The Eastern Parkway extended into the 21st century

AUTHORSofie Verjans

PROMOTORSTom Thys

Ward Verbakel

THE EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENDED INTO THE 21st CENTURYurban agriculture in Crown Heights

Essay

2 Titel Hoofdstuk | Titel Deelhoofdstuk

Copyright by K.U.Leuven

Without written permission of the promoters and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (Belgi). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Studio Brooklyn).

This design thesis proposes a new urban development plan for the strip of the Eastern Parkway Extension and the East New York Avenue in Crown Heights. The Eastern Parkway Extension is the elongation of the parkway that Olmsted and Vaux designed more than a century ago. The look and feel of their green parkway design is not at all present in the Eastern Parkway Extension.

The new urban development plan takes the parkway concept of Olmsted and Vaux, and transforms it into a strategy for the 21st century by dealing with environmental issues such as the reduction, collection and treatment of storm and waste water, the creation of a green environment with less impervious surfaces the production of healthy local food for the community, and real estate development.

THE EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENDED INTO THE 21st CENTURYurban agriculture in Crown Heights

01 EASTERN PARKWAY

02 EASTERN PARKWAY

03 EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION

04 EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION

05 DRAWING OF THE EAGLE STREET ROOFTOP FARM

First of all, I would like to thank my promotors Tom THys and Ward Verbakel for their guidance and support throughout the whole year. Without them, this thesis would not have been possible.

I want to express my gratitude to my readers Aurelie De Smet, Francis De Wolf, Yong Kim, and Nicholas Pettinati for their time and advice and to Annie Novak for introducing me with urban farming in Brooklyn. I am also grateful to NYIT, Columbia University, GSAPP and ASRO.

I loved to work in the hospitable apartment of a number of fellow students, so a big thank you to them.Special thanks go out to An and my other friends in the Chiro, my boyfriend Koen and my family for being patient and supportive.

acknowledgement

06 NEW YORK CITY 07 BROOKLYN 08 CROWN HEIGHTS 09 EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION/EAST NEW YORK AVENUE

10

10 PARKWAY EXTENSION AND 3 DESIGNS

This booklet is the continuation of two analysis booklets: Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life and Crown Heights: exploring the grid.

The focus of this design thesis is the redefinition of the parkway, which involves incorporating environmental challenges that Brooklyn is facing today. These main challenges are explored in the first chapter on the scales of Brooklyn and Crown Heights. In the following chapter, a more detailed analysis of the parkway extension will be discussed. The third chapter sets out the strategies for the new parkway development, which results in a new green urban structure. The final chapter contains 3 designs that will show the aims on an architectural scale.

methodology

01 A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION

02 SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION

03 PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

04 DESIGNS commercial square urban farm school and park

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

table of contents

16

26

36

52566472

80

82

11 EASTERN PARKWAY AT RALPH AVENUE

A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION First, this chapter refers to my case study Parkways: city-shaping devices and gives a short summary of the conclusions and how the definition of a parkway has changed over time.Then, a new description of a parkway is given, based on challenges Brooklyn is facing today. These challenges about food, housing, water, green,... are important guidelines in the design choices that will follow in the next chapters of this booklet.

17A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION Eastern Parkway

The definition of a parkway has changed since the Ocean and Eastern Parkways were built; from a parkway that connects parks with each other to a parkway that runs through a park. In Olmsted and Vaux parkways, pedestrians, traffic and residential functions were all intermingled. Later on, in the modern parkways (for example the ones implemented by Robert Moses), all of these functions became separated, harmonizing full freedom for pedestrians and traffic. The modern parkways may be compared with European highways, but they certainly are not the same: The parkways dont provide the most direct and rapid transit. Instead they humanize the highway by carefully following and utilizing the terrain according to the topography of the earth and merging into the landscape. Regulations govern all construction along its borders, limiting gas service stations, and prohibiting all residences, business houses, and factories.

The parkways are still present in Brooklyn as important and qualitative infrastructures. The old concept of the parkway has shown adaptability, but the definition is not up to date for similar contemporary infrastructures.

In the late 1860s, Brooklyn was the third largest city in the United States, inhabiting nearly 300,000 people. When landscape designers Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux proposed their design for Prospect Park in 1866, they included a metropolitan-wide parkway system to structure the development of Brooklyn. The park-like character of the parkways would have a positive influence on pedestrians walking on the parkways, but also on family and community life in the surrounding neighborhoods.Ocean and Eastern Parkway, the first parkways to be built, consisted out of three roadways, and were the widest streets in the city. A wide roadway in the center, two wide malls that separated the middle roadway from two narrow roadways, carrying one lane of local traffic and two lanes of parking. Along the parkways, six rows of trees formed borders along the sidewalks and the pedestrian malls. The physical form of the parkways remained more or less intact over the years, but the use of the roadways changed over time: they were originally designed for pleasure drive carriages, but are now major traffic roads trough the city. Even though the Eastern and Ocean Parkways each carry between 50, 000 and 70, 000 vehicles a day, the streets are very livable due to the distance and trees between the residents and the high-speed traffic in the middle of the street.

12 PARKWAY PLAN, 1867 13 PARKWAYS AS COMPLETED IN 1876 14 SECTION EASTERN PARKWAY

18 A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION 4 challenges

The parkway as a green structure should be more than beautiful to the eye, more than a recreational structure to connect parks and open spaces. The parkway of the 21st century should embody the challenges cities are facing today. New York Citys mayor Michael R. Bloombergs plaNYC gives a good overview of initiatives to accomplish a greater, greener New York in 2030.127 initiatives are grouped in six different categories: land, water, transportation, energy, air and climate change.The following initiatives are important in this design: (land) develop underused areas to knit neighborhoods together, create or enhance a public plaza in every community, green the cityscape, (water) pursue proven solutions to prevent water from entering the system, provide incentives for green roofs, (transportation) improve traffic flow by reducing congestion, (air quality) reduce road vehicle emissions by promoting bicycle use, pursue natural solutions to improve air quality, increase tree planting, and (climate change) incorporate climate change concerns into the planning process.

These initiatives provided as a guidelines to formulate four challenges that form the base of my design: environmentally responsible real estate development, the production of healthy local food for the community, the creation of a green environment with less impervious surfaces, and the reduction, collection and treatment of storm water.

The first challenge is developing housing in order to meet an increasing population. It is essential to design for a mixed income group, and with ecological concerns in mind. In part of Brooklyn around the Eastern Parkway Extension, a large amount of public housing projects are located. In order to prevent a new development to only attract wealthy people, which in time will cause the original inhabitants to relocate, it is crucial to provide inclusionary housing.

The second challenge stands for the local production of healthy food. The large distances between cities and their food sources are a cause of large-scale problems such as pollution, climate change, obesity, high energy consumption,... Affordable nutritious food is more and more difficult to obtain and some neighborhoods are turning into food deserts. New York City started with the F.R.E.S.H. program to support small-scale local food production, community-based initiatives and fresh food stores in these so-called food deserts.

The creation of a greener environment is a rather vague description for the third challenge, but it helps getting closer to the solution of multiple problems: improve the air quality, provide space for cultivating healthy food, create a pleasant living environment, and decrease the amount of impervious surfaces.

Reducing, collecting and treating storm and waste water is the fourth and final challenge. Because of the combined sewer system in New York, in case of heavy rainfall, the sewer system cant handle the amount of storm water, and combined with the wastewater it is discharged into the harbor by a combined sewer overflow. This untreated water causes the water pollution in the harbor. Multiple small-scale actions can contribute to the solution to prevent these overflows: reducing the amount of impervious surfaces, creating green roofs as a water buffer, installing water collection systems,....

In the following maps, graphic info about these four challenges is shown on the scale of Brooklyn and the scale of Crown Heights.

19

parksexisting greenwayproposed greenway

17 GREENWAY PLAN 1993 18 WATERQUALITY

low % of overweight or obese peoplehigh % of overweight or obese peoplefood desert

A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION

15 PUBLIC HOUSING 16 FOOD DESERTS

low water qualitymedium water qualityhigh water quality

% of blackspublic housing

4 challenges

20 A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION 4 challenges

19 POPULATION DENSITY EVOLUTION 2000-2010 20 COMMUNITY GARDENS

increase with 1 to 20%increase with more than 50%decrease with 1 to 20%decrease with more than 50%

Real estate development in the east of Crown Heights is necessary because of the population increase in the last decade. The increase in both population and units numbers are caused by effects of gentrification in the area between Manhattan and Prospect Park. A consequence of this is that inhabitants who cant pay the rent, move out of the gentrifying neighborhood towards cheaper rents, such as the east Crown Heights, Brownsville area.

One of the ways to tackle obesity is to support local initiatives for fresh food. Especially in low-income neighborhoods is the need for healthy food the highest. The number of overweight and obese inhabitants can be reduced by the presence of a fresh food market, a supermarket, and community gardens. There already are a lot of small scale inititatives spread in Crown Heights. Particularly community gardens are important as places for community bonding and healthy food education.

community gardensschools with garden

21

soft surfaceshard surfaces

A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION 4 challenges

21 EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION MASTER PLAN 2006 22 IMPERVIOUS SURFACES

parksEastern ParkwayEastern Parkway Extension masterplan greenway connectionEastern Parkway Extension masterplan bike paths connectionbike routes

New York is characterized by its urbanization and associated hard surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, docks ... All these are surfaces where rainfall cannot be retained in the soil, cause a great reduction of natural infiltration of rainwater in the ground. In case of heavy rainfall, the sewer infrastructure of New York cannot handle the amounts of water, so more natural infiltration could act as a buffer to unburden the sewer system.

One of the greenways from the greenway plan that was proposed in 1993, runs from Coney Island in the south of Brooklyn, along Prospect Parks and the Eastern Parkway through Crown Heights, all the way up to Fort Totten in Queens. This Brooklyn-Queens Greenway is a network that connects parks and communities along green pathways for cyclists and pedestrians. In Crown Heights, this greenway is interrupted from Ralph Avenue (the end of the Eastern Parkway) until the Highland Park in Queens. To connect this interruption, Mayor Bloomberg proposed a masterplan for the Eastern Parkway Extension, using the existing bike paths that mostly run from east to west.

22 A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION greenway system

23 GREENWAY PLAN - PARKWAY EXTENSION

The four challenges come together in the design of the strip Eastern Parkway Extension - East New York Avenue. The design partially completes a missing piece in the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, forms a contemporary continuation of the Eastern Parkway and is an alternative for the proposed Eastern Parkway Extension Masterplan that focuses on a connection for cyclists and pedestrians.

23A NEW PARKWAY DEFINITION Eastern Parkway

24 PARKWAY EXTENSION VISION

25 EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION AT PROSPECT PL

The site analysis of eastern Crown Heights tries to give an impression of the area surrounding the Eastern Parkway Extension - East New York Avenue strip. The strip is located in between the grids of Crown Heights and Brownsville. The two grids have a different orientation and where they collide, a lot of streets come together. This causes the strip to set itself apart from the rest of the grid.

SITE ANALYSIS

27grid structureSITE ANALYSIS

26 COLLISION OF GRIDS

28 SITE ANALYSIS transportation

27 BUS TRAFFIC 28 SUBWAY LINES 29 BIKE ROUTES 30 CAR TRAFFIC

Public transport on the strip is mainly provided by the bus services.

Subway stations are for the most part of the strip on more than a 10 minute walking distance.

There are few bike routes present in Crown Heights. Mostly just marked on the street, they run primarily east-west through the neighborhood.

The further away from Manhattan, the more people own a car, and less public transport (especially subway lines) are available at close distance. Car traffic is thus the dominant mode of transportation on the strip. A look at the car traffic on the Eastern Parkway Extension and the East New York Avenue, showed many times very slow traffic. Besides the large numbers of traffic, the many intersections on a small area are the cause of the traffic delays.

29

33 LAND USE COMMERCIAL

In Crown Heights, commercial streets mostly run north-south between subway stations and along bus lines. At the border with Brownsville, an other pattern of commercial streets emerges. Closest by the strip, two commercial axes cross each other: Pitkin Avenue and Rockaway Avenue.

commercial streetsSITE ANALYSIS

Mixed commercial and residentialCommercial

31

32

0m 500m

3132

30 INTRODUCTION public buildings

Pubic institutionsMosqueChurcheSynagogue

34 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS LAND USE

Unlike the commercial land use, the public facilities and institutions are well spread throughout Crown Heights. A lot of these institutions are churches.

35

36

0m 500m

35

36

31SITE ANALYSIS open space

Open Space and Outdoor RecreationVacant Lots

Parking

39 OPEN SPACES

Green open spaces are generally quite small in this neighborhood, but they are more or less equally spread. The presence of many vacant lots or temporarily used parking spaces provide a lot of potential for future development.

37

38

0m 500m

3738

32 SITE ANALYSIS public housing

NYCHA Public HousingMedian Household income 2005-2009:< $25000$25000 - $45000

40 PUBLIC HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME

A lot of the public housing in Brooklyn is located in Crown Heights, Brownsville and East New York. This is accompanied with the lowest household incomes in the area. There are no public housing blocks present on the parkway extension strip, but it is surrounded by many.

41

42

0m 500m

42

41

33

45 LAND USE RESIDENTIAL

Most residential buildings are multiple family housing types. This observation is probably strengthened by the large presence of public housing blocks.

residential buildingsSITE ANALYSIS

One and two family buildingsMulti-family buildings

43

44

0m 500m

4344

46 AERIAL VIEW OF THE EASTERN PARKWAY EXTENSION AND EAST NEW YORK AVENUE

The new development plan for the Eastern Parkway Extension and the East New York Avenue proposed in this chapter, is the result of a combination of the four challenges cited in the first chapter. The Eastern Parkway Extension area is located in between the grids of Crown Heights and Brownsville. The two grids have a different orientation and where they collide, a lot of streets come together. A couple of major traffic changes clean up the whole strip and make room to create new public spaces and places for urban agriculture.

PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

37PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN masterplan overview

38

By making this model with movable streets, it was easy to test different traffic scenarios and to have a good look at which streets are most important.

grid analysisPARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

47 MOVABLE MODEL

39traffic planPARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

49 PROPOSED TRAFFIC PLAN48 CURRENT SITUATION

The new traffic plan changes the longitudinal two-way streets into one-way streets, making them work together as a whole. Three north-south connections between the two different grids remain present, because this is the dominant direction in the Crown Heights grid.One link in the east-west direction remains to connect the eastern parkway with Pitkin Avenue, a very important commercial street.

40

Currently, different scales of buildings and typologies are present on the strip between Eastern Parkway Extension and East New York Avenue. In order to provide a sufficient amount of new housing units for the near future; old, abandoned, or low density buildings without quality will make way for new higher density housing.

The age of the building, vacant or non-vacant land use, floor area rate, the condition of the building, position in relation with neighboring vacant lots,... are some of the factors that have been observed in the determination of the buildings that in time will make way for new housing blocks.

current situationPARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

50 51

52 53

50

52

51

53

Buildings to be removed over time

41

The revision of the traffic situation made room for a wide green strip along the Eastern Parkway Extension and a smaller one along the East New York Avenue. These new rows of trees define the strip as a whole.

The new residential housing blocks that will be build in time all - except for one building - have a height of 5 or 6 stories and have a similar form which is partially based on forms that were already present on the strip. The exception is a residential tower of 20 stories high, which indicates the end point of the strip. The choice of the similar height and forms is taken to create a recognizable unity over the whole strip.

At the launch of the New York City Bike Share program in July 2012, the program wont have any stations in Crown Heights. The green strip along the Eastern Parkway Extension can be the perfect place to implement one or more stations when the bike share system is becoming larger.

proposed planPARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

54 55

56 57

Green strip lining the streetNew housing blocksBuildings to fill in empty lots over time

BB

0m 50m

44 PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN section AA Eastern Parkway Extension

sidewalk parking grass swale two-way green strip with trees, sidewalk for water collection bike path planters for residents, and bike share stations

45PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN section BB East New York Avenue

sidewalk water overflow plaza with basketball field multi-use path parking sidewalk

46 PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN public spaces

E URBAN FARM / COMMUNITY FOOD CENTREC CULTURAL CENTRE / OUTDOOR PERFORMACE SPACEA BASKETBALL FIELD ON WATER OVERFLOW PLAZA

B COMMERCIAL SQUARE D PLAYGROUND F SCHOOL / PLAZA

47PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN public spaces

A BASKETBALL FIELD ON WATER OVERFLOW PLAZA B COMMERCIAL SQUARE C CULTURAL CENTRE / OUTDOOR PERFORMACE SPACE

D PLAYGROUND E URBAN FARM / COMMUNITY FOOD CENTRE F SCHOOL / PLAZA

F SCHOOL / PLAZA

48 collective spacePARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Some of the houses whose garden has become smaller by the implementation of the masterplan, can opt to have a planter placed in front of their hous, on the green strip along the Eastern Parkway Extension. An example is shown in drawing D on page 47.

The new housing blocks all have a collective garden of which a part is provided for the cultivation of vegetables. All residents can choose to grow their own vegetables on a small piece of land. Surrounding neighbors can opt to have their garden integrated into the collective garden.And if the demand is high, residents can also choose to cultivate a piece of land on the greenroof.

49PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN water collection and treatment

40 Ft

50 Ft

60 Ft

70 Ft

80 Ft

90 Ft

60 WATERSYSTEM AND TOPOGRAPHIE

Because of the north-south downhill topography, a lot of storm water runs off through the site. All this rainwater flowing down can be collected in small canals, the so called grass swales. These grass swales serve as a rainwater buffer to unburden the sewer system. They also provide a natural water treatment by the plantings in the swale.

With this system, the water is treated enough to reuse it for irrigation of the green areas, the urban agriculture, the park,... This is done via branches of the collecting canal. In case of too much rainfall, the excess water is drained into a water plaza, a lowered square with a basketball field.

In a later stage, household wastewater can be added to the system to further unburden the sewer system and provide a natural water treatment. In that case, an intermediate treatment step with adjusted plantings between the grass swales and the branches will be needed before using the water for irrigation.

50 ecological systemPARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SHOP OR RESTAURANT

COMMUNITY

FOOD CENTRE

WC

WC

WC

WC

WC

COMPOSTING PROGRAM

ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION

IMPERVIOUS SURFACES URBAN FARMLANDGRASS SWALE BEE HIVES

CO2

O2

HYDROPONICS PRODUCTION

FRUIT TREES

Food

Was

te

Liqui

d Fe

rtiliz

er

Fertilizer

Runoff Water

Graywater

Honey

Fruits and Vegetables

Fresh Produce

Fresh Produce

Fruits

Irrigation system

Sunli

ght

Rain

fall

For the system to work optimally, it is essential that the residents of existing buildings are encouraged to install a greenroof.

All objectives to accomplish a parkway for the 21st century come together in one big ecological system that has the urban farm and the water collection and treatment as focal points.

All new buildings on the strip should fit into the ecological system devised for the parkway extension. This means having a green roof, being low energy buildings, ensuring that the waste water enters the collection/treatment system, encouraging inhabitants to join the composting program.

51

61 EXTENSIVE ROOFTOP 62 ROOFTOP GARDEN Food production on full soil 63 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION AND HYDROPHONICS 64 BEEHIVES AND SMALL-SCALE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

PARKWAY DEVELOPMENT PLAN green roofs

The guidelines from the previous chapter are put to test in the design of 3 smaller areas in the strip.

DESIGNS

01 COMMERCIAL SQUARE

0m 50m

02 URBAN FARM03 SCHOOL AND PARK

5656 DESIGNS commercial square

The splitting of the Eastern Parkway in a commercial street and the parkway extension is indicated by a commercial square. The connection between Eastern Parkway with Pitkin Avenue is accentuated by enhancing the commercial activities in the strip.

65 PROPOSED COMMERCIAL LANDUSE

Mixed commercial and residentialCommercial


0 10m

6464 DESIGNS urban farm

Urban agriculture becomes most present on the strip by the new urban farm. The farm is separated from a public passage by a water canal.

The urban farm is managed by the community food centre (cfc). The cfc also organizes educational and volunteer programs, workshops, a farmers market, and operates the community-supported agriculture program (csa). People that enrol themselves in the csa program, pay upfront for the seasons produce and with that money, the urban farm can operate and pay for seeds.The cfc tries to encourage people to eat healthier food by handing out brochures with tips and tricks for home gardening in small areas and healthy cooking.

The unemployed can take courses in the cfc to become a farmer or to do green maintenance. They will be paid with food tickets, which they can use to buy fresh produce in stores in the neighborhood. This way they will have more money left each month to save up or pay for other things such as social security,...

Directly connected with the farm is the farm-to-kitchen restaurant. It is situated on a small square directly overlooking the farmland.

On the north-east side of the new residential building, there is a collective garden where residents can have their own planter.

68

67

0 25m


66 SHADE ON THE AGRICULTURE IN SUMMER: MORNING - AFTERNOON - EVENING

67

68


0 5m

7272 DESIGNS school and park

With one of the lowest graduation rates in Brooklyn, the east-Crown Heights area has a need for a more appealing education. A school that teaches raises awareness about healthy food and other ecological problems we are facing today. The children are taught about healthy food and can maintain the school garden themselves. The vegetables they grow are to be used in the school cafeteria.

The schoolyard can be opened to the public during weekends or vacations, so that parents and family also can learn about the healthy attitude.

68 SCHOOLS AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Elementary SchoolMiddle School

High School (HS)K-12 Schools and Junior HS / HS

College / univeristy

Percentage less than High School Degree: 5-10%

... 50-60%

5 - 10 %

Education: the percentage less than High School (census 2000)

10 - 15 %15 - 20 %

20 - 30 %30 - 40 %

40 - 50 %50 - 60 % College / University

K-12 Schools and Junior HS / HS

High School (HS)Middle School

Elementary School

C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,10

C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,15C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,20

C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,28C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,38

C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,48

C,M,Y,K = 0,0,0,60

CC

69

7071

0 25m

74 DESIGNS section CC park

75DESIGNS park

69

70

71

76 DESIGNS school square

0 5m

78 DESIGNS school square

CONCLUSION

We all have to work towards a greener, greater New York - Michael Bloomberg

The parkway extension, a new green structure in Brooklyn, meets that quote by dealing with some of the environmental problems we are facing today. Healthy food that is locally produced, storm water and household wastewater collection and treatment, greening the cityscape, and mixed income housing are the four key interventions on the strip Eastern Parkway Extension / East New York Avenue. This project will not only have ecological advantages, the social cohesion of the neighborhood will also improve as more and more people become involved in the healthy food chain.

Conclusion

REFERENCES

83REFERENCES books, articles and websites

ANDRAOS, Amale; WOOD, Dan (editors), Above the pavement - the farm! Architecture & agriculture at P.F.1, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2010.

ASHER, Kate, The Works: anatomy of a city, Penguin Books, New York, 2007.

BOER, Florian; JORRITSMA, Jens; VAN PEIJPE, Dirk, De urbanisten en het wondere waterplein, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2010.

BUIJS, Steef; TAN, Wendy; TUNAS, Devisari, Megacities: exploring a sustainable future, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2010.

BYLES, Jeff; KAZI, Olympia (editors), The New York 2030 notebook, Institute for Urban Design, New York, 2008.

CITY OF NEW YORK PARKS AND RECREATION, Brooklyn-Queens Greenway guide, http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/images/Brooklyn_Queens_GreenwayGuide.pdf, last visited: 20/10/2011.

The CITY OF NEW YORK, plaNYC: a greater greener new york, update april 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/theplan/the-plan.shtml, last visited: 02/05/2012,

The CITY OF NEW YORK COMMUNITY BOARD NO. 16, Statement of Community District needsf or FY 2013, Brooklyn New York, 2012, http://www.brooklyncb16.org/about/, last visited: 28/05/2012.

EAGLE STREET ROOFTOP FARM, 2012 Farm Fact Sheet, Brooklyn, 2012, https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B5g5tgioBjkyLUN4OVdGM1hSODZnMzNNME9KVm5VUQ/edit?pli=1, last visited: 16/05/2012.

GORGOLEWSKI, Mark; KOMISAR, June; NASR, Joe, Carrot City: Creating places for urban agriculture, The Monacelli Press, New York, 2011.

GROWING CHEFS, Food Education from field to fork, 2012, http://growingchefs.org/, last visited: 16/05/2012.

HEUTS, Eva; ROMBAUT, Erik, Duurzame stedenbouw in woord en beeld, die Keure publishing group, Brugge, 2010.

ISHIGAMI, Junya, Small images, INAX Publishing, Tokyo, 2008.

JACOBS, Allen B.; MACDONALD, Elisabeth; ROF, Yodan, The boulevard book: history, evolution, design of multiway boulevards, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2002.

MACDONALD, Elizabeth, Suburban visions to urban reality: The evolution of Olmsted and Vauxs Brooklyn Parkway Neighborhoods, in: Journal of Planning History, 2005, nr.4, pp. 295-321.

MACDONALD, Elizabeth; BOSSELMAN, Peter, Boulevard Livability Study, in: Places, 1997, p66-69.

MACDONALD, Elizabeth, Enduring complexity: A history of Brooklyns Parkways, 1999, http://www.uctc.net/research/diss046.pdf, last visited: 25/10/2011.

MCKAY, George, Radical Gardening: Politics, idealism & rebellion in the garden, Frances Lincoln Limited Publishers, London, 2011.

The NETHERLANDS ARCHITECTURE FUND, Layout 02: Waterpleinen, Stimuleringsfonds voor architectuur, Rotterdam, 2007.

The NETHERLANDS ARCHITECTURE FUND, Layout 18: Ruimte voor stadslandbouw, Stimuleringsfonds voor architectuur, Rotterdam, 2011.

NYC DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Greenway Plan, 1993 (revision in 1996), http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/bike/gm.shtml, last visted: 11/04/2012.

NYC DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, The Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, Eastern Parkway Extension Mastern Plan, 2006, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/td_eastern_pkwy_extention.shtml, last visited: 12/04/12.

NYC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Street Design Manual, 2009, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/streetdesignmanual.shtml#download, last visited: 02/03/2012.

NYC DOT, New York City Bike Share, 2012, http://a841-tfpweb.nyc.gov/bikeshare/, last visited: 27/05/2012.

SCHUYLER, David, The New Urban Landscape: The redefinition of city form in nineteenth-century America, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1986.

84 REFERENCES images

22Hard surfaces in New York City from: STUDIO BROOKLYN, Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life, 2012, p151.

23NYC DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Greenway Plan, 1996, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/bike/gm.shtml, last visted: 11/04/2012.NYC OASIS MAPS, Brooklyn Parks and Public Lands, 2011, http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx?zoomto=garden:1065&categories=PARKS_OPENSPACE&mainlayers=Cache_Transit,NYCT_subway,PARKS,GARDENS,GARDENS&labellayers=PARKS,GARDENS, last visted: 15/05/2012.

24NYC DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, The Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, Eastern Parkway Extension Mastern Plan, 2006, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/td_eastern_pkwy_extention.shtml, last visited: 12/04/12.NYC OASIS MAPS, Brooklyn Parks and Public Lands, 2011, http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx?zoomto=garden:1065&categories=PARKS_OPENSPACE&mainlayers=Cache_Transit,NYCT_subway,PARKS,GARDENS,GARDENS&labellayers=PARKS,GARDENS, last visted: 15/05/2012.

27Bus lines from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p29.

28Subway lines from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p29.

29Bike routes from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p32.

30Traffic intensity from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p27.

33LAND USE MAPS - commercial and mixed commercial and residential:NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 3, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk3profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 4, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk4profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 8, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk8profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 9, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk9profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 16, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk16profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Brooklyn CD 17, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/bk17profile.pdf, last visited: 05/04/2012.

All images in this booklet are, unless listed below, made or drawn by the authors.

12 image from MACDONALD, Elizabeth, Enduring complexity: A history of Brooklyns Parkways, 1999, http://www.uctc.net/research/diss046.pdf, last visited: 25/10/2011.

13image from MACDONALD, Elizabeth, Enduring complexity: A history of Brooklyns Parkways, 1999, http://www.uctc.net/research/diss046.pdf, last visited: 25/10/2011.

14Scan from JACOBS, Allen B., MACDONALD, Elisabeth, ROF, Yodan, The boulevard book: history, evolution, design of multiway boulevards, MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2002, p47.

15Racial group: black from: STUDIO BROOKLYN, Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life, 2012, p179.Typologial tissue from: STUDIO BROOKLYN, Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life, 2012, p31.

16Correlation between Obesity and Fooddeserts from: STUDIO BROOKLYN, Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life, 2012, p165.

17NYC DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING, Greenway Plan, 1996, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/bike/gm.shtml, last visted: 11/04/2012.NYC OASIS MAPS, Brooklyn Parks and Public Lands, 2011, http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx?zoomto=garden:1065&categories=PARKS_OPENSPACE&mainlayers=Cache_Transit,NYCT_subway,PARKS,GARDENS,GARDENS&labellayers=PARKS,GARDENS, last visted: 15/05/2012.

18CSOs influencing the waterquality from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Brooklyn 101: five chapters on city life, 2012, p153.

19Population density evolution 2000-2010 from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p47.

20NYC OASIS MAPS, Brooklyn Community gardens and schools with a garden, 2010,http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx?zoomto=garden:1065&categories=PARKS_OPENSPACE&mainlayers=Cache_Transit,NYCT_subway,PARKS,GARDENS,GARDENS&labellayers=PARKS,GARDENS, last vistied: 23/05/2012.

21Bike routes from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p47.NYC Department of City Planning, The Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, Eastern Parkway Extension Mastern Plan, 2006, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/td_eastern_pkwy_extention.shtml, last visited: 12/04/12.

85REFERENCES images

34LAND USE MAPS - public facilities and institutions: see references image 33.Religion from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p23.

39LAND USE MAPS - open and public space, vacant lots, and parking: see references image 33.

40Public Housing from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p39.

42GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at East New York Avenue, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.

45LAND USE MAPS - one- and two-family housing and multi-family housing: see references image 33.

46GOOGLE MAPS, aerial view from Eastern Parkway Extension and East New York Avenue, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 21/05/2012.

48GOOGLE MAPS, traffic intensity at Eastern Parkway Extension and East New York Avenue, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 13/02/2012.

50GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at Howard Avenue, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.

51GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at Eastern Parkway, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.

52GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at Sterling Pl, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.




56GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at Lincoln Pl, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.57GOOGLE MAPS, Google Streetview at Easter Parkway Extension, 2012, https://maps.google.be/maps?hl=nl, last visited: 12/05/2012.

61ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT DUSSELDORF, An extensive green roof covering 7,000 square metres on Terstee-genstrae in the district of Golzheim, 2009, http://www.greenroofs.com/content/guest_features006.htm, last visited: 30/05/2012.

62BUSINESS WEEK JAPAN, The Toyota Roof Garden, 2007, http://sohigian.blogspot.com/2007/07/amazing-photo-gallery-of-green-roofs.html, last visited: 30/05/2012.

63UNKNOWN, History of Hydrophonics, http://growindoorhydroponics.weebly.com/history-of-hydroponics.html, last visited: 30/05/2012.

64McCONNELL JESSICA for GW University Photography, Bee hives on the George Washington University, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/campus-overload/post/founding-farmers-restaurant-installs-bee-hives-at-gwu/2011/06/28/AGW2OBpH_blog.html, last visited: 30/05/2012.

65LAND USE MAPS - commercial and mixed commercial and residential: see references image 33.

68Level of education from STUDIO BROOKLYN, Crown Heights: exploring the grid, 2012, p45.

Documents

The Eastern Parkway extended into the 21st century