Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The ENVIS Centre on Eastern Ghats is a decentralized Environmental Information Centre established by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India on thematic issue of Ecology of Eastern Ghats
EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter
The Eastern GhatsE P T R I - E N V I S N e w s l e t t e r
ENVIS CENTRE ON ECOLOGY OF EASTERN GHATS
ENVIS CENTRE ON ECOLOGY OF EASTERN GHATSENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TRAINING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE
91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 032, India.Ph: +91-40-23180120, 23180115, 23180100 Fax: +91-40-23180135
URL: http://eptrienvis.nic.inEmail : [email protected]
ISSN No: 0974-2336
Printed Matter
EPTRI
Volume-21 Issue-4 October - December 2015
1
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
Page No.
1
1
1
2
7
This issue focuses on the “Potential Wild
Ornamental Plants of Convolvulacean in
Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India”. Wild
ornamental plants are usually grown for the
purpose of beauty for their fascinating foliage,
flowers and their pleasant smell but they also play
an important role in environmental planning of
urban and rural areas for abatement of pollution,
social and rural forestry, wasteland development,
afforestation and landscaping of outdoor and
indoor spaces. Wild ornamental climbers are versatile
group of plants and are used to cover fences, walls, trellis,
buildings and arches. Thus the present study will help
the researchers and people who are interested in wild
ornamental plants with considerable scope for
looking at the meaning of indoor as well as outdoor
gardening and landscape practices. The safe
conservation and sustainable uses of these wild
resources is essential for future generations.
ENVIS Coordinator
Editorial
ENVIS New Calender - 2016
St. Maria School Student visited to EPTRI
Potential Wild Ornamental Plants of Convolvulacean in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, india
Reference
Published by
Supported by
EPTRI, Hyderabad
Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change
Government of India New Delhi, India.
Dr. M. Suneela, ENVIS Coordinator
Sr. Program Officer
Data Entry Operator
Dr. K. Jyothi,
Mr. Md. Khader,
New Year Calendar for 2016 was released by ENVIS Division on medical Plants describing its importance and uses.
Awareness Training Program on environmental
issues was conducted for the school children of
Sanita Maria on 21.1.2016 at EPTRI Campus.
ENVIS New Year Calender - 2016
Editorial Content
ENVIS Team
St. Maria School Visit to EPTRI
2
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
POTENTIAL WILD ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF CONVOLVULACEAN IN EASTERN GHATS
OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
A. Madhusudhana Reddy*, M. V .Suresh Babu** and S. Rajagopal Reddy*,*Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa-516003, Andhra Pradesh, India**Department of Botany, Govt. College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa-516004, AP, India
E-mails: (Corresponding author), **[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The present study on potential wild ornamental
species of Convolvulaceae, which are identified
and documented from Eastern Ghats of Andhra
Pradesh, India. A total of 61 Plants have been
identified belonging to 11 genera systematically
listed and described along with digital images in
electronic herbarium. The potentialities of wild
ornamental plants with beautiful flowers were
selected from the study area. The present study
suggested that this work will help the researchers
and people who are interested in wild ornamental
plants and there is thus considerable scope for
looking at the meaning of indoor as well as
outdoor gardening and landscape practices. The
safe conservation and sustainable uses of these
wild resources is essential for future generations.
Keywords: Ornamental Plants, Convolvulaceae,
E a s t e r n G h a t s , A n d h r a P r a d e s h .
INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial, man has expressing his
interest on flowers and plants for various reasons.
Wild ornamental plants to be those which occur
naturally in the field and have highly ornamental
features such as ornamental flowers, foliage and
fruits (Li and Zhou, 2005, Rajagopal Reddy, et. al.,
2012).They are plays an important role in
environmental planning of urban and rural areas
for abatement of pollution, social and rural
forestry, wasteland development, aforestation
and landscaping of outdoor and indoor spaces
(Kapoor and Sharga, 1993). Ornamental plants
are grown usually for the purpose of beauty for
their fascinating foliage, flowers and their
pleasant smell (Swarup, 1998).
Wild plants are a striking feature of the land
surface. They vary greatly in composition and
density in marked contrast with domesticated
plants (Raju, 1998). A variety of wild plants are
highly useful to the local people, while the others
are of significant commercial importance. Wild
flora is very important in view of aesthetic and
recreational value for man. Most of the present day
flowers have come from the wild progenitor a few of
which still exist in natural habitat (Thomas et. al.,
2011). The more attractive wild flowers have long
been prized for the beauty and planted in the
garden around man kinds dwelling places.
Ornamental climbing plants which have special
structures (Tendril, Thorns, flowers etc.) to climb,
on a support and they may be annual or perennial
type. These add beauty to the garden due to
attractive flowers of foliage, which can create an
atmosphere of elegant old world class in any
landscape. A good healthy climber is a joy in the
landscape but one poorly adopted, sick or seared,
should by all means be avoided. These wild
ornamental climbers are versatile group of plants
and are used to cover fences, walls, trellis,
buildings and arches (Gentry and Dodson, 1987).
Among these, many of these are used as both
indoor as well as outdoor plants (Wright et. al.,
2004) Climbers are typical constituents of rain
forest. The distribution and abundance of
climbing plants in forest varies greatly with the
geographic locality of forest (Grubb, 1987).
Most of the present day flowers have come from the
wild progenitors, a few of which still exist in
natural habitat. Ornamental plants used in
horticulture should be understood as an
expression of the human desire. These ornamental
plants exercise a strong, positive influence on
human behavior (Thomas et. al., 2011). The
various wild ornamentals are raises their aesthetic
values in indoors and outdoors (Kaplan and
Kaplan, 1989). There are several ornamental
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
3
plants which grow in nature in shade or partial
shade and these may be gainfully employed as
house plants in suitable climatic conditions. The
domesticated wild plants are propagated in
various horticultural methods such as cuttings,
grafting, budding and seeds also. The ornamental
horticulture is to be the main pathway for the
introduction of native plants in to the country
(Harris, 1992).
There are so many cultivated plants, which are
commonly available in the market or in backyards
of the houses. However, there are some
uncommon and hidden beauties in the nature not
at one place, but at various spots. An effort has
been made to document the potential wild
ornamental plants of Convolvulaceae in Eastern
Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY AREA
The Eastern Ghats are an assemblage of
discontinuous ranges, hill plateaus narrow
basins and gorges, run in fragmentary spurs
down the east side of Peninsular India. The
Eastern Ghats mostly pass through the states of
Orissa, Telangana, Andhara Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu, and to some extent in the states of
Chattisgarh, Karnataka.
In Andhra Pradesh, the Eastern Ghats hill ranges
are situated between 13°32' - 19°07' N and 77°30'
- 84°45' E, which pass through nine districts.
Most of the ghat forests are seen in the districts of
Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam,
EastGodavari, West Godavari, Prakasam,
Nellore, Chittoor, Cuddapah and Kurnool. Only
limited portions of the ghats are seen in Krishna,
Gunter and Anantapur (Fig.1) The wide range of
topography and other physical features of the
Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh State, provided
by the hills rising to about1500m including
Armakonda (1680m), Galikonda 91643m) and
Mahendragiri (1501m), shaped the land to
harbour rich and varied flora. The principal
geological formations were Charnockites and
Khondalites in northern part and Quartzites and
Slate formations (Kadapa basin) in southern part.
The Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh possess a
wide variety of soils, the predominating type being
the red and black soils. Red soils are
predominating throughout the Eastern Ghats.
Black soils mostly in the plains with average
elevation ranges from 50-150m. Some areas
Laterite pockts occur.
The rainfall varies in between 600 mm in southern
Eastern Ghats to 1700 mm in northern Eastern
Ghats. The mean annual temperature in the 0
Eastern Ghats ranges from a minimum of 20 C in
North Eastern Ghats, whereas mean maximum 0
36 C in Southern Eastern Ghats. Cyclones and
heavy rains due to depression in Bay of Bengal are
usual feature during Nov. – Dec. The forests in the
Ghats are broadly classified into Tropical Dry
Deciduous, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical
Semi-Evergreen, Tropical Thorn (scrub) and
Tropical Dry Evergreen types (Champion & Seth,
1968).
METHODOLOGY
The present study was based on an extensive
survey and field observations during the year 2012
– 2015. In this study an attempts were made to
f ind out the divers i ty o f ornamental
Convolvulaceae members, which are distributed
in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. During
the field visits, the plant specimens were collected
at different reproductive stages to prepare
herbarium specimens. The collected specimens
were identified taxonomically with the help of
available floras and literature (Gamble & Fischer
1935, Pullaiah et. al., 1997, Sudhakar Reddy, et.
al., 2008). The specimens were processed for the
preparation of Herbarium by standard methods
(Santapau, 1973). The voucher specimens were
deposited in the herbarium of department of
botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa for
future reference.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The field expeditions of Eastern Ghats of Andhra
Pradesh, wild vegetations gave interesting results
concerning floristic diversity and its contribution
to the ornamental utility for implementing
domestic landscapes. In the present study noticed
that, there are about, 61 species belonging to 11
genera of Convolvulaceae family, which are
4
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
documented from Eastern Ghats of Andhra
Pradesh is used for the ornamental purposes
(Table-1). The ornamental potentiality is high
lightened due to its attractive habit and good
looking flowers. The ornamental plants there are
alphabetically arranged with botanical names,
flower color and flower session (Table-2),
(Fig.3&4). Life forms classification of plant
species revealed that Climbers dominate these
forests with 25 Species followed by 16 herbs, 12
vines, 5 shrubs, and 01 liana of Convolvulaceae
family. More over all of these species are
possessing climbing habit. Dominant genera of
Convolvulaceae family from the study of Ipomoea
25 species, followed by Argyreia is second large
genera is 13 species, Merremia 10 species,
Convolvulus, Evolvulus, Rivea each 2 species and
seven genera represented by single species.
These ornamental plants also allow growing over
walls, buildings as well as fences, this will brings
more beauty and attractive look. The flowers of
these members possessing various colors to
attract people those who are interested in
gardening. Such people also prefer these species
for indoor as well as outdoor gardening. The
present observation on ornamental potentiality of
61 wild climbing plant species collected from
various habitats of Eastern Ghats of Andhra
Pradesh was categorized based on their
attractiveness of flower, habit with its various
plant parts. Among the attractive flowers white
color is dominant with 16 species (Bonamia
semidigyna (Roxb.)Hallier f. Cressa cretica L.
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Ipomoea alba L.
Ipomoea violacea L. Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy etc.) followed by
pink with 10 species (Argyreia cymosa Sweet,
Argyreia daltonii C.B.Clarke, Ipomoea cairica (L.)
Sweet, Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. etc.), Purple with 8-
species (Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl. Argyreia
hirsuta Arn. Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke,
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. etc.), Yellow with 7
species (Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Merremia
emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Merremia
gangetica Cufod. etc. Rose 5 species (Argyreia
nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer, Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus rottlerianus Choisy etc.), Blue 3
species (Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. Evolvulus
alsinoides (L.) L. and Ipomoea indica (Burm.)
Merr.), Red 2 species (Ipomoea hederifolia L. and
Ipomoea quamoclit L.), and Cream coloured one
species (Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roth ex Roem. &
Schult.). Mixed coloured species 9 (Fig. 2). One of
the most interesting parts of gardening is
propagation. It is a never failing source of wonder
to the thinking person what can be accomplished
with a few seeds or cuttings from plants. The
propagation is mainly through seeds, cuttings,
divisions etc.
CONCLUSION
Through the present study we hope to convey that,
the various Convolvulacean members, which are
documented from the study area, are possessing
ornamental potentialities in their attractive habit
and flowers. This work will help the researchers
and people who are interested in wild ornamental
plants and there is thus considerable scope for
looking at the meaning of domestic gardens and
landscape practices in both urban and local
people. The present survey also noticed that, some
of the threatened factors like fast rate of biotic
interference, destruction of natural habitat by
human interference, invasion of some exotic weeds
and unsustainable utilization of natural resources
may adversely affect the existing diversity of plants
specially the members of Convolvulaceae in the
study area. The safe conservation and sustainable
uses of wild resources is essential for future
generations. In addition to this there is a wealth of
research and practices into the use of horticultural
therapy, which is now a well established form of
intervention based on the therapeutic effects of
gardening and of plant both in health and
occupational settings.This is our humble presentation to nature lovers,
botanists, taxonomists, eco-tourists and others so
as to encourage them to see the beauty of wild
flowers existing in and around the Eastern Ghats
of Andhra Pradesh. This paper will help to identify
and study plants and flowers in Eastern Ghats of
Andhra Pradesh especially Convolvulaceae
members.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to the University Grand
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
5
commission (F.No.MRP-4850/14 (UGC-SERO) for
financial support. To the forest official of Andhra
Pradesh for giving the permission to field visits
and especially Sri Nagaraju, DFO, Red Sanders
Flying Squad, Kadapa and thanks to Vice-
Chancellor of Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa.
Grubb PJ. (1987). Global trends in species
richness in terrestrial vegetation; a view from the
northern hemisphere, In: Gee JH, Giller PS (Eds.),
Organization Communities-Past & present.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Harris RW. (1992). Arboriculture. Integrated
management of landscape trees, shrubs and
vines.2nd Edition. Regents, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, U.S.A.
Kaplan R, Kaplan S. (1989). The experience of
nature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kapoor, S.L. and Sharga, A.N. (1993). House
plants, Vatika Prakashnan, India.
Li, X.X. and Zhou, Z.K. (2005). Endemic wild
ornamental plants from North Western Yunnan,
Jaipur, India China. Hort. Sci., 40: 1612-19.
Pullaiah, T. and D. Alimoulali. 1997. Flora of
Andhra Pradesh. Vol. II. Scientific Publishers,
Jodhpur.
Rajagopal Reddy, S., A. Madhusudhana Reddy
and N. Yasodamma, (2012). Exploration of Wild
Ornamental Flora of YSR District andhra Pradesh,
India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied
Life Sciences, 2. 2(1): 192-199.
Raju, R.A., 1998. Wild Plants of Indian Sub
continent and their Economic Use. CBS.
Santapau H, (1973). A Dictionary of the flowering
plants in India. Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research, New Delhi.
Sudhakar Reddy, C., K. N. Reddy and Vatsavaya S.
Raju (2008) Supplement to Flora of Andhra
Pradesh, India. Deepti Publications. New Delhi.
Swarup V. (1998). Ornamental horticulture.
Macmillan Indian Limited, New Delhi.
Thomas Binu, Rajendran A, Aravindhan V,
Maharajan M. (2011). Wild ornamental
chasmophytic plants for rockery. Global J Modern
Biol Tech, 1(3), 20–21.
Wright SJ, Calderon O, Hernandez A, Paton S.
(2004). Are lianas increasing in importance in
tropical forests? A 17- year record from Barro
Colorado Island. Panama. Ecol, 85, 484-489.
Table 1: List of Wild Ornamental Plants in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Habit
Climber
Shrub
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Climber
Flower Colour
Pinkish Purple
Purple
Pink
Pink
Purple
Purple
Red with purple
Purple
Rose Purple
Blue
Purple
Pink
Pink
White
Flowering Season
Aug. - Jan.
Jul. - Nov.
Sep - Feb.
Aug - Mar.
Aug - Mar.
Jan- Feb.
Sep - Jan.
Jul. - Dec.
Jul. - Dec.
Jul. - Nov.
Aug. - Jan.
Oct. - Feb.
Sep. - Apr.
Nov. - Mar.
Name of the Taxon
Argyreia arakuensis N.P.Balakr.
Argyreia cuneata Ker Gawl.
Argyreia cymosa Sweet
Argyreia daltonii C.B.Clarke
Argyreia hirsuta Arn.
Argyreia involucrata C.B.Clarke
Argyreia kleiniana Raizada
Argyreia kondaparthiensis P.Daniel & Vajr.
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer
Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn.
Argyreia roxburghii (Wall.) Arn. ex Choisy
Argyreia sericea Dalzell
Argyreia setosa Arn. ex Choisy
Bonamia semidigyna (Roxb.) Hallier f.
6
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
S.No.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Habit
Vine
Herb
Herb
Climber
Herb
Herb
Climber
Climber
Herb
Herb
Vine
Shrub
Herb
Climber
Vine
Vine
Shrub
Vine
Shrub
Liana
Vine
Herb
Herb
Herb
Climber
Vine
Herb
Herb
Climber
Vine
Vine
Flower Colour
Rose Purple
Rose
White
Yellowish white
Blue
White
Greenish yellow
White
Purple
Purple
Pink
Pink
Cream
Pink
Pink
Red
White
Blue
White
Rose Pink
Red or Blue
Yellow
Purple - Red
Pink
White
Red
Purple
Yellowish white
Pink
Rose Purple
White
Flowering Season
Jul-. - Feb.
Sep. - Jan.
Round the year
Mar. - Jan.
Round the year
Round the year
Oct. - Mar.
Sep. - Mar.
Round the year
Sep. - Feb.
Aug. - Apr.
Round the year
Sep .- Apr.
Nov. - Mar.
Oct. - Feb.
Sep. - Jan.
Aug.- Feb.
Nov. - Mar.
Round the year
Sep. - Jan.
Nov. - Feb.
Round the year
Oct. - Mar.
Sep. - Mar.
Oct. - Apr.
Round the year
Oct. - Mar.
Oct. - Mar.
Dec. - Mar.
Jul. - Dec.
Aug. - Jan.
Name of the Taxon
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Convolvulus rottlerianus Choisy
Cressa cretica L.
Erycibe paniculata Roxb.
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.
Hewittia scandens (J. König ex Milne) Mabb.
Ipomoea alba L.
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.
Ipomoea barlerioides (Choisy) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet
Ipomoea carnea Jacq.
Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roth ex Roem. &
Schult.
Ipomoea dichroa Choisy
Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br.
Ipomoea hederifolia L.
Ipomoea illustris Prain
Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr.
Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.
(=I. sepiaria Koen.ex Roxb.)
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth
(=I. diversifolia R. Br.)
Ipomoea quamoclit L.
Ipomoea repens (L.) Lam.
Ipomoea rumicifolia Choisy
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.
Ipomoea turbinata Lag.
Ipomoea violacea L. (= I. macrantha )
46. Climber Pinkish purple Dec. - Feb. Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy
To Printed MatterSri.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Pin:....................................................................
From:
Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI)91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 032, India.Ph : +91-040-23180103, 23180115, 23180100Fax No.:+40-23180135,Website: http://eptrienvis.nic.inEmail: [email protected]
ENVIS CoordinatorENVIS Centre on Ecology of Eastern Ghats
7
Eastern Ghats: EPTRI-ENVIS Newsletter Vol.21, No.4, 2015
Des
ign
by:
Md.
Kh
ader
, EP
TR
I
47. Vine White with Pink Sep. - Feb.Jacquenmontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Climber
Vine
Climber
Herb
Herb
Vine
Climber
Herb
Herb
Climber
Climber
Shrub
Climber
Climber
White
White
White
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
White
Yellow
White
White
White
White
Jul. - Dec.
Jul. - Mar.
Dec. - Feb.
Oct. - Feb.
Oct. - Jan.
Sep. - Feb.
Mar. - Sep.
Jun. Dec.
Feb. - Apr.
Nov. - Apr.
Oct. - Feb.
Oct. - Mar.
June - Dec.
May. - Nov.
Merremia kentrocaulos Rendle
(=Ipomoea kentrocaulos C.B. Clarke )
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.
Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f.
Merremia gangetica Cufod.
Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.
Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.
(= Operculina petaloidea )
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.
Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hallier f.
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso
Porana paniculata Roxb.
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy
Rivea ornata Choisy
Gamble, J. S. and C. E. C. Fischer. 1915-1935. Flora of the Presidency of Madras vols 1-3.. London. (Rep. ed. 1957. BSI, Calcutta).
Gentry A.H, Dodson CH. (1987). Contribution of non- trees to species richness of tropical rain forest. Biotrop, 19, 149-156.
Grubb PJ. (1987). Global trends in species richness in terrestrial vegetation; a view from the northern hemisphere, In: Gee JH, Giller PS (Eds.), Organization Communities-Past & present. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Harris RW. (1992). Arboriculture. Integrated management of landscape trees, shrubs and vines.2nd Edition. Regents, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Kaplan R, Kaplan S. (1989). The experience of nature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kapoor, S.L. and Sharga, A.N. (1993). House plants, Vatika Prakashnan, India.
Li, X.X. and Zhou, Z.K. (2005). Endemic wild ornamental plants from North Western Yunnan, Jaipur, India China. Hort. Sci., 40: 1612-19.
Pullaiah, T. and D. Alimoulali. 1997. Flora of Andhra Pradesh. Vol. II. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Rajagopal Reddy, S., A. Madhusudhana Reddy and N. Yasodamma, (2012). Exploration of Wild Ornamental Flora of YSR District andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 2. 2(1): 192-199.
Raju, R.A., 1998. Wild Plants of Indian Sub continent and their Economic Use. CBS.
Santapau H, (1973). A Dictionary of the flowering plants in India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi.
Sudhakar Reddy, C., K. N. Reddy and Vatsavaya S. Raju (2008) Supplement to Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India. Deepti Publications. New Delhi.
Swarup V. (1998). Ornamental horticulture. Macmillan Indian Limited, New Delhi.
Thomas Binu, Rajendran A, Aravindhan V, Maharajan M. (2011). Wild ornamental chasmophytic plants for rockery. Global J Modern Biol Tech, 1(3), 20–21.
Wright SJ, Calderon O, Hernandez A, Paton S. (2004). Are lianas increasing in importance in tropical forests? A 17- year record from Barro Colorado Island. Panama. Ecol, 85, 484-489.
References:
