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THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF ASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY
TO RUMINANT INDUSTRIES
Bui Xuan NGUYEN
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
e-mail: [email protected]
Reasonable ARB
implementation-Breeding
strategies
ARB
Ruminant industries
Economic efficiency of
successful investment
Ruminant industry –
the transformation of animal farming from traditional
grazing systems to intensive industrial farming
Since in the early 1930s
Technological advances in
Nutrition, Veterinary, Bioinformatics,
ARB
Ruminant industry- Global trends
Driving force & Factors • The increasing world demand for
meat, milk
• High economic benefit investement
• Intensive Production
High input
investment
High output
Benefit
TECHNOLOGY
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
TRANSGENIC
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
REGENERATION MEDICINE
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
GENE THERAPY
INFERILITY TREATMENT
PGD
ANIMAL BREEDING INDUSTRY
BIO-MEDICAL APPLICATION REPRODUCTION
Superovulation
In vitro Fertilization
Somatic cloning
XX
IVM-IVF 38 0C, 5% CO2
Genetic Engineering
Stem cells
Cryobanking
Embryo Transfer
BXNguyen-Paris VI
EMBRYO
New organism
Oocyte
Sperm
Cells
ARB- THE TECHNICAL
PLATFORMFOR A
MODERN RUMINANT
INDUSTRY
Ruminant industries-ARB impact
Selection intensity
Additive genetic
standard deviation
Generation interval
Reproductive performance
Genetic Gain
L
Cloning SCNT can lead to acceleration of genetic
gain in cattle by reduction of generation interval
A cost-effective approach that combines genomic
analyses with reproductive technologies can reduce
generation interval by rapidly producing high genetic
merit calves (Poothappillai et al. 2014)
- individual fibroblast cell lines from early stage
embryos
- DNA isolated for genomic genotyping for the
generation of high genomic merit calves.
- The selected cells were used as donor cells in SCNT.
- embryos transfer: Pregnancy at 40 days was 69%
(11/16) and more 30% gestation continue to produce
calves.
Open nucleus breeding system
ONBS-ARB
MOET-OPU-IVF-BLUP-GBLUP
Open nucleus breeding scheme (Cunningham, 1979)
BLUP - Best Linear Unbiased Prediction
The standard method for genetic evaluation in breeding programs
(Henderson 1973)
- compare the estimated breeding values of animals in different
herds and simultaneously solve genetic and environmental effects
- The combination of extensive use of AI with evaluations by BLUP
has resulted in significant phenotypic and genetic gains in dairy
production. A striking difference was reported for the genetic
gain in the period of nearly no gain (2.55 kg milk, years 1960-
1969) and the period of substantial gain ( 83.73 kg milk, years
1969-1979) (Van Vleck, 1986).
ARB- Genomic approach: ARB-ONBS-GBLUP
The application of new technology called genomic selection
decisions based on the idea that a specific gene called hereafter
QTL/ETL (quantitative or economical trait loci) is considered to
revolutionize the dairy cattle breeding(Georges et al. 1995).
A method to include genomic information in national BLUP
evaluation was proposed by Ducrocq and Liu (2009). Selection
decisions on candidates are based on Genomically Enhanced
Breeding Values (GEBV) instead of Estimated Breeding Values
(EBV) obtained after progeny testing.
Advantages:
1) aan increase in accuracy in selection through additional
information directly related to the genotype
2) a possibility to reduce generation interval by adding a new
selection stage at earlier age (Gengler and Druet 2001).
Anualished genetic gain and potential benefit of embryo
techniques to genetic improvement programs. Data from
Lohuis, 1995.
ARB contribution to cattle breeding • Semen doses is >250 million worldwide, fertility is
above 80% for AI using fresh- liquid conserved semen,
and above 60% for AI using frozen semen (Rodriguez-
Martinez 2011).
• 750,000 embryos are produced annually from super
ovulated donors
• More than 450,000 embryos are produced by in vitro
fertilization, 54% were transferred after freezing and
thawing ( Mapletoft 2013).
• OPU-IVP, a donor cow may yield 15-20 oocytes each
week (collection or 15-20 oocytes once a week,
respectively), a cow may potentially produce 50 to 100
calves each year.
(Embryo Transfer Newsletter, IETS 31(4)24-46, 2013; 32(4)14-26, 2014)
世界の体外受精(IVF)胚移植頭数
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000 Africa Asia Europe North America
South
America
Oceania Total
Trends in the world transfer of bovine IVF
embryos by region: Trend of South America
(Embryo Transfer Newsletter, IETS 31(4)24-46, 2013;
32(4)14-26, 2014)
ARB
- Biological aspects: +++
- ECONOMIC ASPECTS ?
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ARB impact- Economic efficiency
ARB has an impact on a ruminant industry
The application of AI and estrus synchronization allows
farms to control the interval to first insemination and
fertility, the voluntary waiting period.
-Exposing cows to natural service was $32.7 more
expensive/cow/yr compared with timed AI In general (Lima et al.
2009)
- The double Ovsynch program and subsequent AI (DO-DO) for the
timed AI programs in lactating dairy cows resulted in $45- $69 more
income per cow/yr, respectively, although they were $17- $21 (DO-
DO) more expensive/cow/yr than the AI based on detection of e
(Giordano et al. 2011)
Economic value of embryo transfer Recent investigation shows that with the average result in more 40-
45% pregnancies, ET has become a more attractive tool to improve
reproductive efficiency in dairy industry.
Ribeiro et al. (2012) compared the costs of five breeding programs
for lactating dairy cows including ET from super ovulated (SOV)
cows
- IVP-OPU
- IVF-S (oocytes at slaughterhouses)
- Timed AI
- Timed AI plus detection of estrus (timed AI + DE).
The costs per pregnancy were 72 US$ and 90 US$ for TAI sexed AI,
235.6 US$ for conventional ET and 267.4 US$ for sexed ET
ARB avalaible if when a pregnancy per AI is 35%, ET using SOV,
IVP-OPU and IVP-S would have to achieve more than 65% fertility to
generate a pregnancy of a similar value.
Evaluation of economic value:
importance for both farm & experts
Embryo transfer in
small farm
AI natural cycle : 20 $
Estrus synchronistion
?
Embryo transfer:
- Free
- 50 $: may be
- > 100 $; No
Genetic change : +
Economic value: ?
Economic evalution To obtain an accurate calculation of economic revenues of the
breeding programs the absolute economic values are needed
(Groen et al. 1997).
Successful investment should involve three major steps:
(i) the definition of a breeding goal: setting up the
aggregate genotype and deciding what traits to be
included,
(ii) the estimation of the breeding value in the
information index, i.e. the estimated breeding value
for each trait and for each potential breeding
animal
(iii) the optimization of a breeding program
The aggregate genotype is used to represent the
genetic merit of an animal. The choice of an aggregate
genotype is the starting point in setting up breeding
programs.
- production traits (carrier, fat, protein, and dressing
percentage) and functional traits (conception
rate,survival rate, body weight, and rumen capacity)
Each genotype being weighted by their predicted
contribution to the increase in the overall objective
(Hazel 1943). This contribution is determined by the so-
called cumulative discounted expressions and
economic values (Groen 1989). Multiplying the
economic value by the cumulative discounted
expression gives the discounted economic value.
Economic value The economic value of a trait expresses to what
extent the economic efficiency of production is
improved at the moment of expression of one unit
of genetic superiority for that trait (Hazel 1943)
net genetic improvement which can be brought about by selecting
among a group of animals is the sum of the genetic gains made for
the several traits which have economic importance.
weight the gain made for each trait (Gi)
relative economic value of that trait (ai).
Economic values are defined by the population level rather than by
the level of an individual animal. The micro-economic approach of
an individual farm is chosen ( Groen et al. 1997), .
where n is the number of animals at the farm, y the level of product output (kg anima-l1
y-1 ; Y = ny); py the price per unit product (Dfl kg-1), xv the level of input of production factor v,
variable per animal (kg animal-1 yr-1; Xv = nXv,), pv the price per unit production factor v (Dfl
kg-1 ), Cfa the costs of input of production factor fa, fixed per animal (Dfl animal-1 yr-1 ; Cfa =
nCfa), and Cff the costs of input of production factor ff, fixed per farm (Dfl yr-1).
Computer programs
to estimate the economic value.
- Noncommercial system programmed in Borland Delphi 5.0 and runs
under Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT (www.zod.wau.nl/abg/) (Misztal et al.
1998).
-The software ZPLAN (Willam et al. 2008) for evaluation of both the
genetic and the economic consequences of the different breeding
strategies for a given investment horizon
2 criteria to compare the value of the different breeding strategies: (1)
Annual monetary genetic gain (AMGG): the average increase per year in
monetary superiority of the progeny of the selected animals after one
round of selection
(2) Discounted profit (DP) : the discounted monetary profit based on the
genetic superiority and expressed as the improved profit per animal in
the total population over the given investment period. (Thomasen et al.
2014).
3.1 Main segment ZPLAN
The main segment reads and stores the parameters of the parameter file (except
INDEX parameters), lists them and calls subroutines.
The sequence of reading the parameters in the main segment is as follows:
Input and output control parameters
Parameters for traits
Biological and technical coefficients
Parameters specific for subpopulations
Parameters for breeding costs
Parameters for generating the transmission matrix
Parameters for discounting
Parameters for variation and optimisation.
GBLUP- DNA markers: Total economic value
GBLUP- DNA markers: Milk economic value
ARB and ruminant industry
for developing countries
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Ruminant industry –Food security
Open Nucleus Breeding System for dairy cattle.
Hodges, 1990
ARB-ONBS for developing countries
limits & advantages
The advantages
-ONBS approache: of this system for the developing countries are
their possibility to make them realize, with reasonable investment,
that integration of smallholder farms is the most important
component of livestock production in the region.
- Technical transfer and selected genetic resources from
developed countries
The limits
- Traditional breeding conditions
- Animal resources of low productivity
- Backwardness of farming reproductive techniques.
ARB-ruminant industry: case of Uganda The system of genetic improvement for the Holstein Friesian cattle
population in Uganda is an example of implementing adaptation of
ONBS to realize under the condition of livestock consisting of
mainly smallholder farms.
The 700 animal for 4 proven bulls (PB)in nucleus on the base
existed farms and consisted of two units: the central unit and the
dispersed unit which consist of farmers with least twenty cows
keeping in the fenced dairying production system for AI and
conducting contemporary testing of daughters of different bulls.
ZPLAN computer simulator programme to model the breeding and
evaluating annual monetary genetic gain (AMGG).
100,000 animals in the farmers in the base population with one or
two cows
AI restricted selection index to get AMGG of 1.00 Ugcp, R of 1.34
Ugcp and P of 1.26 Ugcp. (Nakimbugwe 2005)
C L…which may be the reason why semen of the Gir Leiteiro and other Zebu varieties
is exported from Brazil all over the tropical world, these days.
ARB-ruminant industry: case of Brazil
The development of ONBS-MOET and IVP in Brazil is an
example of ARB contribution as a critical success factor
in the exploitation of the natural advantages for livestock
and ruminant industry.
- livestock population : 209.5 million of beef and dairy
cattle, 9.09 million of goat and 14.18 million of sheep,
- the largest commercial Zebu herd in the world; semen
market in 2013 was estimated in 13 million straws.
- In 1994, a joint program of progeny testing and a MOET
nucleus scheme involving meat and milk traits as
breeding goals was commenced plus in vitro fertilization
laboratorie : to the need of around 15,000 genetic superior
bulls/yr and 450,000 young replacement bulls/yr
(Madalena et al. 2012).
ARB for developing countries:
crossbreeding trends
- Girolando (Holstein/Gir)
crossbreds in Brazil,
- Carora (Brown Swiss:
zebu) in Venezuela,
- Siboney (Holstein:
Brahman) in Cuba,
- Hope (Jersey: Sahiwal) in
Jamaica (Madalena, 2005). -
Ha-An : Yellow X Sindhi X
Holstein (average of 4500 kg
per year, individual 7000 kg
per year).
Crossbreeding for dairying is a major tool in intensification of cattle
production in developing countries.
ARB for developing countries: ONBS for
crossbreeding
ONBS adapted for crossbreeding program was proposed
(Philipsson et al. 2011).
CONCLUSSION
• ARB with the capacity to control totally the reproductive
performance has become the indispensable technical platform for
ruminant industry.
• The reasonable combination of ARB and the genetic selection
based on principle of ONBS-BLUP or Genomic BLUP (GBLUP) is the
fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable ruminant
industry.
• The level of ARB implementation should be based on the definition
of important traits and results of accurate calculation of their
economic values.
• There is a great demand for rapid establishment of ruminant
industry in developing countries in the coming decades. Developing
collaboration for training and formation in ARB and genetic &
ECONOMIC management, exchange of animal genetic resources
should be carried out to meet this challenge.
Thank you
for your kind invitation and attention
- Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC), Taiwan
- Philippine Council for Agricultural Resource Research
and development (PCCAARRD-DOST)
- Philippine Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture
(PCC-DA)
- Prof Nagai Takashi for document preparation
Post Conference Social Events
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