The effect of feed composition and feeding …The effect of feed composition and feeding strategies on excretion rates in German pig production Ulrich Dämmgen*, 1 Wilfried Brade**,

U. Dämmgen, W. Brade, J. Schulz, H. Kleine Klausing, N. J. Hutchings, H.-D. Haenel, C. Rösemann / Landbauforschung - vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research 4 2011 (61)327-342

327

The effect of feed composition and feeding strategies on excretion rates in German pig production

UlrichDämmgen*,1WilfriedBrade**,2JoachimSchulz***,3HeinrichKleineKlausing****,4NicholasJ.Hutchings*****,5

Hans-DieterHaenel*,andClausRösemann*

*1 JohannHeinrichvonThünenInstitute,InstituteofAgriculturalClimate Research,Bundesallee50,38116Braunschweig,Germany

**2 University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Animal BreedingandGenetics,Buenteweg17p,30559Hannover,Germany

***3 Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen, Außenstelle Lingen, Am Hundesand12,49809Lingen,Germany

****4 Deuka-DeutscheTiernahrungCremerGmbH&Co.KG,Weizenmüh- lenstraße20,40221Düsseldorf,Germany

*****5University of Aarhus, Dept. of Agroecology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,POBox50,ResearchCentreFoulum,8830Tjele,Denmark

Abstract

Inorderto improvethemethodsandupdatethedatafor theGermanagricultural emission inventory, a surveywasmadeamongpignutritionexpertstoobtainrepresen-tativedietcompositionsandfeedingstrategies.Theanaly-sis shows that the introductionof phase feeding resultsin reduced excretion rates of volatile solids.Contrary toexpectations,thedirecteffectonallotherexcretionratesis comparatively small. However, phase feedingwith itstypicalall-in-all-outmanagementresultsinextendedpro-duction cycles as fattening of new animal groups com-mencesaftercleansinganddisinfection,andthesedonotcommencebeforethelastanimallefttherespectivecom-partment.Thisleadstoareductionofemissionsperplace.Theeffectofdietsadjustedtocrudeproteindemands isobvious.Improvementofstandarddietisaclearoptiontoreduceemissions.As the emissions of methane from manure manage-

ment,aswellasthoseofallnitrogenspecies,aredirectlyrelated to the respective amounts excreted, the calcula-tionsusingdetailedinformationonfeedcompositionwillresultinreducedemissionratesfrompigproduction.

Keywords: pigs, feed, phase feeding, production cycles, excretion, methane, volatile solids, nitrogen, TAN

Zusammenfassung

Der Einfluss von Futterzusammensetzung und Fütte-rungsstrategien auf die Ausscheidungsraten in der deutschen Schweineproduktion

Zur methodischen Verbesserung und Aktualisierungder deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Emissionsinventarefür Schweine wurden repräsentative Futterzusammen-setzungenundDaten zu Fütterungsstrategienbei Fütte-rungsexpertenerfragt.DieAuswertungzeigt,dassmitderEinführungderPhasenfütterungdieAusscheidungenvonumsetzbaremKohlenstoff (volatile solids) verringertwer-den.DerdirekteEinflussaufalleanderenAusscheidungenist wider Erwarten gering. Bedingt durch das Mastma-nagement der Rein-Raus-Methode verlängern sich dieProduktionszyklen.EineneueTiergruppekannersteinge-stalltwerden,wenndasletzteTierdasStallabteilgeräumthatunddieReinigungundDesinfektionerfolgt ist.Diesverringert die Emissionenpro Platz erheblich.Der EffektvonN-angepassterFütterungistklarzuerkennen,ebensodasPotential,dasbeiverbesserterStandardfütterungnochausgeschöpftwerdenkann.Da die Mengen der Ausscheidungen linear die Men-

ge der Emissionen von Methan aus dem Lager sowiesämtlicher Stickstoff-Spezies beeinflusst, werden die Be-rechnungen unter Verwendung detaillierter Futterzu-sammensetzungen zu niedrigeren Emissionen aus derSchweine-Produktionführen.

Schlüsselwörter: Schweine, Futter, Phasenfütterung, Pro-duktionszyklen, Ausscheidung, Methan, „volatile solids“, Stickstoff, TAN

328

1 Introduction

Pigproduction isan important sector inGermanagri-culture.Itisalsoakeysourceofgreenhousegasandam-moniaemissions.Duringthepastdecades,methodsinpigproductionhavechanged.Thishasbeenduetochangesingenetics,feeding,housing,andmanuremanagement.AccordingtoGoodPracticeRules,emissionreportinghastoreflectthesechangesasfaraspossible.Changesingeneticshavebeenreflectedintheperfor-

mancedatausedtodescribeenergyintake(Haeneletal.,2011).Housingandmanuremanagementaswellastheroleofairscrubbershavebeendealtwithinrecentpub-lications (Dämmgenetal.,2010;2011a,b).Changes infeedingpracticeshavenotbeentakenintoaccountyet.Thepurposeofthisworkisthecompilationofregional

dataonfeedcompositionandfeedingregimes inawaythatallowstheirincorporationintoemissioninventories.In order to illustrate the effects of changing feeding

practices,thefeedintakeratesandexcretionratesarecal-culatedforstandardanimals(seebelow).

2 Modelling procedures and data requirements

Thefirststepinthecalculationofemissionsfromanimalhusbandryistheassessmentofenergyrequirementsandfeedintakerates.Bothguidancedocuments(IPCC,1996;2006;EEA,2009)presupposethatanimalsarefedaccord-ingtoenergyrequirements.Thesecondstepisthecalcula-tionofrelevantexcretionrates.Methane(CH4)isdirectlyreleasedasaconsequenceofentericfermentationinthedigestivetract.Excretionsofvolatilesolids(VS)leadtotheemissionsofCH4fromthestorageofanimalfaeces.Excre-tionoftotalnitrogen(N)andtotalammoniacalnitrogen(TAN)govern the releaseofammonia (NH3),nitrousandnitricoxides(N2O,NO),anddi-nitrogen(N2)intheanimalhouse,duringmanurestorageandduringandafteritsap-plication.Here,theguidancedocumentsoutlinethepro-cedure;theyalsosupposetheuseofnationalapproachesanddataasfaraspossible.

2.1 Energy intake rates

Energyrequirementsaretheentitiesgoverningfeedin-takerates.TheGermansystemmakesuseofthemetabo-lizable energy (ME) requirements that are calculated ac-cordingtoFlachowskyetal.(2006)asdescribedinHaeneletal.(2011).Themethodologydistinguishesbetweenthe following

subcategoriesoflivestock:Sows and suckling pigsaretreatedtogether.Energy

requirementsarecalculatedfortwogravidityphases,forthelactatingperiodandtheperiodbetweenweaningand

mating. Thenumberofpiglets raised, their finalweightandthemeanweightofthesowaretakenintoaccount.Thestandard sowusedinthisworkhasameanweight

of200kganimal-1.Noweightgainisconsidered.23pig-letsareraisedandweanedataweightof8.5kganimal-1.

Weaners, fattening pigs and boars(maturemalesforreproduction)aretreatedinasimilarmanner.Theirweightandweightgainsareconsideredasdriversforenergyre-quirements.FordetailsseeHaeneletal.(2011).Thestandard weanershaveameanweightgainof410

ganimal-1d-1andafinalweightof28.5kganimal-1.Thenumberofproductioncyclesperyeartakesaserviceanddisinfectionperiodof8dround-1intoaccount.

Standard fattenersareassumedtohaveameanweightgainof750ganimal-1d-1andafinalweightof110kganimal-1.Serviceanddisinfectionperiodsarevariable.

Standard boarshaveameanweightof180kganimal-1.Aweightgainisnottakenintoaccount.

2.2 Feed intake rates and feed properties

Inadditiontothedifferentiationofsubcategories,feed-ing-phases1,

1 A feeding-phase is defined as a period duringwhich the composition ofadietiskeptunchanged.Bothbeginningandendofafeeding-phasearedefinedbyanimalweights.

andadministrative region (e.g. federal stateor–withinNiedersachsen(LowerSaxony)–ruraldistricts)aretakenintoaccount.Unlessstatedotherwise,variablesshould be subscripted accordingly; a given variableXi,j,k would therefore relate to livestock subcategory i in thefeedingphasejandfortheregionk.Anyelementofanequationthatisconstantacrosslivestockcategory,feedingphaseandregionisindicatedasconstant.

Calculation of weighted means. The livestockdietscommonlyconsistofamixtureofconstituents.Thechar-acteristicsofthecompletediet(specificMEcontentetc.)are calculatedusingaweightedaverage, so for agivencharacteristic Z in a diet containingN constituents, thevalueforthecompletedietis:

∑

⋅N

n

XZZ1

nn (1)

whereZ weightedmeanofagivencharacteristicZZn valueofthecharacteristicforthenthconstituentXn proportion that thenth constituent contributes tothemassofthecompletediet(inkgkg-1)

and

1

1n ∑

N

n

X

11

a ∑

A

a

X (1a)


329

Feed intake rates(drymatter,DM)arededucedfromenergyintakeratesaccordingtoEquation(2):

k j, i, ME,

k j. i,k j, i, feed, DM, η

MEm (2)

wheremDM, feed, i, j. k feedintakerate(DM)forananimalsub- categoryiinafeedingphasejandare- gionk(inkganimal-1d-1DM)MEi, j, k ME requirements of an animal sub- categoryiinafeedingphasejandare- gionk(inMJanimal-1d-1)ηME, i, j, k specificMEcontentoffeedforanani- mal subcategory i in a feedingphase j andaregionk(inMJkg-1)

Nitrogen intake ratesareobtainedbycombiningfeedintakerateswithNcontentsofthefeedconstituents:

k j, i, feed, N,

k j, i, ME,

k j. i,k j, i, feed, N, η

η⋅

MEm (3)

wheremN, feed, i, j. k rateofNintake(drymatter)foranani- mal subcategory i in a feedingphase j andaregionk(inkganimal-1d-1DM)MEi, j, k metabolizable energy requirements for an animal subcategory i in a feeding phasejandaregionk(inMJanimal-1d-1)ηME, i, j, k specificMEcontentoffeedforanani- mal subcategory i in a feedingphase j andaregionk(inMJkg-1)ηN, feed, i, j, kmean N content of feed of an animal subcategoryiinafeedingphasejanda regionk(inkg-1kg-1)

ThemeanNcontentsareweightedmeansobtainedinanalogytoEquations(1)and(1a).

Mean feed properties(suchasmeangrossenergycon-tentsηGE, i, j, k,meanashcontentsXash, i, j, karealsoweightedmeans calculated from the respective feed constituents’propertiesasinEquation(1).Withfewexceptions,standardspecificME,GE,N,and

ashcontentsanddigestibilitiesareobtainedfromJentschet al. (2004), crude protein (XP) contents from the listsprovidedbyLfL(2009)andDLG(2011).Therelevantpropertiesofthedietconstituentsconsid-

eredarelistedinTable1.Regional feed compositions were supplied by experts

(seeChapter3).

2.3 Methane excretion from enteric fermentation

IPCC (1996) relates the amount ofCH4 released fromentericfermentationtothegrossenergy(GE)intake.Withdata available for German pig production this relationreads:

αη

ηη

⋅⋅⋅CH4

CH4GE

MEent CH4,

xMEE (4)

whereECH4, ent rateofCH4excretion(emission)fromentericfer- mentation(inkgplace-1a-1CH4)ME intakerateofmetabolizableenergy(inMJplace-1d-1)ηME MEcontentoffeed(inMJkg-1)ηGE GEcontentoffeed(inMJkg-1)xCH4 methaneconversionrate(xCH4=0.006MJMJ

-1)ηCH4 energycontentofmethane(ηCH4=55.65MJ(kgCH4)

-1)α timeunitsconversionfactor(α =365da-1)

2.4 Volatile solids excretion rates

VSexcretionratesarederivedfromtheintakeratesofmetabolizableenergy,theenergy,andtheashcontentsoffeedandthedigestibilityoforganicmatter,asexpressedinEquation(5)2.

2 ThisapproachdiffersfromthemethodologypreviouslyusedinGermanin-ThisapproachdiffersfromthemethodologypreviouslyusedinGermanin-ventories(Rösemannetal.,2011).FordetailsseeDämmgenetal.(2011a).

DOMfeed ash,ME

faeces 11 XXMEVS −⋅−⋅η

(5)

whereVSfaeces volatile solids excretion rate with faeces (in kg place-1a-1)ME intakerateofmetabolizableenergy(inMJplace-1a-1)ηME MEcontentoffeed(inMJkg-1)Xash, feed ashcontentoffeed(inkgkg-1)XDOM apparentdigestibilityoforganicmatter(inkgkg-1)

2.5 Nitrogen excretion rates

ThegeneralNbalanceisusedtoassesstheratesofover-allNexcreted:

pglN

MEexcr mmmMEm −−−⋅ η

η (6)

wheremexcr rateofNexcreted(kgplace-1a-1N)ME MEintakeratewithfeed(kgplace-1a-1N)η -1

ME MEcontentoffeed(inMJkg )ηN Ncontentoffeed(inkgkg-1),derivedfromXP content

330

m rateofNexcretedwithmilk(kgplace-1 -1l a N)

mg rateofNretainedintheanimal(kgplace-1a-1N)mp rateofNinoffspringproduced(kgplace-1a-1N)

and

N

XPN X

ηη (6a)

whereηN Ncontentoffeed(inkgkg-1)ηXP crudeproteincontentoffeed(inkgkg-1)XN Ncontentofcrudeproteininfeed(XN=1/6.25kgkg

-1)

Forsowswithsuckling-pigsml is ignoredintheinven-toryas theNbalancecovers theunitofasowwithherlitter. Also, for sows,meanweight gains are not takenintoaccount.Hence,mgiszeroforsows.TheNcontentofgrowingpigsis0.0256kgkg-1.

2.6 Total ammoniacal nitrogen excretion rates

It is assumed that TAN is excreted with urine only,whereasallorganicNiscontainedinfaeces3.

3 ThemethodusedinRösemannetal.(2011)wasslightlymodifiedbyreplac-ThemethodusedinRösemannetal.(2011)wasslightlymodifiedbyreplac-ingthedigestibilityofenergybythatofN.

4 RAM:Rohprotein-angepassteMischung:mixtureadjustedtocrudeproteindemands

pglDNNurine mmmXMEm −−−⋅⋅ η

ηME (7)

wheremurine rateofNexcretedwithurine(kgplace-1a-1N)ME MEintakeratewithfeed(kgplace-1a-1N)ηME MEcontentoffeed(inMJkg-1)ηN Ncontentoffeed(inkgkg-1)XDN apparentdigestibilityofN(inkgkg-1)ml rateofNexcretedwithmilk(kgplace-1a-1N)mg rateofNretainedintheanimal(kgplace-1a-1N)mp rateofNinoffspringproduced(kgplace-1a-1N)

3 Data base

Asurveywasmadein2010toprovideinformationonfeedsforsowswithpiglets,weaners,fatteners,andboars(forreproduction).Thissurveyprovidedinformationabouttypical animal feed compositions among regions aswellas on the frequency distribution of feeding phases, theshareofdietswithreducedNcontents(RAMfeed4),andthenumberofanimal roundsperyearforeachGermanfederalstateandeachyearfrom1990to2009.

3.1 Feed composition

3.1.1 Results of the survey

Asurveywasmadetoassesstypicalfeedcompositionsforallregionalfeedtypes.Asarule,thelocalagriculturaladvisorsprovidedvariousdietsforeachpigsubcategory.So,inall,288dietsweredescribed,ofwhich86werefedtosows,66toweanersand122tofatteningpigs.Boarswerenormallyfedonsowfeed.ThespatialresolutionwastoreflectthevariabilityinGermanpigproductionthatisobviouslygovernedbysoilpropertiesandmarketsaswellastradition.ForNiedersachsen,thefederalstatewiththehighestpigdensity,11regionswereidentifiedwherethefeedcompositionwaslikelytovary.Allotherfederalstateswereassumedtobehomogeneouswithrespecttotheirpigfeedcompositionandfeedingstrategy.Someadvisorsconsideredtheirinformationconfidential.

Hence,resultswillbeanonymized.

3.1.2 Gap filling

One federal state did not provide data. Here, thosedatafromtheneighbouringfederalstateswereusedthatwouldresultinthemostunfavourableexcretionrates.Thiswastoavoidunderestimationofemissions.For thecity statesofHamburg,Bremen (withBremer-

haven), and Berlin data for Schleswig-Holstein, Nieder-sachsen, and Brandenburgwere used, respectively. Saa-rlandwasdescribedinthesamewayasRheinland-Pfalz.

3.1.3 Temporal representativeness

Thecompositionoffeedsisassumedtohavechangedonlytoalesserextent.From1996onwards,theuseofgraininthefeedmanu-

facturingindustryhassteadilyincreasedfrom35percentinaverageoverallkindoffeedvarietiesto44percent(DVT,2011).Grainreplacedstarch-richby-productslikemanioc,importedfromthirdcountries,aswellasby-productsfromthe grain-milling industry likemaize gluten feed. InDe-cember2000 theuseofby-products fromanimaloriginwhichwasusedasproteinandenergysourceinsomefeedforpigsandpoultrywasbannedbecauseoftheBSEcrisis.Thesefeedstuffswerereplacedbyanincreaseduseof,forinstance,soyabeanmeal.Figure 1 illustrates that the main properties have

changedlittleoverthelasttwodecades.


331

10

11

12

13

14

15

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

ME

conte

nt [M

J k

g]

-1

mean min max

1990 1995 2000 20102005

Year

1990 1995 2000 20102005

Year

1990 1995 2000 20102005

Year

12

14

16

18

20

XP

conte

nt [g

kg

]-1

mean min max

mean min max mean min max

ME

conte

nt [M

J k

g]

-1

XP

conte

nt [g

kg

]-1

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

10

12

14

16

18

Figure1

Temporal variationofMEandXP contentsof various feeds.Above: fatteningpig feeds;below: farrowing sow feeds.Data courtesyofK.-H.Grünewald,contentsbefore2000fromalimitednumberofsamples,dataafter2000fromabout300to250and140to200samplesperyearforfatteningpigsandsows,respectively.

3.2 Feed properties

3.2.1 Properties of feed constituents

BasedontheequationsprovidedinChapter2,thecal-culationofexcretionratesforCH4,VS,N,andTANpresup-posesknowledgeofthefollowingfeedproperties• metabolizableenergycontent, ηME,forallanimals(feedintakerates)

• gross energy content, ηGE (assessment of emissionsfromentericfermentation)

• digestibilityfororganicmatter, XDOM,(assessmentofVSexcretionrates)

• crudeproteincontent,ηXP(Nintakerate)• digestibility of N, XDN (assessment of TAN excretionrates)

InEurope,propertiesandcompositionofcommoditieshavetobedeclaredtosomeextent(EC,2002).Thiscov-ersthepercentagesofpigfeedconstituentsaswellasthemeanME,XP,andashcontentsofthemix.Propertiesoffeedconstituentscanbeobtainedfromvariousdatacol-lations:

• DLG(2005)isconsideredtobetheofficialexpertjud-gementforGermanyandnationalconsent (Spiekers,headofthegroupofauthors,pers.comm.).Table3ainDLG(2005)isconfinedtothemostimportantfeedandcontainsDM,ME,andcrudeprotein(XP)contents.

• LfL(2009)isanalmostcomprehensivedatabase.TheinformationusedforthisworkcomprisestheDM,ME,andXPcontents.

• KTBL(unpublished)usesacollationoffeedpropertiesthatcontainsthedigestibilitiesXDOMandXNinadditiontoDM,ME,andXPcontents.

• Jentschetal.(2004)isacomprehensiveandveryde-taileddatabase.ApartfromGE,DE,ME,andashcon-tentsitprovidesinformationonthedigestibilitiesXDE,XDOMandXDN.

3.2.2 Harmonization and data gap closing for feed con-stituents

Thebackboneof Table1 is thedataprovidedby Jen-tschetal.(2004).Inordertomeetthe“official”informa-tioninDLG(2005),weightedmeanshadtobeproducedfromJentschetal.(2004)data,suchasamixtureofvari-

332

ouswheatqualities(wheat,fullgrains,55%;wheat,fullgrains,proteinrich,25%;wheat,flatgrains,20%).Thisappliestogreenmeal,barley,wheatandoat,wheatandryebrans,rapeseedexpeller,andfishmeal.For some feed constituents (soya and rape seed oils)

somepropertiescouldbeextractedfromDLGFuttermit-telnet(DLG,2011).Propertiesofcornsteepcouldbededucedfrom infor-

mationprovidedbythemanufacturer(Beuker,undated).

Table1:

Nutritionalpropertiesoffeedconstituentsinpigproduction.

DLG/LfL Jentschetal.

Feedconstituent ηME ηXP ηN ηME ηN ηGE ηash XDE XDOM XDN

English German MJkg-1 % kgkg-1 MJkg-1 kgkg-1 MJkg-1 kgkg-1 MJMJ-1 kgkg-1 kgkg-1

greenmeal Grünmehl 7.72 18.71 0.026 7.76 18.24 0.097 0.54 0.57 0.48

wheat Weizen 15.45 13.75 0.022 15.45 18.51 0.027 0.85 0.88 0.83

triticale Triticale 12.73 12.05 0.019 15.59 18.26 0.021 0.87 0.90 0.82

rye Roggen 15.34 10.23 0.016 15.19 18.29 0.021 0.85 0.88 0.76

barley Gerste 14.43 12.39 0.020 14.57 18.46 0.025 0.81 0.84 0.83

oat Hafer 12.73 12.05 0.019 12.72 19.09 0.037 0.68 0.70 0.79

CCM CCM 14.89 10.00 0.016 14.61 18.91 0.020 0.80 0.82 0.76

maize Mais 16.02 10.57 0.017 16.00 18.88 0.017 0.86 0.89 0.79

maizeflakes Maisflocken 16.02 10.57 0.017 16.00 18.88 0.017 0.86 0.89 0.79

millet Hirse 14.67 12.95 0.021 15.80 18.68 0.019 0.86 0.90 0.75

linseed Leinsamen 18.33 24.84 0.040 20.00 26.75 0.050 0.81 0.79 0.86

potatopeel Kartoffelschalen 13.97 15.45 0.025 11.16 17.06 0.075 0.71 0.76 0.20

potatochips Kartoffelchips 15.50 0.014 15.61 0.045 0.90 0.94 0.65

sugarbeetpulp Trockenschnitzel 9.04 10.04 0.016 8.98 18.02 0.055 0.74 0.79 0.38

sugarbeetpulpwithmolasses Melasseschnitzel 9.77 0.017 17.49 0.050 0.77 0.82 0.42

bakerywaste Backabfälle 16.65 12.09 0.019 14.38 19.26 0.030 0.80 0.83 0.80

wheatbran Weizenkleie 9.43 16.02 0.026 9.46 18.91 0.064 0.59 0.60 0.70

ryebran Roggenkleie 10.09 16.36 0.026 10.06 13.13 0.068 0.63 0.66 0.72

oatflakes Haferflocken 16.56 12.86 0.021 16.32 19.04 0.025 0.89 0.91 0.90

oatbran Haferschälkleie 6.20 7.49 0.012 6.76 18.76 0.055 0.39 0.40 0.55

wheatglutenfeed Weizenkleber 10.87 0.023 20.26 0.030 0.66 0.68 0.70

maizeglutenfeed Maiskleberfutter 12.15 26.16 0.042 11.72 19.11 0.045 0.68 0.70 0.65

distillersdriedgrainswithsolubles Weizenschlempe 11.33 36.93 0.059 11.06 20.05 0.065 0.70 0.71 0.76

maizestarch Maisstärke 16.81 0.001 17.30 0.010 0.95 0.98 0.00

maizegerms Malzkeime 8.68 29.57 0.047 11.08 18.65 0.066 0.69 0.71 0.72

applepomace Apfeltrester 6.06 0.009 19.23 0.030 0.43 0.43 0.00

molasses Melasse 13.28 12.84 0.021 12.79 15.23 0.110 0.90 0.93 0.30

peanutoil Erdnussöl 36.65 0.006 39.80 0.000 0.97 0.98 0.00

soyaoil Sojaöl 37.36 0.00 0.000

rapeseedoil Rapsöl 36.62 0.00 0.000

sunfloweroil Sonnenblumenöl 36.62 0.00 0.000

sugar Zucker 15.16 1.45 0.002 14.75 16.00 0.000 0.95 0.96 0.00

peas Erbsen 15.68 25.11 0.040 15.63 18.75 0.038 0.85 0.89 0.88

Some less frequently used feed constituentswere leftwithout any or an inconsistent data set. They were re-placedbysimilarconstituents:• maizeflakesbymaize(allproperties)• rapeseedandsunfloweroilsbysoyaoil(digestibilitiesonly)

• soyaproteinbysoyabeans(allproperties)• soyapulpbylegumeseedhulls(allproperties)• fishoilbyfishjuice(allproperties)• lignocellulosebygrainstraw(allproperties)• riceglutenfeedbywheatglutenfeed(allproperties)• palmbutterbypeanutoil(allproperties)


333

DLG/LfL Jentschetal.

Feedconstituent ηME ηXP ηN ηME ηN ηGE ηash ηDE ηDOM ηDN

English German MJkg-1 % kgkg-1 MJkg-1 kgkg-1 MJkg-1 kgkg-1 MJkg-1 kgkg-1 kgkg-1

fababean Ackerbohne 14.77 29.77 0.048 14.84 18.95 0.040 0.83 0.85 0.85

soyabean Sojabohne 17.57 40.43 0.065 18.45 23.96 0.050 0.83 0.86 0.89

soyaprotein Sojaeiweißkon-zentrat

17.57 40.43 0.065 18.45 23.96 0.050 0.83 0.86 0.89

linseedexpeller Leinexpeller 12.08 37.49 0.060 13.51 20.69 0.065 0.75 0.76 0.82

rapeseedexpeller Rapsexpeller 14.13 36.37 0.058 13.19 20.28 0.080 0.75 0.75 0.81

soypulp Sojaschalen 7.52 12.78 0.020

rapeseedextractionmeal Rapsextraktions-schrot

11.24 39.89 0.064 12.08 19.24 0.085 0.73 0.73 0.81

sunflowerextractionmeal Sonnenblumen-extraktionsschrot

11.99 45.49 0.073 10.79 19.55 0.070 0.63 0.63 0.79

soyabeanextractionmeal48%XP

Sojaextraktions-schrot48%,getoastet

16.18 54.83 0.088 15.77 20.05 0.065 0.90 0.91 0.92

soyabeanextractionmeal44%XP

Sojaextraktions-schrot44%,getoastet

14.66 50.23 0.080 14.82 19.96 0.065 0.88 0.89 0.89

potatoprotein Kartoffeleiweiß 18.45 83.50 0.134 18.63 22.46 0.024 0.91 0.90 0.92

sweetwhey Molke,Süß-,frisch

14.06 13.64 0.022 14.72 16.07 0.088 0.93 0.96 0.90

acidwhey Molke,Sauer-,frisch

13.33 15.00 0.024 14.31 15.91 0.115 0.90 0.95 0.90

wheyprotein Molkeneiweiß,frisch

16.00 0.114 19.56 0.160 0.92 0.91 0.91

skimmedmilkpowder Milchprodukte(Magermilch-pulver)

15.47 0.060 17.72 0.081 0.93 0.94 0.91

wheyconcentrate Molke,Süß-,getrocknet

13.92 0.021 15.71 0.095 0.92 0.94 0.87

fishmeal64%XP Fischmehl64%RP

15.00 67.78 0.108 11.98 18.84 0.205 0.72 0.71 0.72

yeast Bierhefe,Wein-hefe(Vinasse)

13.86 52.11 0.083 14.23 20.05 0.085 0.69 0.68 0.75

cornsteep Maisquellwasser Beu-ker

13.40 43.00 0.069 0.019

fishoil Fischöl 0.000 0.000

lignocellulose Lignocellulose 0.001 0.030

riceglutenfeed Reiskleber

palmbutter Pflanzenfett

formicacid Ameisensäure 5.54 0.000 5.54 0.000 1.00 1.00 0.00

propionicacid Propionsäure 21.81 0.000 21.81 0.000 1.00 1.00 0.00

calciumphosphate Calciumphosphat 0.00 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

lime(calciumcarbonate) KohlensaurerKalk 0.00 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

sodiumbicarbonate Natriumhydro-gencarbonat

0.00 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

salt Viehsalz 0.00 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.00 0.00 0.00

Darkgraycellsindicatedatagaps.

334

3.2.3 Gap closure for a missing diet digestibility of organic matter

Onefederalstatedidnotreportfeedcompositiondatabutoverallfeedproperties.Thesedidnotcoverdigestibil-ityofOM.ThedietdigestibilityofOMcannotbederivedfrom the digestibility for energy by a simple regressionanalysis (seeFigure2).Hence,thereporteddigestibilitiesforenergywereusedasasubstitute.

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

Digestibility [MJ MJ ]X-1

Dig

estibili

ty[k

g k

g]

XD

om

-1

Figure2:DE

ComparisonbetweenthedietdigestibilitiesforenergyXDEandorga-nicmatterXDOM.DatapairscalculatedforthevariousexemplarGer-mandistricts.

3.2.4 Exemplary feed composition and properties

Theexpertscommunicatedfeedcompositionsandprop-ertiesaslistedwiththeadvicenotes.Theweightedmeanwasformedifmorethanonefeedcompositionwasavail-able.Table2showsanexample.

Table2:

Compositionoffatteningpigfeedsinadistrict.FeedsforfatteningpigsinSchleswig-Holstein,weights45to85kganimal-1.Feedpropertiesrelatedtofreshmatter(FM)(DMcontentofFM0.88kgkg-1).

feedconstituent feed1 feed2 feed3 feed4 feed5 mean unit

barley 25 25.2 26.4 20 28 24.9 %

triticale 0 0 0 5 5 2.0 %

wheat 40 54.2 43.8 49 42 45.8 %

wheatbran 2.4 0 4.3 1 0 1.5 %

maize 3.5 0 0 0 0 0.7 %

millet 5.1 0 0 0 0 1.0 %

rapeseedextractionmeal 2 2 4.3 0 0 1.7 %

rapeseedexpeller 6 6 2.5 8 8 6.1 %

soyabeanextractionmeal48%XP 11 10 14 13.4 13.1 12.3 %

molasses 0.5 0.4 1.7 0 0 0.5 %

palmbutter 1.4 0.5 2.1 0.5 0.9 1.1 %

lime(calciumcarbonate) 1.17 1.1 1.1 1.13 1.12 1.1 %

calciumphosphate 0.12 0.3 0.1 0.13 0.16 0.2 %

salt 0.39 0.4 0.4 0.41 0.45 0.4 %

weightingfactor 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

MEcontent 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 MJkg-1

XPcontent 0.170 0.175 0.17 0.17 0.171 kgkg-1

ashcontent 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.047 kgkg-1


335

3.3 Feeding strategies

Forsowsandweaners,singleandtwo-phasefeedingsareconsidered. Fatteningpigsareassumed tobe fed inone, twoor threephases; bigmodernenterprises feed-ingcontinuouslyvaryingfeedsareincludedinthree-phasefeeding. InNiedersachsen, special diets are fedwith re-duced N contents. An example result of the inquiry isshowninTable3.

Table3:

Fatteningpigs–feedingstrategies(%ofanimalplaces).ExampleresultsobtainedforEmslandruraldistrict.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1phase 30 25 20 15 10 5 5 5 5 5

2phases 65 66 67 68 69 70 70 70 70 70

ofwhichNreduced 0 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 20 25 25

3phases 5 9 13 17 21 25 25 25 25 25

ofwhichNreduced 0 0 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 20 25 25

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1phase 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2phases 70 65 60 55 50 45 45 45 45 45

ofwhichNreduced 30 40 50 60 70 70 75 80 85 85

3phases 27 32 37 42 47 52 52 52 52 52

ofwhichNreduced 30 40 50 60 70 70 75 80 85 85

3.4 Animal rounds

Adistinctionismadebetweentheassessmentsofani-mal rounds for single and multi-phase feeding. Expertsagreeonthefactthat,insinglephasefeeding,ithadbeenGermanpracticetoreplaceanimalswithoutthethoroughcleansingprocedurethathasbecomestandardfor“all-in-all-out”productionintwo-andthree-phasefeeding.Theyalsoagreethatinsinglephasefeedingthemeandurationoftheperiodduringwhichtheplaceisempty,isabout5dround-1(seealsoKTBL,2006,pg,503).Thisisassumedtobeconstantoverthewholeperiodconsidered.Incontrastmulti-phase feeding is typically related to“all-in-all-out”production.Here,service,cleansing,anddisinfectionvarywithtime.

3.4.1 Expert judgement

Germanexpertswereaskedtocontributethetimeseriesofanimalroundsfortheirrespectiveregion.ResultsfromalmostallGermanfederalstatescouldbeobtained.Somedatawasextractedfromreportsofbreeders’institutions,

otherwasderivedfromweightandweightgaindataandlocaltimesforservice,cleansing,anddisinfection.Assomeofthedatawerecommunicatedconfidentially,theresultsshowninTable4havetobepresentedanonymously.

3.4.2 Data gap closure

Numbersofanimalroundsarerequiredforeachsinglefederal stateascomplete timeseries.However, someofthetimeserieswereincomplete.Theanalysisofthedata

providedbytheexpertsrevealedthattheassumptionofalinearreductionofthetimespanduringwhichplaceswereemptyforanyreasonfrom22dround-1in1990and15dround-1resultedinthesmallestscatter.Hence,thesetimespans incombinationwith reportedweightsandweightgainswereusedtoassessthenumberofanimalrounds.Onefederalstatedidnotsupplydata.Thelowestnum-

ber of animal rounds obtained for its direct neighbourswasusedinstead.Informationaboutanimalperformance isnonexistent

or rare for the smaller states. Again, it is assumed thatHamburgcanbe treated in thesamewayasSchleswig-Holstein, Bremen as Niedersachsen, Berlin as Branden-burg,andSaarlandasRheinland-Pfalz.Theresultsforthevariousfederalstatesarecollatedin

Table4.

336

Table4:

Fatteningpigs,numberofanimalroundsintwo-andthree-phasefeeding.Reporteddataupright,dataachievedfromgapfillinginitalics.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1 2.49 2.55 2.45 2.40 2.49 2.42 2.53 2.54 2.44 2.49

2 2.18 2.55 2.45 2.40 2.49 2.44 2.52 2.51 2.53 2.50

3 2.47 2.49 2.45 2.40 2.49 2.42 2.47 2.44 2.44 2.49

4 2.33 2.34 2.25 2.27 2.37 2.39 2.46 2.49 2.52 2.56

5 2.33 2.34 2.25 2.27 2.37 2.39 2.46 2.49 2.52 2.56

6 2.47 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.55 2.46 2.47 2.44 2.44 2.52

7 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.70 2.50

8 2.47 2.49 2.48 2.46 2.55 2.46 2.47 2.44 2.44 2.52

9 2.18 2.55 2.45 2.40 2.49 2.42 2.52 2.47 2.57 2.56

10 2.33 2.34 2.25 2.27 2.37 2.39 2.46 2.49 2.63 2.56

11 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67

12 2.40 2.40 2.41 2.41 2.35 2.31 2.35 2.36 2.38 2.44

13 2.35 2.31 2.33 2.34 2.37 2.35 2.35 2.41 2.46 2.53

mean 2.39 2.44 2.42 2.41 2.43 2.40 2.43 2.44 2.48 2.50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1 2.60 2.82 2.56 2.55 2.80 2.57 2.49 2.57 2.65

2 2.55 2.42 2.77 2.43 2.48 2.55 2.76 2.76 2.94

3 2.60 2.66 2.50 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.49 2.57 2.65

4 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.56 2.50 2.46 2.41 2.55 2.58

5 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.56 2.50 2.46 2.41 2.55 2.58

6 2.63 2.66 2.50 2.58 2.56 2.63 2.54 2.62 2.66

7 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70

8 2.63 2.66 2.50 2.58 2.56 2.63 2.54 2.62 2.66

9 2.59 2.56 2.56 2.58 2.61 2.65 2.68 2.73 2.78

10 2.59 2.61 2.60 2.69 2.35 2.34 2.41 2.55 2.71

11 2.67 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.69 2.68 2.68

12 2.56 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.54 2.57 2.61 2.61 2.62

13 2.51 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.51 2.53 2.57 2.57 2.55

mean 2.56 2.57 2.55 2.52 2.55 2.56 2.58 2.61 2.62

4 Results

Examples of excretion rates for standard animals arecalculatedfortheyears1994,2001,and2007.Theyarecomparedwith the results obtainedwith the previouslyused feeding strategies anddiet compositions.Hitherto,noregionaldifferentiationwasmade.Allsows,weaners,andfatteningpigshadbeentreatedasbeingfedwithtwophases.Reduced-NfeedhadbeentakenintoaccountforsomedistrictsinNiedersachsen.FordetailsseeRösemannetal.(2011).SimilarcalculationshadbeenperformedforNiedersach-

senandfatteningpigs(Dämmgenetal.,2011c)partlyus-ingthesamedatasourceasthiswork.Aftercompletionofthesecalculations,thecalculationproceduresforVSandN

excretionratesusedhithertowerecheckedandmodified(Dämmgenetal.,2011a).Hence,theresultsobtainedintheworkathandmaydifferfromthosepublishedearlier.

4.1 Methane excretion rates (enteric fermentation)

EmissionsfromentericfermentationdependontheGEintakeandonthemethaneconversionfactor.Thelatterisassumedtobeconstantforallpigs(IPCC,1996,TableA-4providesamethaneconversionfactorof0.006MJMJ-1fordevelopedcountries,which isused intheGermanemis-sion inventory).As theGE contents of feeds are almostconstantforthemajorfeedconstituents(Table5),hardlyanychangesareexpectedasaresultofchangedfeedingpractices(Table6).


337

Table5:

GEcontentsoffeed,annualnationalmeans

1994 2001 2007 previouscalculations1) unit

sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 18.32 18.28 18.31 18.45 MJkg-1GE

weaners 18.76 18.77 18.78 18.45 MJkg-1GE

fatteningpigs 18.71 18.67 18.65 18.45 MJkg-1GE

boars 18.32 18.33 18.34 18.45 MJkg-1GE

1)usingthemethodologydescribedinRösemannetal.(2011)

Table6:

Methaneexcretionrates(entericfermentation),annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 2.07 2.07 2.08 2.13 kgplace-1a-1CH4

weaners 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 kgplace-1a-1CH4

fatteningpigs 1.21 1.18 1.17 1.32 kgplace-1a-1CH4

boars 1.75 1.74 1.75 1.73 kgplace-1a-1CH41)usingthemethodologydescribedinRösemannetal.(2011)

Table7:

Digestibilitiesoforganicmatter,annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.81 kgkg-1

weaners 0.86 0.85 0.87 0.85 kgkg-1

fatteningpigs 0,86 0.86 0.86 0.82 kgkg-1

boars 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.83 kgkg-1

1)digestibilitiesofenergyinMJMJ-1,usingthemethodologydescribedinRösemannetal.(2011)

Table8:

Ashcontentsoffeed,annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 0.062 0.059 0.059 0.02 kgkg-1

weaners 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.02 kgkg-1

fatteningpigs 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.02 kgkg-1

boars 0.057 0.056 0.057 0.02 kgkg-1


Table9:

Volatilesolidsexcretionrates,annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 155 161 163 205 kgplace-1a-1VS

weaners 26.0 26.2 26.5 31.6 kgplace-1a-1VS

fatteningpigs 80.5 79.3 79.4 117 kgplace-1a-1VS

boars 128 129 128 145 kgplace-1a-1VS


338

Table10:

Nitrogenexcretionrates,annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 25.7 25.3 25.2 26.3 kgplace-1a-1N

weaners 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.0 kgplace-1a-1N

fatteningpigs 11.9 11.5 11.3 13.9 kgplace-1a-1N

boars 27.0 27.1 27.0 27.5 kgplace-1a-1N


Table11:

Totalammoniacalnitrogenexcretionrates,annualnationalmeans


sows(includingsucklingpiglets) 19.4 19.1 19.0 20.1 kgplace-1a-1TAN

weaners 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 kgplace-1a-1TAN

fatteningpigs 8.6 8.2 8.0 10.2 kgplace-1a-1TAN

boars 21.4 21.4 21.3 22.2 kgplace-1a-1TAN


4.2 Volatile solids excretion rates

Major changes can be observed for VS (Table 9). Thesmalldifferencesindigestibilities(Table7)havealargeef-fect onVS excretion rates,which is farmore importantthanthetreblingoftheashcontents(Table8).

4.3 Nitrogen and TAN excretion rates

TheeffectofreducedNinputandthereductionofpro-ductioncyclesleadtoasignificantreductioninNexcretionratesforfatteningpigs,comparedtothepreviousmeth-od.ThechangesinNexcretionratesfortheothersubcat-egoriesaresmaller.Asignificant increase isobservedforweaners(Table10).ThisappliesalsotoTANexcretionrates(Table11).Theuseofthedigestibilityofcrudeprotein(XP)NinsteadofthedigestibilityofenergyreducesTANexcre-tionrates.

5 Discussion

For sows,nutrition requirements (energy,protein) varysignificantlyamongthedifferentstagesofthepigletpro-duction cycle. For growing pigs (weaners and fatteners)theratioofcrudeproteintoenergydecreasescontinuallywithage.Hence,ithasbecomegeneralpracticetoreflectthisinthedietsbyphasefeedingasthisisalsoeconomi-callybeneficial.

InNiedersachsen,specialmeasureshavebeentakentoreducetheNandphosphorus loadsontheenvironmentby introducing special dietswith reduced XP and phos-phoruscontents.Anexampledetailedanalysisoftheinfluenceofthevari-

ousinputparametersismadeforNiedersachsen,asherefeeding practices are more differentiated than in otherfederalstates.Fivefeedingtypesweredistinguished:• 1 singlephasefeeding• 2S two-phasefeeding,standardXPcontents• 2Rtwo-phasefeeding,reducedXPcontents• 3S three-phasefeeding,standardXPcontents• 3Rthree-phasefeeding,reducedXPcontents

The comparison is performed for sowswith litter andfattening pigs, as the contribution to emissions fromweanersandboarsisofminorimportance.The2007datasetisused.Changesarenegativeforreductionsandpositiveforin-

creases.

5.1 Sows with litter

Duetothefactthatthefeedintakeisgovernedbyen-ergy requirements, the energy intake is not affected byphase feeding.AsCH4emissions fromenteric fermenta-tionarederivedfromenergyintake,theyarealsonotaf-fectedbyphasefeeding(Table12).


339

Table12:

Sowspluslitter.CH4excretionrates(emissions)peranimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy.

Feedtype 1 2S 2R unit

CH4excretionrate 2.1 2.1 2.1 kgplace-1a-1CH4

changescomparedto“1”duetoadjustedXPcontent

+0.0 kgplace-1a-1CH4

introductionofphasefeeding +0.0 +0.0 kgplace-1a-1CH4

Theenergycontentoffeedsisadjustedtotherequire-mentsoflactatingandnon-lactatingsows.Thisresultsinaconsiderable reduction inVSexcretions.The reductionoftheXPcontenthasasmallnegativeeffect(Table13).

Table13:

Sowspluslitter.VSexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy.


VSexcretionrate 165 142 147 kgplace-1a-1VS


0 +5 kgplace-1a-1VS

introductionofphasefeeding -23 -23 kgplace-1a-1VS

AminoreffectonNexcretionratescanbeobservedasaresultofphasefeeding.However,thereductionoffeedXPcontentsisclearlyvisible(Table14).

Table14:

Sowspluslitter.Nexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy.


Nexcretionrate 26.5 26.2 24.3 kgplace-1a-1N


-1.9 kgplace-1a-1N

introductionofphasefeeding -0.3 -0.3 kgplace-1a-1N

IncontrasttoNexcretionrates,TANexcretionratesarere-ducedbyphasefeeding.Forthedietscompared,theeffectofthereducedXPcontentsisadverse,albeitsmall(Table15).

Table15:

Sowspluslitter.TANexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy.


TANexcretionrate 19.1 17.3 18.5 kgplace-1a-1N


+1.2 kgplace-1a-1N

introductionofphasefeeding -1.8 -1.8 kgplace-1a-1N

5.2 Fattening pigs

Phase feeding results in a reduced number of animalrounds.Thiscausesalinearreductioninallemissions.ForCH4emissionrates,theeffectsofbothadjusteden-

ergyandXPcontentsofthefeedareofminorimportance(Table16).

Table16:

Fatteningpigs.Methaneexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunc-tionoffeedingstrategy.

Feedtype 1 2S 2R 3S 3R unit

CH4excretionrate 1.31 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.17 kgplace-1a-1CH4

changescompa-redto“1”duetoadjustedXPcontent

-0.01 +0.01 kgplace-1a-1CH4

introductionofphasefeeding

+0.04 +0.04 -0.00 -0.00 kgplace-1a-1CH4

reducednumberofrounds

-0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 kgplace-1a-1CH4

With VS excretion rates, changes in both energy andXPcontentshaveanadverseeffect.Thismayevenover-compensate the gains due to reduced animal rounds inthecaseof3Rfeeding(Table17).

Table17:

Fatteningpigs.VSexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy(2007dataset).


VSexcretionrate 84.8 79.2 80.7 84.0 86.7 kgplace-1a-1VS

reductionscom-paredto“1”duetoadjustedXPcontent

+1.5 +2.8 kgplace-1a-1VS


+4.3 +4.3 +9.1 +9.1 kgplace-1a-1VS


-9.9 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 kgplace-1a-1VS

N excretion rates benefit from all aspects of feedingchanges.TheintroductionofphasefeedingalonereducesNexcretionratesofabout7%,whichisinlinewithex-perimentalfindings(e.g.Lindermeyeretal.,2010;Anony-mus,2010).HerethereducedN inputs intotheanimalsaffect the excretions significantly. Adjusted feeding as awholehaspositiveeffects.Thereishardlyanydifferencebetween2Sand3Sfeedings.Thecombinedeffectsadduptomorethan5kgplace-1a-1N(Table18).

340

Table18:

Fatteningpigs.Nexcretion ratesperanimalplaceasa functionoffeedingstrategy


Nexcretionrate 13.2 10.8 9.9 11.1 7.7 kgplace-1a-1N


-0.9 -3.5 kgplace-1a-1N


-0.9 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5kgplace-1a-1N


-1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5kgplace-1a-1N

Theintroductionofphasefeedingasameasuretoad-justfeedpropertiestoenergyrequirementshasonlyami-noreffectonTANexcretionsrates.However,XPreductionaddsaconsiderableamountofsavings(Table19).

Table19:

Fatteningpigs.TANexcretionratesperanimalplaceasafunctionoffeedingstrategy(2007dataset).


TANexcretionrate 9.1 7.8 6.6 7.8 5.4 kgplace-1a-1N


-1.2 -2.4 kgplace-1a-1N


-0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 kgplace-1a-1N


-1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 kgplace-1a-1N

BothNandTANexcretionratesvaryregionally.Figure3illustratestheresultsobtainedforthe22Germanregionsinvestigated.

0

3

6

9

12

15

Region

N e

xcre

tion r

ate

[kg p

lace

a]

-1-1

0

3

6

9

12

15

Region

TA

N e

xcre

tion r

ate

[kg p

lace

a]

-1-1

Figure3.

Variabilityoftotalnitrogen(N)andurinarynitrogen(TAN)excretionratescalculatedfor22Germanregions

6 Conclusions

TheGermandatasetscollatedforthisworkshowthatphasefeedingaloneresultsinreducedVSexcretionrates.Thereductionisachievedinthestepfromsingletotwo-phasefeeding.Theintroductionofathirdphaseisfarlesseffective.Changed feed compositions do not affect CH4 excre-

tionsfromentericfermentation,nordotheyshowagreateffect on N excretions. This contradicts the statementsfoundintheliteraturewithrespecttoNexcretionrates.In two- and three-phase feeding, the reductions in N

andTANexcretionsareasideeffectofthereducednum-berofanimal rounds thatgoeswith the introductionofphasefeeding.However,Nexcretionratesfortwo-phasefeedingoffat-

teningpigsrangefrom10.1to13.1kgplace-1a-1Nandfrom6.4to9.8kgplace-1a-1TAN,indicatingthatthereisconsiderableroomforreductions.AremarkablereductionintheexcretionratesofNand

TANcanbeachievedbyadjustingtheproteincontentsofthefeedtotherequirements.

Acknowledgements

Thedatausedinthisworkisbasedoncontributionsbyexpertsinpigproductionandpigfeedinginparticular:Dr.Hans-JoachimAlert,Köllitsch;Dr.UweBergfeld,Köllitsch;Hanke Bokelmann, Bremervörde; Johannes Bruns, Os-nabrück;Dr. UweClar, Uelzen;Hartwig Fehrendt,Olden-burg;BerndGrünhaupt,Fritzlar;LuiseHagemann,Teltow;Dr.ArndHeinze,Jena;GerdHermeling,Bersenbrück;KajoHollmichel, Kassel; Petra Klaus, Großenkneten; KlemensKuhlmann, Coesfeld; Dr. Jörg Küster, Northeim; Dr. Her-mannLindermayer,Poing;Dr.WernerLüpping,Blekendorf;DirkLüvolding,Vechta;Prof.Dr.WinfriedMatthes,Dummer-storf;AndreaMeyer,Hannover;HenningPieper,Hameln;Dr.ThomasPriesmann,Bitburg;Dr.ManfredWeber,Iden.


341

Dr.Karl-HermannGrünewald,VFT-Geschäftsstelle,Bonn,suppliedthetimeseriesofdietproperties.Dr.Walter Staudacher, DLG, Frankfurt, supported the

inquirycritically.The authors express their gratitude, as the process of

datacompilationdemandedtimeandpatience.This work was supported by Landwirtschaftskammer

Niedersachsen,Oldenburg.

References

Anonymus(2010)MitPhasenfütterungFutterkostensenken.ÖsterrBauernzeit10.12.2010

Beuker (2010) Cornsteep [online]. To be found at <http://www.beuker.net/nl/rundveehouderij/producten/eiwitrijk/vloeibaar/cornsteep> [quoted14.10.2011]

DämmgenU,AmonB,GyldenkærneS,HutchingsNJ,KleineKlausingH,Ha-enelH-D,RösemannC(2011a)Reassessmentofthecalculationprocedureforthevolatilesolidsexcretionratesofcattle,pigsandpoultryintheAus-trian,DanishandGermanagriculturalemissioninventories.Landbauforsch61(2):115-126

DämmgenU,AmonB,HaenelH-D,HutchingsNJ,RösemannC(2011b)DatasetstoassessmethaneemissionsfromuntreatedcattleandpigslurryandsolidmanurestoragesystemsintheGermanandAustrianemissioninven-tories.Landbauforsch(62)1(submitted)

DämmgenU,BradeW,SchulzJ,HaenelH-D,RösemannC(2011c)EinflussvonFütterungsverfahrenaufdie EmissionenausderMastschweinehaltung inNiedersachsen.Züchtungskunde83(3):191-202

DämmgenU,HahneJ,HaenelH-D,RösemannC(2010)DieModellierungderEmissionenvonStickstoffspezies,NMVOCundStaubausAbluftreinigungs-anlageninderSchweinehaltungimdeutschenlandwirtschaftlichenEmissi-onsinventar.GefahrstoffeReinhaltungLuft70(10):437-443

DLG - Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft (2005) Bilanzierung der Nähr-stoffausscheidungen landwirtschaftlicherNutztiere. Frankfurt aM :DLG-Verl,69p,ArbeitenDLG199

DLG - Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft (2011) Futtermittelnet [on-line].Tobe foundat<http://www.dlg.org/futtermittel_net.html> [quoted14.10.2011]

DTV -DeutscherVerbandTiernahrung (2010)Mischfutter Tabellarium2010.Bonn:DVT

EC-EuropeanCommunity(2002)Directive2002/32/ECoftheEuropeanPar-liamentandof theCouncilof7May2002onundesirablesubstances inanimal feed[online].Tobefoundat<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0032:20060224:EN:PDF>[quoted14.10.2011]

EEA-EuropeanEnvironmentAgency(2009)EMEP/EEAairpollutantemissioninventoryguidebook.TechnicalreportNo6/2009.EuropeanEnvironmentAgency (EEA),Copenhagen.Tobe foundat<http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009>[quoted14.10.2011

FlachowskyG,PallaufJ,PfefferE,RodehutscordM,SchenkelH,StaudacherW,SusenbethA(2006)EmpfehlungenzurEnergie-undNährstoffversorgungvonSchweinen2006.FrankfurtaM:DLG-Verl,247p,Energie-undNähr-stoffbedarflandwirtschaftlicherNutztiere10

Lindermeyer H, Preißinger W, Propstmeier G (2010) „Einfache“ Multipha-senfütterung in der Ferkelaufzucht: „Verschneiden“ : VersuchsberichtS 17 (S13/2) [online]. To be found at <http://www.lfl.bayern.de/ite/sch-To be found at <http://www.lfl.bayern.de/ite/sch-wein/40343/linkurl_0_9.pdf>[quoted14.10.2011]

LfL-BayerischeLandesanstaltfürLandwirtschaft(2009)FutterberechnungfürSchweine.Freising-Weihenstephan:LfL,88p

HaenelH-D,DämmgenU,LaubachP,RösemannC(2011)Updateofthecalcu-lationofmetabolizableenergyrequirementsforpigsintheGermanagricu-lturalemissioninventory.Landbauforsch61(3):217-228

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1996) Revised 1996IPCCguidelinesfornationalgreenhousegasinventories:vol3:Referencemanual [online].Tobe foundat<http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.html>[quoted14.10.2011]

IPCC–IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(2006)2006IPCCguide-linesfornationalgreenhousegas inventories:vol4:Agriculture,forestryandother landuse[online].Tobefoundat<http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html>[quoted14.10.2011]

JentschW,ChudyA,BeyerM(eds)(2004)RostockerFutterbewertungssystem:KennzahlendesFutterwertesundFutterbedarfsaufderBasisvonNettoe-nergie.Dummerstorf:FBN,392p

RösemannC,HaenelH-D,PoddeyE,DämmgenU,DöhlerH,Eurich-MendenB,LaubachP,DieterleM,OsterburgB(2011)CalculationsofgaseousandparticulateemissionsfromGermanagriculture1990-2009.Braunschweig:vTI,402p,LandbauforschSH342

http://www.beuker.net/nl/rundveehouderij/producten/eiwitrijk/vloeibaar/cornsteep

http://www.beuker.net/nl/rundveehouderij/producten/eiwitrijk/vloeibaar/cornsteep

http://www.dlg.org/futtermittel_net.html

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0032:20060224:EN:PDF

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2002L0032:20060224:EN:PDF

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009

http://www.lfl.bayern.de/ite/sch�wein/40343/linkurl_0_9.pdf



http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.html

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs6.html

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html

342

Documents

The effect of feed composition and feeding …The effect of feed composition and feeding strategies on excretion rates in German pig production Ulrich Dämmgen*, 1 Wilfried Brade**,