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The Diversity of Life
I. The Characteristics of Living Things
A. All living things are organized into at least one or more cells.
The Diversity of Life
I. The Characteristics of Living Things
B. All living things are able to reproduce.
The Diversity of LifeI. The Characteristics of Living
ThingsC. All living things are able to
maintain homeostasis-- *Respond to external and internal
stimuli a. growing and develop
b. obtaining and use energy
c. regulating chemical conditions in the cell
An example of homeostasis is: when body temperature in a human is too high, the hypothalamus in the brain sends signals to the skin to release sweat. All of the chemical reactions involved in obtaining and using energy and running the cell is called metabolism Living things also pass on traits to offspring.
II. Taxonomy-classifying organisms into groups
• “Taxonomy is the science of assigning organisms to their taxons (groups) based on structural and biochemical features.”
A. 7 Taxons: (now 8 Taxons)(Domain) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (broad) (specific)
(Dear) King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
A Domain contains kingdoms.
A Kingdom contains phyla.
A Phylum contains classes.
A Class contains orders.
An Order contains families.
A Family contains genera.
A Genus contains species.
A species.
B. Binomial Nomenclature- is the system of giving an organism a two-part scientific name, the genus name (capitalized) and the species name (not capitalized). Ex. Homo sapien (Homo sapien)
C. Carolus Linnaeus invented this system to reduce confusion about the identity of organisms caused by multiple common names and different languages
Example: Human Beings
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum ChordataClass Mammalia
Order PrimateFamily Hominidae
Genus Homo
species sapien
Binomial Nomenclature= Homo sapien
D. To be a part of a species:
An organism must be a part of a group in a natural population and can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
Must be able to produce fertile offspring!
Note: Sometimes individuals of different species interbreed and produce offspring called hybrids. Ex. Dog (Canis familiaris) and the Wolf (Canis lupus)
III. 3 Domains of Life
1. Bacteria—contains the kingdom Eubacteria
2. Archae—contains the kingdom Archaebaceria
3. Eukarya—contains the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.
IV. 6 Kingdoms
KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Eubacteria“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
IV. 6 Kingdoms
KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Eubacteria“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.
Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean
Section 2
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Bacterial Structure•Bacterial Cell Shapes A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum).
Section 2
Obtaining Energy•Photosynthesizers Photosynthetic bacteria can be classified into four major groups: purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and cyanobacteria.•Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs obtain energy by removing electrons from inorganic molecules such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, or methane.•Heterotrophs Most bacteria are heterotrophs and many are aerobic.
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Section 2
Pathogenic Bacteria•Bacteria Can Metabolize Their Host Bacteria can cause disease by metabolizing nutrients in their host.•Bacterial Toxins Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host.•Biowarfare Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Section 2
EubacteriaAntibiotics•Fighting Bacteria Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics.•Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic.
Section 2
Importance of Bacteria•Food and Chemical Production Bacteria are used to make foods, antibiotics, and other useful chemicals.•Mining and Environmental Uses of Bacteria Mining companies use bacteria to concentrate desired elements from low-grade ore. Bacteria are also used to clean the environment and cycle important chemicals in the environment.
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
•Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens, extremophiles (thermophiles and halophiles), and nonextreme archaebacteria are three types of archaebacteria.
IV. 6 Kingdoms
KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLESEubacteria
“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.
Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean
Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.
Algae, paramecium, amoebas
IV. 6 Kingdoms
KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLESEubacteria
“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.
Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean
Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.
Algae, paramecium, amoebas
Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin
Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts
IV. 6 KingdomsKINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Eubacteria
“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.
Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean
Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.
Algae, paramecium, amoebas
Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin
Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts
Plantae Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic and photosynthetic
Plants, moss, fruits, vegetables
IV. 6 KingdomsKINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Eubacteria
“True Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.
Stapholococcus, Streptococcus
Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”
Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.
Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean
Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.
Algae, paramecium, amoebas
Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin
Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts
Plantae Eukaryotic , Multicellular, autotrophic and photosynthetic
Plants, moss, fruits, vegetables
Animalia Eukaryotic, multicellular, complex cells, heterotrophic, able to capture food, structures for movement
Insects, fish, humans
Phylum Characteristics ExamplesPorifera No tissues, filter water sponges
Cnidaria First with tissues, have stinging cells
Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
3 phyla of worms
Bilateral symmetry, no legs
Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms)
Mollusca Soft bodies,No shell One shell Two shells
Squid and octopusSnailOysters, clams, mussels
Echinoderms
Radial symmetry, water vascular system
Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers
Arthropods Exoskeleton, segmented appendages
Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes
And last but not least . . .
Chordates (vertebrates)
Backbone Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals