _fcclma` % [in}f, 8::;., wfa eas`m }fd} }fc

zxninò ceeck} wd{ wcdgc`cm h~ a`c `cs}xdl {c`}c`kc hc}wcc` }dxoc}{

[a, wfnlc n} n{ klcdx exai }fc cunmc`kc dhauc }fd} zxninò n{ d eaxi ae lcdx`nò, }fcxc n{ iskf

mchd}c aucx }fc }~zc ae lcdx`nò }fc {~{}ci cizla~{7 n` xcld}na` }a }fc mneecxc`}ndl }nic

kasx{c{ zxninò kd` }dgc d`m n` zdx}nksldx wfc}fcx n} n{ nizlnkn} ax cvzlnkn} Ecxxcnxd d`m Hakg

&8::5, z ;. mcen`c nizlnkn} lcdx`nò d{ “n`knmc`}dl }s`nò ax dm bs{}ic`} ae }fc }c`mc`knc{ ae d

zxakc{{nò {~{}ci d{ d es`k}na` ae cvzcxnc`kc’ N} nùaluc{ lcdx`nò kaizlcv, dh{}xdk}

xcld}na`{, wfnkf kxcd}c{ gàwlcmoc }fd} mac{ ̀ a} oc} dkkc{{cm ka`{knas{l~ &[cocx, 4>>=.

D` cvdizlc ae nizlnkn} lcdx`nò s`mcx d` cvzcxnic`}dl ka`mn}na` n{ }fc {}ci kaizlc}na` }d{g

Zdx}nknzd`}{ dxc zxnicm wn}f d waxm &c oKfcc{c ., d`m ld}cx onuc` }fc enx{} ecw lc}}cx{ d`m





5

N} n{ kaiia`l~ }fasof} }fd} {lccz fclz{ }a ka`{alnmd}c exdonlc {fax})}cxi iciax~ }xdkc{ n`}a

laò)}cxi iciax~ &Idtsc}, 8::4. Msid~ d`m Od{gcll &8::?. dxosc }fd} lcvnkdln{d}na`

&n`}coxd}na` ae xckc`}l~ lcdx`cm waxm{ n`}a laò)}cxi lcvnkdl iciax~. akksx{ msxnò {lccz

]fc~ xckxsn}cm 5= {shbck}{, wfa wcxc }c{}cm &a` cvzlnkn} iciax~ d`m lcvnkdl dk}nun}~.

niicmnd}cl~ eallawnò cvza{sxc }a waxm{, }fc` d} 6zi d`m 6di &eallawnò {lccz. Cunmc`kc

ae lcvnkdln{d}na` wd{ a`l~ ka`{n{}c`}l~ {faw` eallawnò d `nof}‑{ {lccz N} laonkdll~ eallaw{

}fd} ne waxm{ kd` hc nizlnkn}l~ n`}coxd}cm n`}a iciax~ msxnò {lccz, }fc` {a }aa kd`

{~`}dk}nkdl {}xsk}sxc{

]fcxc dxc {cucxdl za{{nhlc xalc{ ae {lccz n` iciax~ ka`{alnmd}na` N} kaslm hc msc }a ldkg ae

n`}cxecxc`kc msxnò {lccz Ax }fd} {lccz zxaunmc{ {zcknenk `csxdl ka`mn}na`{ xctsnxcm eax

Idtsc}, 8::4. eas`m }fd} lcdx`nò n{ a`l~ nizdnxcm wfc` XCI n{ mczxnucm Ga`n`kg %

Zxîua{} &4>>4, kn}cm n` Idtsc}, 8::4. eas`m }fd} {lccz n{ mneecxc`} eallawnò }xdn`nò wfc`

kaizdxcm }a ka`}xal{, d{ de}cx }xdn`nò XCI n{ n`kxcd{cm Idtsc}, Ldsxc~{, Zcno`csv, Eskf{,

Zc}nds c} dl &8:::, kn}cm n` Idtsc}, 8::4. ka`msk}cm ZC] {kd`{ msxnò {lccz d`m eas`m }fd}

}fa{c dxcd{ dk}nud}cm msxnò d }d{g dxc dl{a dk}nud}cm msxnò XCI {lccz eallawnò }fc }d{g

]fc~ dl{a eas`m }fd} eallawnò {lccz, zcxeaxid`kc a` }fc }d{g wd{ nizxaucm Fawcucx, {skf

`csxdl zd}}cx`{ dxc à} cvkls{nuc }a d {lccznò {}d}c &Idtsc}, 8::4.

]fc ksxxc`} xc{cdxkf dni{ }a ka`{alnmd}c }fc }fxcc {}xcdi{ ae xc{cdxkf à}cm dhauc d`m

s`kaucx }fc {}xcò}f d`m mnxck}na` ae }fc xcld}na`{fnz hc}wcc` nizlnkn} lcdx`nò, zxninò d`m

{lccz Esx}fcxiaxc, }fc ksxxc`} {}sm~ n{ `ckc{{dx~ hckds{c }fcxc n{ d mcdx}f ae ciznxnkdl

xc{cdxkf {fawnò }fd} asx dk}sdl, cucx~md~ gàwlcmoc ae oxdiidx n{ deeck}cm h~ nizlnkn}

{}d}n{}nkdl lcdx`nò ]fcxceaxc, }fc ic}fam cizla~cm n` }fn{ {}sm~ }a kfdòc zdx}nknzd`}{‑



?

cvzcxnc`kc ae }fc ldòsdoc {faslm dl{a kfdòc }fcnx zxamsk}na` ae }fc ldòsdoc &msc }a

iamnenkd}na`{ n` }fc s`mcxl~nò oxdiid}nkdl xczxc{c`}d}na` ae }fc hxdn`. En`dll~, wfnl{} }fcxc

n{ iskf cunmc`kc eax {lccz dnmnò iciax~, }fcxc n{ ln}}lc wfnkf laag{ d} iciax~ eax {}d}n{}nkdl

xcosldxn}nc{

]fs{, }fcxc wcxc }wa dni{ ae }fc zxc{c`} {}sm~ ]fc enx{} wd { }a }c{} ne dmsl}‑{gàwlcmoc d`m

s{c ae oxdiidx kaslm hc kfdòcm eallawnò id`nzsld}na` ae }fcnx cvzcxnc`kc ae }fc ldòsdoc

&d{ f~za}fc{n{cm h~ }fc nizlnkn} lcdx`nò }fcax~ ae oxdiidx. ]fc {cka`m dni wd{ }a

nùc{}nod}c wfc}fcx d `nof}‑{ {lccz kds{c{ }fc ceeck} ae zxnax cvzcxnc`kc }a hc {}xaòcx ]fc{c

dni{ lcm }a }wa f~za}fc{c{ F~za}fc{n{ 4 {}d}cm }fd} }fc `sihcx ae ZA d`m MA md}nuc{

zxamskcm h~ dmsl}{ n` d {c`}c`kc kaizlc}na` }d{g &d} }c{}. waslm hc nèlsc`kcm h~ }fc xcld}nuc

`sihcx ae ZA d`m MA md}nuc{ xckc`}l~ cvzcxnc`kcm &msxnò }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c.

F~za}fc{n{ 8 wd{ }fd} }fc ceeck} ae xckc`} cvzcxnc`kc waslm hc ldxocx wfc` }fc hnd{cm

lcdx`nò d`m }c{} zfd{c{ dxc {czdxd}cm h~ d `nof}‑{ {lccz

Ic}fam

Zdx}nknzd`}{

3; zdx}nknzd`}{ wcxc xckxsn}cm s{nò azzax}s`n}~ {dizlnò ]fc kafax} ka`{n{}cm ae }fnxm ~cdx

z{~kfalao~ s`mcxoxdmsd}c{ wn}f d` dzzxavnid}c doc xdòc ae 8:)83

Mc{no`

]fc f~za}fc{c{ zxc{c`}cm dhauc zxamskcm }wa n`mczc`mc`} udxndhlc{ ]fc enx{} &NU4., wfnkf

wd{ hc}wcc`){shbck}{ d`m ka`{n{}cm ae }wa lcucl{, wd{ hnd{cm lcdx`nò oxasz ]fc {cka`m

n`mczc`mc }̀ udxndhlc &NU8., wd{ wn}fn`){shbck}{ d`m dl{a ka`{n{}cm ae }wa lcucl{2



6

zdx}nknzd}na` n` }fc zxc){lccz }c{} zfd{c, d`m }fc za{}){lccz }c{} zfd{c ]fc mczc`mc`} udxndhlc

n` }fn{ {}sm~ wd{ zxazax}na` ae md}nuc{ zxamskcm }fd} wcxc MA md}nuc{ D{ }fc {}sm~ n{ d

invcm mc{no` &d{ n} n`klsmc{ ha}f hc}wcc`){shbck}{ d`m wn}fn`){shbck}{ udxndhlc{. }fc

{}d}n{}nkdl }c{} s{cm wd{ d 8v8 invcm mc{no` D@AUD

[}nisln

]fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c ka`{n{}cm ae 4= md}nuc{ d`m 45 enllcx{ Enllcx{ wcxc dll {nizlc

{c`}c`kc{, wfnkf wcxc mc{no`cm }a xc{n{} kaizlc}na` wn}f d md}nuc ]fa{c n` }fc MA oxasz

wcxc cvza{cm }a d {c`}c`kc ln{} ka`}dn`nò ?3# MA md}nuc{, d`m 83# ZA ]fa{c n` }fc ZA

oxasz wcxc cvza{cm }a ?3# ZA md}nuc{, d`m 83# MA Zxc){lccz d`m za{}){lccz zfd{c{

ka`{n{}cm ae 6 }c{} {c`}c`kc{ d`m 6 enllcx{, wfnkf, dl}fasof {cid`}nkdll~ mneecxc`}, {fdxcm }fc

{dic {}xsk}sxc dkxa{{ zfd{c{

Zxakcmsxc

Zdx}nknzd`}{ wcxc nèaxicm ae }fcnx xnof} }a wn}fmxdw d`m d{{sxcm }fd} }fcnx md}d waslm hc

kaènmc`}ndl d`m dà`~ias{ &{cc Dzzc`mnv. [shbck}{ wcxc d{gcm }a zdx}nknzd}c n` d {c`}c`kc

kaizlc}na` }d{g {ninldx }a }fc zxakcmsxc kdxxncm as} h~ Gd{kfdg, La`c~ % Haxxcoon`c

&8::5. 8> zdx}nknzd`}{ wcxc d{{no`cm und azzax}s`n}~ {dizlnò }a }fc MA md}nuc hnd{cm

lcdx`nò ka`mn}na` [ninldxl~, 8= zdx}nknzd`}{ wcxc d{{no`cm }a }fc ZA md}nuc hnd{cm lcdx`nò

ka`mn}na` ]fc enx{} }c{} {c{{na` n`kaxzaxd}cm ha}f }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò }c{} zfd{c d`m }fc zxc){lccz }c{} zfd{c N` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c, 4= }dxoc} {c`}c`kc {}ci{ wcxc kaizlc}cm

]fc{c wcxc cn}fcx hnd{cm }awdxm{ MA &c o‐]fc kdz}dn` n{{scm }fc alm {dnlax }fc‥‑ . ax ZA

&c o ‐D oaucxìc`} dwdxmcm }fc oxd`} ia`c~ }a ‥‑. md}nuc kaizlc}na` &{cc Dzzc`mnv. ]fc

md}nuc{ wcxc {czdxd}cm h~ enllcx{ ]fc{c wcxc s{cm }a duanm zdx}nknzd`}{ xckao`n{nò }fc dni

ae }fc {}sm~ d`m kaèaxinò }a }fc mcid`m kfdxdk}cxn{}nk{ n`fcxc`} n` }fc {}sm~ ]fc }c{} }aag

dzzxavnid}cl~ 8: in`s}c{ }a kaizlc}c N` }fc zxc){lccz }c{} zfd{c, 6 {c`}c`kc {}ci{ wcxc



>

kaizlc}cm ]fc{c {c`}c`kc{ fdm à hnd{, d`m wcxc eallawcm }fc {}xsk}sxc2 {shbck})ucxh &eax

cvdizlc, ‐}fc lnhxdxnd` }alm ‑. ]fc {cka`m }c{} {c{{na` ka`{n{}cm ae }fc za{}){lccz }c{} zfd{c

]fn{ wd{ kaizlc}cm iaxc }fd` 8= fasx{ ld}cx, {a }fd} }fc enx{} }c{} {c{{na` &n c }fc hnd{cm

lcdx`nò zfd{c d`m zxc) {lccz }c{} zfd{c. wd{ eallawcm h~ d `nof}‑{ {lccz ]fn{ zfd{c dl{a

ka`{n{}cm ae 6 {c`}c`kc {}ci{, n` d` nmc`}nkdl id``cx }a }fc zxc){lccz }c{} zfd{c

Kamnò

Xc{za`{c{ wcxc kamcm d{ a`c ae }fxcc {}xsk}sxc }~zc{2 4. ZA md}nuc, wfnkf eallaw }fc

{}xsk}sxc2 ZCX[A@ ucxh AHBCK] }a ZCX[A@ 8. MA md}nuc, wfnkf eallaw }fc {}xsk}sxc

ZCX[A@ ucxh ZCX[A@ AHBCK] . ;. A}fcx, wfnkf xcecx{ }a d`~}fnò }fd} n{ à} kld{{nencm d{

d md}nuc Eax cvdizlc, }xd`{n}nuc{ {skf d{ “}fc mnucx {alm mxso{’ ax nmnai{ {skf d{ “}fc

àucln{ } }fxcw kds}na` }a }fc wn`m’ &{cc Dzzc`mnv.

Xc{sl}{

N` axmcx }a }c{} }fc f~za}fc{c{ {}d}cm dhauc, }fc `sihcx ae MA md}nuc{ wd{ mnunmcm h~ }fc

aucxdll `sihcx ae md}nuc{, n` axmcx }a {faw }fc zxazax}na` ae MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm &}fc

mczc`mc }̀ udxndhlc. Exai }fn{ zxazax}na` n} n{ za{{nhlc }a dl{a {cc faw id`~ ZA md}nuc{

wcxc z xamskcm A}fcx {}xsk}sxc{ &{cc }fc ‐Kamnò‑ {ck}na` dhauc. wcxc à} n`klsmcm n` }fc

d`dl~{n{ d{ }fc~ dxc à} n`kaxzaxd}cm n` }fc f~za}fc{c{ ]dhlc 4 {faw{ }fc icd` zxazax}na`{

ae MA{ zxamskcm n` cdkf ka`mn}na` ]fn{ {faw{ }fd} }fc MA hnd{cm oxasz zxamskcm iaxc MA

md}nuc{ &I 9 : ?=, [M 9 : :3. }fd` }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz &I 9 : 3=, [M 9 : :?. n` }fc hnd{cm

lcdx`nò!zxc){lccz zfd{c ]fc{c enosxc{ kfdòcm ka`{nmcxdhl~ n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c ]fc

`sihcx ae MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm h~ }fc MA hnd{cm oxasz mckxcd{cm &I 9 : 55, [M 9 : :3. N`



4:

ka`}xd{}, }fc `sihcx ae MA md}nuc{ }fd} wcxc zxamskcm h~ }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz n`kxcd{cm n`

}fc za{}){lccz zfd{c &I 9 : 5>, [M 9 : :5.

]dhlc 42 Icd` &[M. zxazax}na` ae MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm h~ hnd{cm lcdx`nò oxasz{ n`}fc zxc) d`m za{}){lccz zfd{c{

Zxc){lccz zfd{c Za{}){lccz zfd{c

MA hnd{cm oxasz : ?= &: :3. : 55 &: :3.ZA hnd{cm oxasz : 3= &: :?. : 5> &: :5.

]fc icd` n`}cxdk}na` zla} n` Enosxc 4 {faw{ }fd} }fcxc n{ d klcdx n`}cxdk}na` hc}wcc` hnd{cm

lcdx`nò oxasz d`m {lccz zfd{c ]fn{ {faw{ }fd} }fc icd` `sihcx ae MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm h~

}fc MA d`m ZA hnd{cm oxasz{ n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c kaùcxocm }awdxm{ d {ninldx icd` &: 55

W: :3Y d`m : 5> W: :5Y xc{zck}nucl~.

Enosxc 42 Icd` n`}cxdk}na` zla} {fawnò }fc n`}cxdk}na` hc}wcc` hnd{cm lcdx`nò oxaszd`m {lccz zfd{c

D{ NU4 d`m NU8 ha}f ka`{n{}cm ae }wa lcucl{, d 8v8 invcm mc{no` D@AUD wd{ s{cm }a

d`dl~{c }fc md}d eax d`~ idn` ceeck}{ D{ }fc md}d wcxc à} àxidll~ mn{}xnhs}cm, d` ciznxnkdl

: =

: =3

: 3

: 33

: 5

: 53

: ?

: ?3

: 6

Zxc){lccz Za{}){lccz

I c d ` z x a z a x } n a ` a e M

A m d } n u c { z x a m s k c m

[lccz Zfd{c

MA Hnd{cm

ZA Hnd{cm



44

laonk }xd`{eaxid}na` wd{ kdxxncm as} n` axmcx }a àxidln{c }fc md}d eax d`dl~{n{ ]fcxc wd{ à

{no`nenkd`} idn` ceeck} eax oxasz &E &4, 34. 9 8 :6, Z 9 : 45. @a {no`nenkd`} idn` ceeck} wd{

eas`m eax {lccz zfd{c & E &4, 34. 9 : ?=, Z 9 : =. D {no`nenkd`} n`}cxdk}na` hc}wcc` {lccz

zfd{c d`m oxasz wd{ eas`m & E &4, 34. 9 = 84, Z 9 : :3. D`dl~{n{ ae zdx}ndl C}d {tsdxcm &: 6.

{faw{ d iamcxd}c }a ldxoc ceeck} {nrc D{ d {no`nenkd`} n`}cxdk}na` ceeck} wd{ eas`m, }wa a`c)

wd~ D@AUD{ wcxc ka`msk}cm N} wd{ eas`m }fd} hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c fdm d {no`nenkd`}

ceeck} n` }fc zxc){lccz zfd{c & E &4, 34. 9 3 66, Z 9 : :8., hs} à} n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c & E &4,

34. 9 : :5, Z 9 : 64.

Mn{ks{{na`

]fc dhauc xc{sl}{ {faw }fd} F~za}fc{n{ 4 wd{ {szzax}cm d{ MA zxamsk}na` wd{ nèlsc`kcm h~

}fc xcld}nuc `sihcx ae MA d`m ZA md}nuc{ cvza{cm }a n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c ]fc

enosxc{ n` }fc zxc){lccz zfd{c wcxc d{ zxcmnk}cm, wn}f }fc MA hnd{cm oxasz zxamsknò iaxc

MA md}nuc{ }fd` }fa{c n` }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz ]fn{ {szzax}{ }fc zxcin{c }fd} zxnax cvzcxnc`kc

kfdòc{ asx oxdiid}nkdl gàwlcmoc Fawcucx, mc{zn}c }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz hcnò cvza{cm }a

?3# ZA md}nuc{ n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c, }fc zxazax}na` ae md}nuc{ }fc~ zxamskcm wd{

{}nll hnd{cm }awdxm{ MA md}nuc{ &3=# n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c. _fnl{} }fn{ n{ a`l~ d

idxon`dl hnd{, n} id~ n`mnkd}c }fd} n` cucx~md~ ka`}cv}{ wc dxc iaxc zxa`c }a s{nò MA

md}nuc{ A` }fc a}fcx fd`m, F~za}fc{n{ 8 wd{ xcbck}cm ]fc ceeck} ae xckc`} {lccz wd{ a`l~

ldxocx n` }fc ZA hnd{cm oxasz Dmmn}na`dll~, }fc n`kxcd{c n` MA zxamsk}na` h~ }fc ZA hnd{cm

oxasz n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c wd{ s`cvzck}cm ]fc edk} }fd} }fc zxazax}na` ae MA md}nuc{

zxamskcm n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c hckdic iaxc {ninldx dkxa{{ }fc }wa oxasz{ wd{ dl{a

s`cvzck}cm d{ F~za}fc{n{ 8 zxcmnk}cm }fd} }fc mneecxc`kc n` MA md}nuc{ zxamskcm {faslm fduc

hckaic oxcd}cx n` }fc za{}){lccz zfd{c ]fn{ kaùcxoc`kc ae }fc zxazax}na` ae md}nuc{ id~

dl{a hc kaècxxcm d{ xc}sx` }a hd{cln`c lcucl{ ae MA md}nuc s{c Fawcucx, }fn{ n{ a`l~ d



48

{zcksld}ax~ cvzld`d}na` d{ d ka`}xal icd{s xc wd{ à} }dgc` n` axmcx }a c{}dhln{f zdx}nknzd`}{‑

hd{cln`c lcucl{ ae md}nuc s{c

]fc xc{sl}{ ae }fc zxc{c`} {}sm~ dxc {ninldx }a }fa{c n` {}xsk}sxdl zxninò {}smnc{ }fd} a`l~ }c{}

d} }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c, {skf d{ Hakg &4>65. d`m Fdx}{sngcx d`m _c{}c`hcxo &8:::., d{

{~`}dk}nk zxninò mnm akksx &d{ zxnic{ d`m }dxoc}{ wcxc {~`}dk}nkdll~ à} {cid`}nkdll~

{ninldx. n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c ]fc{c en`mnò{ dl{a zxaunmc {szzax} eax }fc xc{cdxkf h~

Gd{kfdg, La`c~ % Haxxcoon`c &8::5., d`m Hakg d`m Gxakf &4>6>, kn}cm n` Gd{kfdg, La`c~

% Haxxcoon`c, 8::5. d{ cvza{sxc }a cn}fcx }~zc ae md}nuc ka`{}xsk}na` lcm }a mnin`n{fcm

zxamsk}na` ae }fc ka`}xd{}nò ka`{}xsk}na` n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c D{ }fc }c{} }aag

dzzxavnid}cl~ 8: in`s}c{ }a kaizlc}c d`m enllcx {c`}c`kc{ wcxc s{cm, }fc {}sm~ dl{a zxaunmc{

{szzax} eax }fc xc{cdxkf h~ Ha~ld`m % D`mcx{a` &4>>8, kn}cm n` Kfdò c} dl , 8:::., d`m

Kfdò c} dl.„{ &8:::. kaizs}cx iamcl ae zxninò

Fawcucx }fc zxc{c`} {}sm~ a`l~ zdx}ndll~ {szzax}{ {}smnc{ wfnkf fduc {faw` zxninò }a

ka`}n`sc eax laòcx zcxnam{ ae }nic, {skf d{ }fd} h~ [dudoc, Lncuc`, ]fcdg{}a`, d`m

]aid{clla &8::5. wfa eas`m zxninò ceeck}{ sz }a d ia`}f ld}cx n` = ~cdx alm{ A` }fc hd{n{

ae }fc dhauc xc{sl}{, n` wfnkf zxninò ceeck}{ dkxa{{ }fc }wa oxasz{ mneecxcm oxcd}l~ de}cx a`ca`l~ `nof} ae {lccz, n} dzzcdx{ s`lngcl~ }fd} zxninò waslm ld{} {a laò ]fc ksxxc`} {}sm~

dzzcdx{ }a xcelck} }fc ldkg ae ka`{c`{s{ n` }fc ln}cxd}sxc xcodxmnò faw laò zxninò ld{}{,

c{zckndll~ wn}f }fc n`kls{na` ae `cs}xdl &ax enllcx. {c`}c`kc{ &{cc {}smnc{ h~ Lcucl} d`m Gcl}cx,

4>68 d`m Hakg d`m Oxneen`, 8:::, eax ka`}xd{}nò xc{sl}{. ]fcxceaxc }fc xc{sl}{ ma à} {n} wcll

wn}f }fc wcll)c{}dhln{fcm d{{cx}na` }fd} {}xsk}sxdl zxninò n{ d eaxi ae laò)}cxi nizlnkn}

lcdx`nò &d{ zxaza{cm h~ Gnmm Wn` {shin{{na`Y d`m Hd``dxm, Lncuc` % ]aid{clla, 8::>.



4;

]fn{ kaslm hc xcld}cm }a }fc en`mnò h~ Xawld`m &8::?. }fd} exctsc`k~ ae n`zs} n{ nizax}d`}

N} n{ za{{nhlc }fd} }fn{ {}sm~ mnm à} n`klsmc càsof md}nuc{ }a kxcd}c d laò)ld{}nò ceeck},

wfnkf n{ wf~ {}xsk}sxdl zxninò wd{ a`l~ {no`nenkd`} d} }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c d`m à}

eallawnò {lccz N` }fc {fax})}cxi }fn{ {}sm~ mac{ {szzax} }fc zxn`knzlc ae oxdiid}nkdl

lcdx`nò hcnò nizlnkn} d{ zdx}nknzd`}{ {fawcm d {}xsk}sxdl zxninò ceeck} wfnl{} }fc~ wcxc

a`l~ }alm }a kaizlc}c {c`}c`kc{ d`m à} cvzlnkn}l~ d{gcm }a eaks{ a` {c`}c`kc {}xsk}sxc ]fn{

}fcxceaxc {sh{}d`}nd}c{ xc{cdxkf h~ Ecxxcnxd, Hakg, _nl{a`, d`m Kafc` &8::3, kn}cm n` Ecxxcnxd

% Hakg, 8::5. n`}a nizlnkn} oxdiid}nkdl lcdx`nò n` zd}nc`}{ wn}f d`}cxaoxdmc di`c{nd, wfa

zcxeaxicm zaaxl~ a` cvzlnkn} iciax~ eax {~`}dv hs} {fawcm àxidl lcucl{ ae zxninò

En`dll~, n` xcld}na` }a xclcud`} ln}cxd}sxc, }fn{ {}sm~ zxaunmc{ d kfdllcòc }a }fc idbaxn}~ ae

xc{cdxkf wfnkf {}d}c{ }fd} {lccz fclz{ }a ka`{alnmd}c lcdx`nò, n` zdx}nksldx Idtsc}‑{ &8::4.

{}sm~ ]fn{ n{ }fc kd{c hckds{c {lccz wd{ à} eas`m }a n`kxcd{c }fc ceeck} ae xckc`} cvzcxnc`kc

&n c nizlnkn} lcdx`nò ae {}xsk}sxdl zxnic{ d`m }fcxceaxc d kfdòc n` oxdiid}nkdl gàwlcmoc.

D zxahlci ae }fn{ {}sm~, xcld}nò }a }fc {lccz zfd{c, n{ }fd} n} wd{ niza{{nhlc {}d`mdxmn{c }fc

dias`} ae {lccz }fd} zdx}nknzd`}{ oa}, ax }a hc {sxc }fd} }fc~ oa} d kcx}dn`!in`nisi dias`} ae

{lccz ]fs{, }fc {ccinòl~ dàidlas{ xc{sl} ae {lccz à} haa{}nò lcdx`nò id~ hc msc }a

zdx}nknzd`}{ à} fdunò càsof XCI {lccz }fxasofas} }fc `nof}, wfnkf n{ wfc` dxcd{

dk}nud}cm msxnò }fc }d{g {c{{na` dxc xcdk}nud}cm d`m dzzcdx }a hc kxn}nkdl n` dnmnò lcdx`nò

&Idtsc}, 8::4.

Za{{nhlc nizxaucic`}{ }a }fn{ {}sm~ &d`m za}c`}ndl es}sxc xc{cdxkf. kaslm hc }a n`klsmc iaxc

md}nuc {}xsk}sxc{ n` }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c }a {cc ne }fc lcò}f ae }nic zxninò ceeck}{ ld{}

eax n{ deeck}cm h~ }fc exctsc`k~ ae n`zs}, d{ {sooc{}cm h~ Xawld`m &8::?. [skf d {}sm~ kaslm



4=

ld{} aucx {cucxdl zxninò {c{{na`{, d`m fduc }c{} zfd{c{ d} mneecxc`} zan`}{ n` }fc es}sxc, {skf

d{ d md~, d wccg, ax cuc` d ia`}f de}cx }fc zxninò {c{{na`{ wcxc kaizlc}cm Dà}fcx

za{{nhnln}~ eax es}sxc {}sm~ &wfnkf waslm dl{a nizxauc sza` }fc ic}famalao~ ae }fc ksxxc`}

{}sm~. waslm hc {}sm~ }fc hxdn` dk}nun}~ &zcxfdz{ wn}f ZC] ax eIXN {kd``nò. wfnkf akksx{

msxnò }fc zxninò }d{g d`m wfnl{} }fc zdx}nknzd`}{ {lccz de}cx }fc }d{g Ne }fn{ wd{ ma`c aucx

ka`{cks}nuc zxninò!}c{} {c{{na`{ }fc` }fc {kd`{ kaslm hc kaizdxcm eax {}xsk}sxdl kfdòc{ }a

}fc hxdn` eallawnò oxdiid}nkdl lcdx`nò, d`m waslm dl{a nizxauc sza` a`c ae }fc

ic}famalaonkdl eldw à}cm dhauc, h~ c`{sxnò }fd} zdx}nknzd`}{ mnm oc} d zdx}nksldx dias`} ae

XCI {lccz

Sl}nid}cl~, }fn{ {}sm~ eas`m }fd} }fc `sihcx ae md}nuc{ zxamskcm h~ dmsl}{ n` d {c`}c`kc

kaizlc}na` }d{g wd{ {no`nenkd`}l~ nèlsc`kcm h~ }fc zxazax}na` ae MA d`m ZA md}nuc{ }fc~

fdm xckc`}l~ cvzcxnc`kcm Ne wd{ dl{a eas`m }fd} d `nof}‑{ {lccz mnm à} idgc }fn{ ceeck}

ldxocx ]fc{c en`mnò{ ha}f {szzax} d`m ka`}xdmnk} zxcunas{ xc{cdxkf n`}a }fc dxcd{ ae

{}xsk}sxdl zxninò!nizlnkn} lcdx`nò d`m {lccz ‑{ ceeck}{ a` lcdx`nò &xc{zck}nucl~. ]fn{ n{

hckds{c {}xsk}sxdl zxninò wd{ eas`m }a a`l~ kfdòc zdx}nknzd`}‑{ nizlnkn} oxdiid}nkdl

gàwlcmoc niicmnd}cl~ eallawnò }fc hnd{cm lcdx`nò zfd{c d`m à} de}cx d `nof} ae {lccz

Ka`{ctsc`}l~, }fn{ {}sm~ a`l~ zdx}ndll~ {szzax}{ }fc nizlnkn} }fcax~ ae oxdiid}nkdl lcdx`nò

Xcecxc`kc{

Hd``dxm, K , Lncuc`, C , % ]aid{clla, I &8::>. Iamcllnò Kfnlmxc`/{ Cdxl~ Oxdiid}nkdl

Gàwlcmoc Zxakccmnò{ ae }fc @d}na`dl Dkdmci~ ae [knc`kc{, 4:5 &=4., 4?86=)4?86>



43

Hakg, G &4>65. [~`}dk}nk zcx{n{}c`kc n` ldòsdoc zxamsk}na` Kao`n}nuc Z{~kfalao~, 46 ,

;33 ‛ ;6?

Hakg, G % Oxneen`, R I &8:::. ]fc zcx{n{}c`kc ae {}xsk}sxdl zxninò2 ]xd`{nc`} dk}nud}na`

ax nizlnkn} lcdx`nò1 Basx`dl ae Cvzcxnic }̀dl Z{~kfalao~, 48> &8., 4??)4>8

Hakg, G % Lachcll, F &4>>:. Exdinò {c`}c`kc{ Kao`n}na`, ;3 , 4 ‛ ;>

Hakg, G , Lachcll, F % Iaxc~, X &4>>8. Exai ka`kcz}sdl xalc{ }a {}xsk}sxdl xcld}na`{2

Hxnmonò }fc {~`}dk}nk klce}Z{~kfalaonkdl Xcuncw, >>, 43: ‛ 4?4

Hxd`nod`, F Z , Znkgcxnò, I B , % Klcld`m, D D &4>>>. [}xsk}sxdl zxninò n` wxn}}c`

zxamsk}na`2 Cunmc`kc eax xdznm mckd~Z{~kfaàink Hsllc}n` % Xcuncw, 5, 5;3 ‛ 5=:

Kfdò, E , Mcll, O [ , Hakg, G % Oxneen`, R I &8:::. [}xsk}sxdl zxninò d{ nizlnkn}

lcdx`nò2 D kaizdxn{a` ae iamcl{ ae {c`}c`kc zxamsk}na` Basx`dl ae Z{~kfalnòsn{}nk

Xc{cdxkf, 8> &8., 84?)88>

Klcld`m, D D , % Znkgcxnò, I B &8::;. ]fc s{c ae lcvnkdl d`m {~`}dk}nk nèaxid}na` n`

ldòsdoc zxamsk}na`2 Cunmc`kc exai }fc zxninò ae às`)zfxd{c {}xsk}sxc Basx`dl ae

Iciax~ d`m Ldòsdoc, =>, 84= ‛ 8;:

Msid~, @ % Od{gcll, I O &8::?. [lccz)d{{aknd}cm kfdòc{ n` }fc ic`}dl xczxc{c`}d}na`

ae {zagc` waxm{ Z{~kfalaonkdl [knc`kc , 46, ;3);>

Ecxxcnxd, U [ &8::;. ]fc zcx{n{}c`kc ae az}na`dl kaizlcic`}nrcx zxamsk}na`2 _f~ {d~nò

“}fd}’ n{ à} {d~nò “}fd}’ d} dll Basx`dl ae Iciax~ d`m Ldòsdoc, =6&8., ;?> ‛ ;>6

Ecxxcnxd, U [ % Hakg, G &8::5. ]fc es`k}na`{ ae {}xsk}sxdl zxninò Ldòsdoc d`m

Kao`n}nuc Zxakc{{c{, 84, 4:44 ‛ 4:8>



45

Fdx}{sngcx, X B % _c{}c`hcxo, K &8:::. _axm axmcx zxninò n` wxn}}c` d`m {zagc`

{c`}c`kc zxamsk}na` Kao`n}na`, ?3, 8? ‛ ;>

Gd{kfdg, I Z , La`c~, X D % Haxxcoon`c, G L &8::5. Xckc`} cvzcxnc`kc deeck}{ }fc

{}xcò}f ae {}xsk}sxdl zxninò Kao`n}na`, >> , H?; ‛ H68

Gnmm &n` {shin{{na`. Nizlnkn} {}d}n{}nkdl lcdx`nò zxcmnk}{ `d}sxdl ldòsdoc lcdx`nò

Mcuclazic`}dl Z{~kfalao~

Lcucl}, _ B I % Gcl}cx, [ &4>68. [sxedkc eaxi d`m iciax~ n` tsc{}na` d`{wcxnò

Kao`n}nuc Z{~kfalao~, 4=, ?6 ‛ 4:5

Idtsc}, Z &8::4. ]fc xalc ae {lccz n` lcdx`nò d`m iciax~ [knc`kc, 8>=, 4:=6)4:38

Znkgcxnò, I B , % Hxd`nod`, F Z &4>>6. ]fc xczxc{c`}d}na` ae ucxh{2 Cunmc`kc exai

{~`}dk}nk zxninò n` ldòsdoc zxamsk}na` Basx`dl ae Iciax~ d`m Ldòsdoc, ;>, 5;; ‛

534

Xawld`m, K E &8::?. Cvzldn`nò cxxax{ n` kfnlmxc`‑{ tsc{}na`{ Kao`n}na`, 4:= , 4:5 ) 4;=

[dudoc, K , Lncuc`, C U I , ]fcdg{}a`, D L % ]aid{clla, I &8::5. [}xsk}sxdl zxninò

d{ nizlnkn} lcdx`nò n` ldòsdoc dktsn{n}na`2 ]fc zcx{n{}c`kc ae lcvnkdl d`m {}xsk}sxdl

zxninò n` =)~cdx)alm{ Ldòsdoc Lcdx`nò d`m Mcuclazic̀ }, 8, 8? ‛ =>

[cocx, K D &4>>=. Nizlnkn} lcdx`nòZ{~kfalaonkdl Hsllc}n`, 443, 45; ‛ 4>5

_fcclma` L X % [in}f, I K &8::;. Zfxd{c {}xsk}sxc zxninò2 D {fax})lnucm ceeck}

Ldòsdoc d`m Kao`n}nuc Zxakc{{c{, 46 &=., =;4 ‛ ==8

Dzzc`mnkc{

Dzzc`mnkc{ dxc lakd}cm a` }fc dkkaizd`~nò mn{k zxaunmcm

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