THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BARRIERS TO …worldconferences.net/proceedings/gems2015/fullpaper/GE 064 THE...THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION ... Universiti

e-Proceeding of the Global Conference on Economics and Management Science 2015 (GEMS 2015). (e-ISBN 978-967-0792-05-7). 12 -13 October 2015 at Bayview Beach Resort Penang Hotel, Malaysia. Organized by http://worldconferences.net/home/

GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015 (GEMS 2015) OCTOBER 2015

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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BARRIERS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AMONG MALAYSIAN WOMEN CIVIL SERVANTS

Roayaah Binti Zambri1, Dr. Nadiah Diyana Tan Abdullah2, Dr. Rezian-na Mohammed Kassim3

1 Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia

[email protected]


[email protected]


[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This present study aimed to investigate the difference in barriers for physical activity participation

among Malaysian women civil servants within their physical activity levels. A sample of 447 women civil

servant aged from 18 to 59 years old completed a set of physical activity questionnaire and their current

levels of physical activity. The results showed that sixty-eight percent of the women were classified as

inactive women that indicated that majority were not physically active enough to achieve positive health

outcomes. Besides, the results also revealed that there are significant differences between barriers to

physical activity and physical activity levels (F (4, 436) = 4.86, p = .00; Wilks’ Lambda = .74; partial eta

squared = .07). Hence, women in later stages exhibited that they had also perceived higher in resources

and skills, personal well-being, and cultures and religiosity barriers than women in earlier stages.

However, there were significant differences in mean barriers among those women according to their

physical activity levels. Through the identification of barriers between each physical activity levels, better

intervention programs may be implemented to enhance the participation to physical activity among

these women civil servant. This finding also provides a future insight to better understand the physical

activity behaviour among Malaysian women civil servants.

Field of research: barriers to physical activity participation, physical activity levels, women civil servant.

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mailto:[email protected]





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1. Introduction

Malaysia as developing country has recorded a high occurrence of chronic diseases as reported by

Mohamud et al., (2011) and Department of Statistics of Malaysia (2010). These diseases are expected to

cause over three quarters of all deaths in 2030 (Wan Rabiah, Patterson, & Pegg, 2011). Malaysians are

also represented by 60% of adults that can be classified as a non-active group with major health

problems (Mohd Zaid & Wilson., 2009), as evidence by the increased percentage in obese women in this

category (Tan & Yim, 2010; Wan Rabiah, et al., 2011). In light of that, physical activity has been regarded

as the main medium for preventing chronic disease (Phongsavan, McLean, & Bauman, 2007). The

benefits from engaging in physical activity regularly were recognized not only in health but also in terms

of physical, psychological, physiological and social benefits. Practising moderate and vigorous physical

activities frequently brings about various health benefits (Biddle & Fuchs, 2009; Tracey, Dawson, &

Berry, 2008) such as reduced feelings of depression and anxiety, reduced risks of obesity (Morris,

Bourne, Eldemire-Shearer, & McGrowder, 2010) and improved quality of life in individuals (Gomez-

Lopez, Gallegos, & Extremera, 2010). Even moderate or vigorous exercise such as brisk walk, climbing

stairs and cycling may enhance health because of the energy consumption involved.

However, the rate of participation in physical activity was increased in alarming rate. Adults particularly

women were found to be not being physically active to achieve positive health outcomes. It was also

proven that compared to men, women was found to lead sedentary lifestyle and were not physically

active enough to achieve positive health outcomes as reported by previous studies (Hanlon, Morris, &

Nabbs, 2010; Heather & Roberts, 2010). The common reasons identified for women not participating in

physical activity were lack of time due to work and family commitment; lack of resources or skills, and

not enough support from family or friend (Dixon, 2009; Sit, Kerr, & Wong, 2008) and other behavioural,

environmental, and psychological factors (Biddle & Mutrie, 2008; Dixon, 2009).

The reduction in energy among civil servants such as increased occupational sedentariness,

development of labour-saving devices, motorizes transportation, and sedentary entertainment in

workplace (Yancey et al., 2007) have contributed to the absenteeism, sick leave, disability, injuries and

health care claims (Anderson et al., 2009). As the present study focused on Malaysian civil servant, the

existed barriers to physical activity participation should be tackled since these groups of women are

considered as the backbone of the country’s development. Thus, healthy and active women civil servant

is important in order to work effectively and efficiently and also to venture any changes on their

responsibilities toward a better future. This is crucial as the evident from the previous study has been

reported that the active workers had a lower rate of absenteeism compared to non-active workers

(Heather & Roberts, 2010).

Effective physical activity interventions may enhance the physical activity participation among these

women civil servants. The identification of barriers towards physical activity participation is capable to

tackle the number of women who are not being physically active enough. In relation, numerous

researches have been conducted in physical activity psychology especially in determining the physical



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activity participation among the people involved in several research setting (Asztalos et al., 2012; Biddle

& Fuchs, 2009). Despite all researches, there has been a small number of data from Asian samples which

can be considered as not been adequate to describe the reasons to physical activity participation (Han,

Kim, Park, Kang, & Ryu, 2009) especially among civil servants.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the differences between barriers to physical activity

participation and physical activity levels among these group of respondents.

2. Barriers to Physical Activity Participation

When discussing the reasons on why people are not participating in physical activity, researchers have

identified the barriers existed which affected them. Inactive lifestyles and inconsistencies negative

influences of physical activity may enhance the emergence of overweight and obesity phenomenon

(Trost, Owen, Bauman, Sallis, & Brown, 2002). Barriers to physical activity participation also have been

continuously reported to have negative relationships between an individual’s perception and

individual’s actual involvement in physical activity (Carron, Hausenblas, & Estabrooks, 2003). Besides

that, barriers to physical activity varied among demographic variables and psychological factors such as

differences in age, gender, socioeconomic profile and level of education.

Carron, et al., (2003) stated that the major barriers reported by people who were trying to engage in

physical activity were lack of time, lack of access to convenient facilities, and lack of safe environment.

Furthermore, lack of time, being too tired, parenthood, role overload, being too lazy or unmotivated,

not being the sporty type, being too fat to exercise, and being too shy or embarrassed to exercise were

found to be barrier among women with normal weight (Jewson, Spittle, & Casey, 2008). Previous

researchers also stated that common key barriers to physical activity participation in women are lack of

time due to work and/or family commitment; resources and skills; and family and friend support (Biddle

& Mutrie, 2008; Dixon, 2009; Hanlon, et al., 2010; Segar, Eccles, Peck, & Richardson, 2007; Sit, et al.,

2008; Sodergen, Hylander, Tornkvist, Sundquist, & Sundquist, 2008; Stanis, Schneider, Chavez, &

Shinew, 2009). However, it was suggested that the lack of time was not a barrier but an excuse to not

engaging in physical activity.

People were found to perceive barrier significantly differences according to their physical activity levels.

This is supported by Jewson, et al., (2008) where they stated that there were significant different

between inactive and active women in terms of their perceived behavioural which influence them to do

or do not engage in physical activity.

3. Physical Activity Levels

In the present study, the stages of change from The Transtheoretical Model were utilized to describe the

physical activity levels of Malaysian women civil servants. The TTM was developed by Prochaska and



144

DiClemente (1983) to facilitates the intervention strategies that are both individually tailored and can be

easily modified to fit the selected population (Buckworth & Dishman, 2002; Fallon, Hausenblas, & Nigg,

2005). The Transtheoretical Model is appropriate to examine the behavioural changes involved when

individual are making a decision either to move into the next stage, relapse back to previous stage and

either to stay in their current stage. Hence, Fallon, et al., (2005), Jordan, Nigg, Norman, Rossi &

Benisovich (2002), Kennett, Worth, & Forbes (2009), and Tracey, et al., (2008) has stated that the TTM

was developed as a comprehensive model of behaviour change, incorporating cognitive, behavioural,

and temporal aspects into one unified approach for behaviour change.

The TTM is completed by the presence of ten processes which reflect cognitive and behavioural

strategies that might be used to help people modify their thoughts, environment and experience (Gorely

& Bruce, 2000). It also called as an attempt to change their behaviour. As stated by Kennett, et al.,

(2009), previous researcher claimed that there is a differential use in the process of behaviour change

and the TTM propose that an individual move towards following stages in the behavioural change. In

addition, the TTM is also beneficial to some health programs because of its applicability to interventions

targeting multiple behaviours to increase public health.

As one of the processes in TTM, stages of change reflect the temporal dimension in which behavioural

changes attempt to occurred (Callaghan, Khalil, & Morres, 2010; DeLong, 2006). The stage of change

construct characterizes the time or readiness dimension into five progressive stages when behaviour

change occur (Nigg et al., 2011). Hence, the stage of change is also thought to be cyclical rather than

linear as many individuals did not succeed in their efforts at starting and sticking with lifestyles changes

(Fallon, et al., 2005; Gorely & Bruce, 2000; Marcus & Forsyth, 2003b). The stages of change consist of

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stage.

4. Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to determine the barriers to physical activity participation among

women civil servant and also to identify the significant differences between barriers to physical activity

participation and physical activity levels of Malaysian women civil servant of the supporting groups.

Based on that, seven of hypotheses were formulated:

HO1 – There is no significant difference between resources and skills barriers with physical activity levels

among women civil servant of the supporting groups.

HO2 – There is no significant difference between psychosocial barriers with physical activity levels


H03 – There is no significant difference between personal well-being barriers with physical activity levels




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HO4 – There is no significant difference between time barriers with physical activity levels among

women civil servant of the supporting groups.

HO5 – There is no significant difference between weather and inconvenience barriers with physical

activity levels among women civil servant of the supporting groups.

HO6 – There is no significant difference between family and friend support barriers with physical activity

levels among women civil servant of the supporting groups.

HO7 – There is no significant difference between cultures and religiosity barriers with physical activity

levels among women civil servant of the supporting groups.

5. Methodology

5.1 Sample

The respondents in this study were women civil servants specifically in the supporting groups of the

selected ministries as the target population. Multistage cluster sample has been carried out to

determine the sample size for this study. 447 of respondents’ age range of 18 to 58 years from six

ministries in Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya who volunteered to answer a set of questionnaire

provided by the researcher.

5.2 Instrumentation

Self-administered questionnaire were distributed to the targeted respondents. Every set of

questionnaires consisted of close-ended questions and also contained several sections with each

section measured the barriers to physical activity participation and physical activity levels of the

respondents. The questionnaire was adopted and adapted from previous researchers and this

questionnaire was back to back translated by four language expert before the distribution process.

Section A of questionnaire consisted of questions on demographic background of the respondents

such as age, marital status, race, religion, educational level and monthly salary. In section B,

questionnaire from Physical Activity Risk Reduction (PARR) which addressed all of the factors of

barriers aroused among the respondents in this study. This scale was adapted from Guan & Zhu

(1999) which consisted of 23-items rated by the 5-point Likert Scales ranging from (5) “Very Often”

to (1) “Never”. This scale also consisted of six barriers dimensions which are (1) resources and skills;

(2) psychosocial; (3) personal well-being; (4) time; (5) weather and inconvenience; and (6) family or

friend support. However, five new items which related to cultural and religiosity have been added in

this scale to better understanding within the cultures aspect among Malaysian civil servant.



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Physical activity levels adopted from Stages of Change Measure (SCM) by Marcus, Selby, Niaura &

Rossi (1992a) was included in Section C of the questionnaire. This section was used to measure the

respondent current levels of physical activity which represents the five statements of physical

activity behaviours.

5.3 Data Collection Procedure

An ethic approval from the university institutional ethical committee was obtained before the actual

research conducted. Once approval acquired, the pilot study was conducted among respondents

with similar criteria. After the data from pilot study was validated, the next process of data

collection was carried out.

To gather the targeted respondents, several phone calls have been made to the six ministries

regarding the procedure involved. After required information had been obtained, official letters

were sent to all respective officers at the Corporate and Communication Department in each of the

six ministries. Once approvals from these ministries had been obtained, the researcher approached

these respective officers to seek their help to organize a meeting with all potential respondents who

meet the criteria required to be the subjects in this study.

The respondents were gathered and a briefing session was conducted before the distribution of

questionnaires took place. During the briefing session the researcher explained the purpose of the

study and ethical issues involved in this study. The data collection was conducted during working

hours to get a higher returning rate. The period of collecting data took about four to five weeks to

administer the questionnaires from one ministry to other ministries.

6. Findings and Discussions

6.1 Reliability Analysis

The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients for the whole dimensions of PARR scales revealed ranged value

from .65 to .91. Hence, PARR showed the satisfactory alpha value which was .65 for Family and

Friends dimension, Cultures and Religiosity (.91), Resources and Skills (.85), Personal Well-being

(.83), Weather and Inconvenience (.77), Psychosocial (.74) and Time (.73).

6.2 Descriptive Analysis

From the 447 of the respondents, 68% respondents selected pre-contemplation, contemplation, and

preparation stages, while 32% of respondents selected action and maintenance stages which is best

describe their current physical activity levels. Thus, it can be concluded that most of the women civil

servants of the supporting group were not being physically active enough for them to achieve a

positive health outcomes. Besides, in this study, it was found the three most important barriers to



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physical activity participation that hindered these women civil servant were resources and skills

barriers followed by personal well-being barriers and cultures and religiosity barriers as indicated in

Table 1.

Table 1: Mean and Standard Deviation for Barriers to PA Participation

Variables Mean Std. Deviation

Resources and skills 19.80 4.58 Personal Well-being 17.55 3.73 Cultural and Religiosity 17.46 4.55 Psychosocial 17.08 3.52 Weather and Inconvenience 9.75 2.51 Family and Friends 6.76 1.80 Time 5.99 1.94

Therefore, the researcher assumed that the lack of resources and skills, personal well-being and

cultures and religiosity most affected them to be physically inactive. Since lack of resources and

skills were the most barriers that they have to participate in physical activity, this is might be due to

the lack of facilities to do physical activity as well as less of knowledge in doing physical activity

provided to them. Respondents also indicated that they were afraid of pain and intensity in order to

engage in physical activity. Other than that, the respondent also felt the lack of physical activity

facilities and programs that stressed on culturally and religion sensitivity; and they also felt a

disconnection and isolation with the society when they were doing physical activity.

To test the seven formulated hypotheses in this study, a one-way between-groups multivariate

analysis of variance (MANOVA) were computed in order to identify the significant difference in all

barriers variables with physical activity levels. Table 2 revealed the differences between barriers and

physical activity levels among women civil servant of the supporting groups. It was showed that all

of barriers have a significantly difference with the physical activity levels F (4, 436) = 4.86, p =.00;

Wilks’ Lambda = .74; partial eta squared = .07 since p level was less than .05. Other than that, all

barriers variables also showed the significant difference with physical activity levels. All of the

hypotheses were rejected. The findings are presented in Table 2.



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Table 2: Means (standard deviation) one-way ANOVA: barriers to physical activity participation

and physical activity levels.

PA Participation

Stages

Sig. Pre-contemplation

(PC)

Contemplation (C)

Preparation (P)

Action (A)

Maintenance (M)

Resources/Skills 16.35 (4.52) 18.21 (4.55) 20.46 (4.31) 20.57 (4.29) 22.28 (3.56) .000 Psychosocial 15.5 (3.82) 15.77 (3.73) 17.24 (3.16) 17.86 (3.11) 19.21 (2.94) .000 Personal Well-being

14.79 (4.06) 16.62 (3.68) 17.53 (3.51) 18.62 (3.58) 19.64 (2.72) .000

Time 4.82 (2.07) 5.62 (2.06) 5.96 (1.77) 6.44 (2.31) 6.92 (1.73) .000

Weather /Inconvenience

8.68 (3.16) 9.04 (2.74) 9.88 (2.31) 9.89 (2.19) 11.39 (1.55) .000

Family/Friends 5.62 (1.84) 6.09 (1.79) 6.82 (1.65) 7.36 (1.62) 6.76 (1.52) .000 Cultures/ Religiosity

13.73 (5.44) 16.33 (4.46) 18.13 (4.15) 18.29 (3.73) 19.02 (4.83) .000

As can be seen in Table 2, respondents in all of stages perceived barriers significantly different.

However, respondents in maintenance stage were found to perceive higher in all barriers in terms of

resources and skills, psychosocial, personal well-being, time, weather and inconvenience, family and

friends, and cultures and religiosity compared to respondents in earlier stages. Therefore, this

finding of the current study has been supported by previous study where barriers to physical activity

participation were found to be significantly different with stages of change (Sit, et al., 2008). This is

due to the inner feelings and difficulty that stimulated differently between individuals, even though

these individuals might seem to have a few similar motives to participate in physical activity. For

example, women at the later stages and women at the earlier stages found that weight loss as a

common facilitator, while time was found as a common barrier for later stages women and laziness

was found as a common barrier to earlier stages women in order to participate in physical activity.

This is supported by the Jewson, et al., (Jewson, et al., 2008) where they stated that there were

significant different between inactive and active women in terms of their perceived behavioural

which influence them to do or do not engage in physical activity.

7. Conclusions and Future Recommendations

It was found that more than half as 68% of these women civil servants were not engaged in sufficient

physical activity to achieve the desirable positive health outcomes. The high percentage of civil servants

who were not physically active may caused some concerns towards the development and administration

of the country and may also affect the credibility of women civil servants in carrying out their duties.

Hence, by the identification of this non-active prevalence, an immediate yet effective prevention

measure could be taken by the relevant ministries in order to develop and enhance an extensive

physical activity intervention among civil servants so that they will participate in physical activity

regularly for a long-term. Besides, it also shown that these women possessed difference barriers

(resources and skills, personal well-being, psychosocial, weather and inconvenience, family and friends,



149

time, and cultures and religiosity) among women in different stages of change.

Qualitative research methods such as in-depth interview about motives and barriers to physical activity

participation among respondents in future can be taken into a consideration. Lastly, more research is

also needed to shed more light to some of the issues to better understanding the relation of

psychological construct that might be or not be important to explain on physical activity behaviour and

also to provide more empirical evidence on industries values.



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