The Early United StatesChapter 1 - 6

The Atlantic WorldChapter 1

Settlement of the Americas First people came from

30,000 to 15,000 years ago Came across the Bering Strait

Land Bridge during last ice age

Migration – movement of people for the purpose of settling a new place

People spread out all over North and South America

By 1400, 8 million people lived in current US

Native American Trade Group across the country traded with each other

Barter – trade Used natural trade routes like rivers

Created extensive network of paths

Native Americans and Land Never traded land with tribes Believed land could not be owned Opposite view of Europeans

Europe – The Early Middle Ages 500 to 1000 years ago Much instability, many

invasions Feudalism – Nobel owned land

divided among lesser lords Manor system produced

everything a person needed Roman Catholic church grew

in power

Late Middle Ages Crusades – Catholics forced Muslims out of

Jerusalem Lasted 200 years Growth of cities had major impact on society

Created middle class Revived a money economy Contributed to breakdown of feudal system

Monarchs became very powerful Often clashed with each other Built universities to educate noble’s children Caused a cultural revolution Black Death (Plague) killed 1/3rd

The Renaissance

Means “rebirth” 1300-1550 Quest for learning – art, science, literature, politics Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Shakespeare Golden age of art Concerned with humanist concerns Took place all over Europe and Asia Johann Gutenberg created printing press = Bible Reformation – reform of Catholic church Lead by Martin Luther Monarchs combined small groups into nations

Sea Exploration 1400 still got to Asia by land New technology in seafaring Compass and new ships Portugal lead the way in sea exploration Countries competed for sea power Spain wanted land and religion to be spread

West Africans and Europeans Meet

Met in ancient times Traded gold for European cloth Europeans just wanted gold Mostly peaceful friendship at the beginning

Slavery in Africa So much land that people valued labor more Leaders collected people to serve them Slaves became adopted members of the group that

enslaved them Did many things not just manual labor By 1500, Europeans traded for people As demand increased, those who fought back became

slaves

Christopher Columbus Born in Italy son of a merchant Spent most of his life at sea Very religious, well schooled, moody, complex Thought God had given him a heroic mission

Daring Expedition Began to think he knew a different way to India

▫Reasons for his voyage Hope to enrich his family and gain honor Wanted to spread Catholicism Spain’s rivalry with Portugal made them want

faster routes

▫Destination: Asia Friday August 3, 1492 Three ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Sailors had many dangers – disease, weather October 12 – Pinta saw land – San Salvador

Later Voyages Lead four trips to Americas Was a bad governor – cruel to settlers Columbus believed he was in the Indies Lost governorship and died disappointed

A New Continent

1499 – Amerigo Vespucci made two voyages Made detailed descriptions of “New World” German mapmaker read the account Drew first map and called it America

Columbian Exchange Transatlantic trade of new foods and animals Cocoa, potatoes, horses, cows Moved bad things too (disease)

Native American Devastation

Benefits to NA’s were outweighed by the misery European diseases killed vulnerable NAs Smallpox, typhus, measles, plague

Colonization of the AmericasChapter 2

The Spanish Pattern of Conquest

Pattern based on violent conquest

Spanish invaded, Christians moved in

Three reasons for conquest▫Spread Christianity▫Gain loot for wealth▫Win fame in the world

Conquistadors – Spanish conquerors

Cortes and Pizarro Cortes wanted gold With 600 soldiers took over 10 million

Aztec Made allies with people who hated Aztecs 1521 – destroyed Tenochtitlan(largest

urban center in world) Pizarro did same thing with Incas Aided by smallpox and measles

Forts for Defense Lack of settlement caused Spanish government to

encourage Southeast Coast

Ships w/gold and silver needed protection along coast

Defensive bases set up all over Florida St. Augustine oldest settlement in US

Southwest Wanted to get in to mining the area Explorer Juan de Onate settled New Mexico

West Coast Wanted trade routes across Pacific Try to keep other European rivals out of West

Missionaries

Presidios – Spanish forts Each outpost had Franciscans or other

missionaries Dozens of missions (headquarters) set up Converting NA Forced NAs in to congregacions – European like

places

Native American Resistance to the Spanish

Some refused to cooperate, left or fought

Pueblo Revolt of 1680 – fought after drought weakened Spanish

Many rebellions in the south

Sicknesses caused them to be weak

Jamestown

▫ English tried to settle in 1606▫ First step to settlement is

charter▫ Charter forms a joint stock

company – everyone has share in outcome

▫ 100 colonists settled 60 miles north of James River in Virginia

▫ Suffered many hardships, nearly failed

Conflict with Indians Attacked by 200 early on English offered to pay a tribute to stop

attacks Relationship started but tense

Unrealistic expectations Settlers were not used to hard work Thought they would get rich quick = gold John Smith set up laws to make daily life

possible

Location Set up near swamps and pools of standing

water Got drinking water from these, many diseases

Starvation Little work = little food Native Americans helped with food and water

Poor Leadership Many internal fights with no real leadership John Smith led for short period of time

▫ In Europe, proclaiming Virginia as paradise▫ By 1623, 5,500 colonist went, 4000 died

Tobacco – The Promised Land Helped early colonists from failing

completely By 1640, 3 million pounds a year sent to

Europe To get labor started the Headright System

Every new colonist got 50 acres Enclosure system of Europe causing

farmers to lose fields

The English Pattern of Conquest

Good intentions went bad due to misunderstandings

Tense relationships

English had harsh attitude to NAs

Did not want NAs to blend in, wanted them out

Native Americans React March 1622 – surprise attack on

Jamestown Killed 350 colonists (25%) Colonists fought back killing more NAs Leader of NAs killed in the streets of

Jamestown

The New England Colonies The French in North America

Explored the St. Lawrence River down Canadian boarder

Several explorers set up northern colonies Samuel de Champlain – founded Quebec Joliet & Marquette - explored Great Lakes

The Fur Trade Found that fur could be sold Highly fashionable in Europe Often bought from Native American

trappers Fur trade determined the shape of New

France Ran along St. Lawrence and Great Lakes

The Plymouth Colony

Puritans and Separatists 1534 – 1st successful New England colony Puritans left England due to religious issues Persecuted for their beliefs so they left

The Mayflower Pilgrims left in 1620 with 100 people 2/3rds of the people threatened to separate when

ashore Mayflower Compact – agreement to stay together and

follow rules Believed they had the right to choose own government William Bradford became governor (30 terms)

Massachusetts Bay Colony The Great Migration

1630 – 1000 settlers came to MBC By 1643 – 20000 lived in 20 towns including

Boston Reasons for Migrating

Religious tolerance – idea that people of different religions should live in peace

Did not want to live with people who had different beliefs

Law in MBC stated all had to attend Puritan church

Wanted to reform the church Simple living, Bible study, church

Transforming New England Started to farm Convinced several tribes to become Puritan Native men were forced to become farmers

against will A City Upon a Hill

Settled a new town and left an open area in the middle – common

Well organized town became the model for NE colonies

Believed America would be an example to the world

By 1700, 93,000 people lived in the NE Colonies

Salem Witch Trials 1692 – several people claimed the devil controlled

them False accusation were everywhere Trials held – not fair 20 men and women sentenced to hang Perhaps fears of political change MBC and Plymouth became one colony =

Massachusetts

War with the Indians Pequot War

1st to fight with English 1637-Puritans viciously attacked,

fought back Burned Pequot fort – 500 killed Few survived, would carry grudge

King Philips War Metacom – named King Philip by the

settlers United tribes and fought the English English struck back Killed Metacom, took over NE Native Americans extinct in the area

England Takes Over King Charles II wanted the fort Declared whole area for England Sent fleet of ships and soldiers With no defenses, surrendered quickly Proprietary colony – colony granted by king or

queen to and individual or group who had full governing rights

Growth of ColoniesChapter 3

English Civil War

•1640-1660 England ignored colonies due to civil war

•King Charles I vs. Parliament

•Oliver Cromwell and Parliament win

•Eventually overthrown and restore Charles II to thrown

Anger in the Colonies•Colonists resented the

king•New governors imposed

taxes they kept•James II overthrown •William and Mary take

over (Glorious Revolution)

•Dissolve Dominion•Restored colonial

governments

British Colonial Policy

•Origins of Self-Government▫By 1700s all colonies had same government▫Colonial legislature and governor▫Legislature had huge power

Salutary Neglect

•English had strong local governments•Let colonies had freedom•Colonists were proud to be British•Salutary Neglect – Best policy was to let

colonies alone•Big mistake

Diverse Colonial Economies•Southern Colonies

▫Staple Crops – crops in constant demand▫Rice 1730 16.9 million to 1770 83.8

million▫Tobacco 1700 - 32 million to 1770 88.3

mil▫Hard manual labor crops▫Slave traded helped▫1750: slaves were 40% of population▫Needed lots of land and labor▫Huge plantations, few towns

Middle Colonies•Mix of farms and commerce•Farms were mostly grains•Many merchants, traders and

craftsmen•Business of buying and selling•Population ethnically diverse

New England Colonies

•Small farms and towns•Carrying trade – moved goods from place to

place•Triangular Trade – Goods from Europe to

Africa, Slaves from Africa to America, $ from America to Europe

Life in Colonial America

•Colonial Society▫Place in society based on wealth, gender,

race▫Most believed people were not equal▫Huge differences between ranks▫Gentry – people wealthy enough to hire

others

Women’s Duties

•Household management•Shared supplies and tools for large chores

like weaving and gardening•Trained daughters•Eliza Lucas Pinckney – 14 ran 3 plantations•Indigo – plant used for blue dye

The Nature of Work

•1700s – life better in colonies than Europe•Able to advance in wealth and status•Everyone worked to survive•Self-sufficient – able to make everyone for

one’s self•Children began work at 2•Most artisan work

done in homes

Free Blacks•Slaves could be freed or buy freedom•Laws – states had to approve freedom, had

to leave colony in 6 months•Not much difference between slave and

free•Poor and bad living conditions•Limited rights•Forgo freedom

for families

Laws and Revolts•Every colony had slave laws•Jailed for: owning pig, hitting white

person, carrying a cane•Punishment: whip, banish to West Indies,

death•Also applied to NAs•Stono Revolt

▫1739 – 20 whites killed▫Burned building, marched

to Florida▫Caught and killed on the way

Western Expansion

•Population doubled every 25 years•Rising birth rate and immigration•Immigration – people who enter a new

country to settle•English, Irish, German•Started to move inland to Appalachian•Migration – movement•Getting on NAs land

Native American Reaction

•NA pushed west by white colonists

•Land occupied by other NAs

•Disease killed many in New England

•South – tribes were barrier to expansion

French Reaction

•Angry at English for posts built on their land

•Attacked each others forts•Wanted control of beginning

fork of Ohio River•Going to cause problems

leading to Revolution

Religious Tensions

•British = Protestants•South = Church of England•New England = Presbyterian•Pennsylvania = Quaker, Lutheran,

Mennonite•NY and NJ – Dutch Reforms

Great Awakening• Colonies lost touch with Puritan

roots• Great Awakening – revival of

religion• 1720 – 1760, not in all colonies• Jonathan Edwards of

Massachusetts• Fiery sermons, energized crowds• Preachers were itinerant

(travelling)• Open air revivals• Set the stage for

change in mindsets