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The Effect of Music on

Physiological Chemicals

Abhishek Gangrade

January 26, 2010

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About Me

Biology Major Have taken both of Dr. Zachs classes Research in the Department of

Immunology at ARB and at the FlowCytometry Lab in the Cancer-GeneticsInstitute

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Why Study the Effect of Music?

Involved in reducing anxiety and stress Perhaps reduce disease Induces pleasure and rewarding

Non-invasive Used in clinical settings such as before

surgery

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What are the Chemicals?

HormonesCytokinesNeurotransmitters

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Hormones

Produced by glands Endocrine- Secreted directly into

bloodstream

Exocrine- Secreted into bloodstream viaduct Effect metabolism, reproductive cycle,

immune system regulation, etc.

Notable: Epinephrine, cortisol,testosterone

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Cytokines

Chemicals secreted by cells Important in immune system regulation Effects cell death

Autocrine (act on same secreting cell) Paracrine (act on different target cell) Notable: IL-6

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Neurotransmitters

Transferred from neuron to neuron Travel through a synapse between

presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

Released due to action potentials Notable: Epinephrine, Dopamine, B-endorphin

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Synapses

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Dopamine

Acts on sympathetic nervous system Reduce blood pressure in hypertensive

rats

Increased dopamine level by playingMozarts Adagio from Divertimento No.7 inD Major, K.205

Maybe useful for quitting smoking?

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Cortisol

Usually referred to as stress hormone Relaxing music decreased salivary

cortisol levels as opposed to silence

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IL-6

Relevant to diabetes, prostate cancer, etc. Mozarts piano sonatas decreased IL-6

concentrations

KV283:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFqKDHn0Jro

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Adrenaline/Epinephrine

Fight or flight mechanism Mozarts piano sonatas found to decrease

adrenaline considerably

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B-endorphin

Functions to numb pain, induce relaxation,and help immune system

Has 80% analgesic effectiveness of

morphine Techno Music found to increase B-

endorphin production

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Listen to these pieces J. Strauss- Rosen aus dem Suden- peptides increased, mental state

improved (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1-WxFaC7Rs) H.W. Henze- Viertes Streichquartett- prolactin increased

(http://www.amazon.com/Hans-Werner-Henze-Streichquartett-1-5/dp/B000025R17)

R. Shankar- Raga Rangeela Piloo- lowered plasma cortisol and

noradrenaline (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzN2gUGYUGc) Sutoo, Denetsu and Kayo Akiyama. Music improves dopaminergicneurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music onblood pressure regulation. Brain Research 1016 (2004): 255 262.

Mozart, Adagio from Divertimento No. 7 in D Major, K. 205

(http://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.h

tml)

http://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.htmlhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/work/181746.html

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Listen to these pieces

Levitin and Menon. The Rewards of musiclistening: Response and physiologicalconnectivity of the mesolimbic system

http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/

musicsamples.html Eine Kleine Nachtmusik:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4

Observed connectivities between NAc, VTA, andhypothalamus (dopaminergic pathway)

http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT7_Y1pIBb4http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.htmlhttp://www.psych.mcgill.ca/labs/levitin/research/musicsamples.html

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Issues to Consider

Do mice studies correlate with humanbehavior?

Are the reactions specific to only particular

types of music? Are the samples large and diverse enough

to make conclusions?

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Significant Papers

Conrad, Claudius et al. Overture for growth hormone: Requiem forinterleukin-6? Critical Care Medicine Vol. 35 No. 12 (2007): 2709-2713.

Sutoo, Denetsu and Kayo Akiyama. Music improves dopaminergicneurotransmission: demonstration based on the effect of music on

blood pressure regulation. Brain Research 1016 (2004): 255 262. Suda et al. Emotional responses to music: towards scientific

perspectives on music therapy. NeuroReportVol 19 No 1 8 January2008.

Mockel, M. et al. Immediate physiological responses of healthyvolunteers to different types of music: cardiovascular, hormonal and

mental changes. European Journal of Applied Physiology68 (1994):451-459.