THE DIARY OF NIGHTSCAPE

| The Diary of Nightscape | POSITIONING 1

The Diary of NightscapeMicro-Utopias Approach for the Public Realm

TSANG, Suet-ming CharmaineThesis Advisor

Valin, Ivan

Master of Landscape Architecture | The University of Hong Kong | Thesis 2016

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONGFACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

DIVISION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

THE DIARY OF NIGHTSCAPEThe Micro-Utopias Approach for the Public Realm

By TSANG, Suet-ming CharmaineThesis Advisor: Valin, Ivan

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe degree of Master of Landscape Architecture

at the University of Hong Kongin June 2016

4

ABSTRACT

Hong Kong lacks public space. While most people think it is a problem of space, it can be viewed as a problem of time and infrastructure. Most of the human history has taken place during the day. But with modern system of lighting which proliferate since 200 years ago, city dwellers can potentially double the hours of public space available for purposeful activities such as leisure and productivity.

The thesis focuses on nighttime public space, which is defined as nightscape. Night time is when space become loose. At daytime especially in Hong Kong, there is a strong spatial attachment to order of efficiency, to formal economy, to obsessive behavioral controls, while nighttime offers a temporal escape from some of these controls.

The issue is, public lighting in Hong Kong often fails to mediate the scarce urban space effectively to the public, in terms of provision and quality. The majority of public light is homogeneous from spacing to intensity, and the hierarchy of lighting is very flat. It is too bright for some public, and too dim to the others. The reference of these lighting is not from the public users, but from standard design manuals. These manuals directly bor-rowed British standards and have not been updated in last 20 years. They are rigid with almost no room for local adaptation.

The position of this thesis is that, the landscape architect has the responsibility on the design of public lighting infrastructure, in same the manner of how we design oth-er infrastructure, like planting, circulations, and water device. It is not just something technical, and micro, but we can apply landscape process to give lighting the capacity to leverage and catalyse publicness. With this aim, a speculative lighting framework is designed to open a new genre of public realm which promote inclusiveness, flexibility and functional reinterpretation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude for the guid-ance from my thesis supervisor, Mr. Ivan Valin, who always thinks steps ahead by foreseeing possible challenges and opportunities of my thesis direction. His inspiration and intelligence have driven me to explore something adventurous and extraordinary, turning the thesis into a very fun research and design process. Throughout the MLA programme, his diligence in teaching and helpfulness in of-fering learning opportunities have equipped me a lot, from fundamental drawing techniques to thought provoking concepts of landscape architecture. Besides my thesis supervisor, I would also like to extend my thanks to collateral supervisors who guided me through the year long thesis process. Thank you Mr. Matthew Pryor, Mr. Andrea Palmioli, Mr. Gavin Coates, Mr. Scott Melbourne, Ms. Dorothy Tang, Ms. Vincci Mak, Mr. Ashley Scott Kelly and Mr. Bin Jiang for the constructive and critical comments.

In these two years of study, I owe million thanks to my beloved ones who allow me being capricious to pursue the journey of landscape architecture, while giving me freedom and endless support.

Because of their accompany, I was able to capture darkness and warmth in many mid-nights and dawns of Sham Shui Po. As the intimacy between me and the neighbourhood and grew by time, this thesis project has transformed into an attachment beyond project level, but I believe, an ongoing commitment to the enhancement of the public rights and spatial quality.

Last but not least, the success of this project cannot be accomplished without the participation and genuine comments from the professionals and friends, includ-ing Ms. Chao Chan for her projection technical support, Mr. Bosco So, Mr. Na-than Cho for their graphical assistance, Mr. Ming Yip and Dr Jackie Fong for their social insights on the Sham Shui Po neighbourhood.

STATEMENT OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

I declare that this thesis represents my own work, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University or to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification.

Signature

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Nightsky Brightness Index in Hong Kong Between 8:30-11pm over 3-year Period from 20092. Avenue de l’Opera in Paris (1878)- demonstrates the first form of electric street light-ing3. The Collage of Evolution of Nightscape in Hong Kong4. The Blossom of Neon Light on Nathan Road in 1960s5. Number of Lighting Complaints 2007-20096. The Lighting Components7. Vending on Car in a Public Car Park of Los Angeles8. London’s Soho at Night-fall9. Analysis Diagrams of Schouwburgplein, Rotterdam - on site layers, site layout and lighting dynamics of hoisting crane pole lights10. 3 Types of Lighting Flexibility in one-north Master Plan, Singapore11. Mapping of Hong Kong Nightscape and Landuse12. Mixed Landuse District of Sham Shui Po13. Active Area at Night in Sham Shui Po14. The Existing Road Hierarchy15. The Existing Landuse16. The Mapping of Context Related to Night Social Activities17. Relationship Chart of Existing Lighting Framework + Area of Interest 18. Diagrams of Design Consideration19. Master Plan of Public Lighting Framework20. Elevation Along Pei Ho St to Tung Chau St Park21. Elevation of Existing Pei Ho St Near Lai Chi Kok Rd22. Section of Existing Pei Ho St Near Lai Chi Kok Rd23. Constant change of Public Composition and Use of Space of Pei Ho St24. Usage Analysis of Pei Ho St25. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign of Pei Ho St Lighting Framework26. The Hanging Structure within the Existing Site Context27. Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign of Pei Ho St28. Subcategories of Streetscape

29. Forms of Catenary Lighting Structures on Different Types of Pedestrian Street30. Pei Ho Str Night Market Diagram & Perspective31. Pei Ho St Rainy Night Perspective32. Pei Ho St Mid-Autumn Festival Perspective33. Users & Activities on Tung Chau St34. Elevation of Existing Tung Chau St35. Section of Existing Tung Chau St36. Constant Change of Public Composition and Use of Space on Tung Chau St37. Usage Analysis of Tung Chau St38. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign of Lighting Framework of Tung Chau St39. Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign of Tung Chau St40. Subcategories of Space under the Flyover41. Diagram & Perspective of Tung Chau St Before the Break of Dawn42. Diagram & Perspective of Tung Chau St in the Early Evening43. Active & Idle Spaces in Tung Chau St Park44. Elevation of Existing Tung Chau St Park45. Section of Existing Tung Chau St Park46. Constant Change of Public Composition and Use of Space in Tung Chau St Park47. Usage Analysis of Tung Chau St Park48. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign of Lighting Framework49. Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign of Tung Chau St Park50. Examples of Nocturnal Species51. Subcategories of Public Park52. Perspectives of 3 Park Subcategories with New Lighting Framework53. Diagram & Perspective of Redesigned Lighting Near the Central Pavilion of Tung Chau St Park54. Final Panel of Mixed Media55. Photos of Final Presentation56. Effects of Projection Mapping onto 2.5D Models

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Positioning Thesis Statement The Precedents Speculation

II. Literature Review

III. Case Studies

IV. Research Process Hypothesis Methodology Site Selection Scope of Interest

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2

412

15

23

29

30313236

V. The Analysis and Design Proposal

VI. Appendices

Bibliography Records of Interim Reviews and Responses Record of Final Review

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IPOSITIONING -Thesis Statement- -The Precedents- -Speculation-

2 POSITIONING | The Diary of Nightscape |

THESIS STATEMENT

Hong Kong, is the pearl of orient that glows, a city never sleeps. And the significance of night public spaces in Hong Kong is it offers the city dwellers breathing space that could depart from intended uses, formal economy, and behavioral controls. The public realm at night becomes temporarily loose, offering opportunities for exploration and discov-ery, for the diversity and the unexpected, for the unregulated, and the spontaneous. It would be interesting to see the public spacial structure at night and to speculate the next episode of Hong Kong’s nightscape.

Hong Kong has been labeled as the brightest city on the planet1. Using Tsim Sha Tsui as an example, it is 1,200 times brighter than International Astronomical Union standard, while most of the European cities are only 100 times higher than the standard2. On one hand it implies high light pollution level of the city, on the other hand the brightness is a natural phenomenon of the city, as it is one of the world’s populous metropolitan areas.

1 Hong Kong’s light pollution ‘worst in the world’, March 21, 2013, CNN 2 Light pollution in Hong Kong ‘worst on the planet’, March 20, 2013, SCMP

Figure 1. Nightsky Brightness Index in Hong Kong between 8:30-11pm over 3-year period from 2009 (Source: Sky Brightness Monitoring Network, HKU)


The core question left is not on the absolute level of illumination, but on whether the lighting in Hong Kong serves the benefits of mass public. This apparently simple question turns controversial and complex in the Hong Kong context, of which the urban environment is dense and active, and the public members are diverse. Who are the public at night to serve? How do they use the public space? Does the current lighting meeting their usage requirement? What is the implication of lighting infrastructure to publicness?

Before leading to the core discussions, it is essential to delineate the significance of lighting infrastructure to the public, as well as the lineage of it. This aims at analysing how the role of lighting evolved over time:-

- from the aspect of political to social - from functional performance to decorative - from government top down decision, to bottom up decision driven by merchants, later by NGOs and individuals, and ultimately back to the government

These would be the foundation to justify the design strategy in later part of the thesis.


THE PRECEDENTSGlobal Development of Lighting Infrastructure

A lot of times the public lighting decision are handed over to light designers, light plan-ners and engineerings, leaving only aesthetic considerations to the landscape architect at a late stage of a project. This thesis suggests lighting infrastructure, given its promi-nence to the public users, deserves a landscape process intervention and a high priority of invention.

The historical depth and details of the emergence of public lighting in fact displays an intimate connection between light, human and the environment. Lighting infrastructure has not only re-written pattern of human wakefulness to colonize the night, it is also the foundation of modernization and urbanism, just as system of transportation and water infrastructure.1

The first widespread of artificial lighting as a system began in the period of industrial revolution, initially from London(1807), Paris (1800) and to Baltimore (1816).2 3 It came along with the introduction of piped coal gas. In those days, public lighting was only installed in city centers to demonstrate political and economical importance. There were also moments with dense illumination, such as world’s fair at the sites, for amusement and manifesto of political power.

More nodal points were illuminated with the proliferation of electricity network in Vic-torian Era, parallel with the spread of telegraph and telephone. The electric lights were adopted first in Los Angeles (1876), followed by Paris, London and New York. 4 In 1880s, electric incandescent lighting was rapidly intensified in many smaller cities and towns in a functional manner in facilitating traffic and providing greater level of safety. In the twentieth century, electric lighting further penetrated from the edges of towns into the countryside. 5

1 Isenstadt, S., Petty, M. M., & Neumann, D. Preface. (2014). Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination. Rout-ledge. p XVII-XVIII2 Thomson, J. (2003). The Scot who Lit the World: The Story of William Murdoch, Inventor of Gas Lighting. Janet Thom-son.3 Nye, D. Foreward (2014). Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination. Routledge. p.XVIIII-XXI.4 See Note 35 See Note 3


Figure 2. Avenue de l’Opera in Paris (1878) demonstrates the first form of electric street lighting(Source: The Electric Light: Its History, Production, and Applications)


1.Politics

1860 1880 1900 1950 1970 1990 2000 2005 2010

2.Safety3. Living

4. City’s Identity5. Tension

Figure 3. The Collage of Evolution of Nightscape in Hong Kong


The Development of Lighting in HK- The Public, The Private and The CollaboratedThe growth of lighting infrastructure ran a similar line in the story of Hong Kong but at the local own pace.

1. Night of PoliticsThe first batch of gas street light was lit in 1864 by 15 miles and 500 lamps, stretching from Queen’s Road, the first road and hub of Hong Kong, to the Upper Albert Road, where the government house locates. This was not simply a gesture to demonstrate the colonial control of Great Britain, but to response to the complaints from the residents on Caine Road with political power that they were unsatisfied with the street being still in darkness at night.1This milestone of gas lighting introduction in Hong Kong came half a century later than that in London after the local pressure to the British government. However, Kowloon took another 28 years before gas lighting was lit. Before gas lighting, most of the streets in Hong Kong were in darkness, with the exception of some affluent residents voluntarily installed street lights which burnt peanut oil as fuel.

Hong Kong quickly caught up with the introduction of electric street light in 1890, only a decade delay from the pioneer. The first 50 electric street lights stood along Queen’s Road Central, Battery Path and Upper Albert Road, again the political centre. The light-ing were supported by power station in Star Street, Wan Chai, which was completed the same year. 2 3

2. Night of SafetyElectric street lights grew west to Bonham Strand and Caine Road, later to Wanchai Road and Mission Hospital Hill. They no longer served only for political reason, but for the users situated along the vibrant coastline. They offered nocturnal navigation oppor-tunity for pedestrians and higher security level for the dock and ‘high-rise’ commercial fronts including banks, clubs and hotels. By 1924, there were 1,369 street lamps lit by gas and 469 powered by electricity.4 5

1 The Hongkong and China Gas Company Ltd – early history from 1860s. Farmer, H. (2015). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hongkong-china-gas-company-early-history-1860s/2 The Hong Kong Electric Company – 1889 to the decommissioning of Ap Lei Chau Power station in 1989. Farmer, H. (2015). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hong-kong-electric-company-1890-decommission-

ing-lei-chau-power-station-1989/ 3 Coates, A. (1977). A mountain of light: the story of the Hongkong Electric Company. Heinemann.4 See Note 2

5 See Note 3


3. Night of LivingNeon light was first presented in Paris in 1910s, 1but the popularized in the US during the 1940s. In Hong Kong, the mushrooming of neon light coincided with the take off of the economy beginning from the late 1950s. During post-Chinese Civil War and Japa-nese Occupation period, the population Hong Kong surged exponentially due to the influx of Chinese refugees. The abundance of human capital thrived business oppor-tunities and consumerism. Private shops provided an alternative key source of lighting to the street other than street columns. They used low cost but didactic neon lights as shop signs, and made sure them being large enough to arrest pedestrians’ attention and to standout from other competitors.

Compared with repetitive public lighting, a prominent richness is exemplified by neon signs via their collages of information, colour, calligraphy, pattern, symbology, culture, structural element and nostalgic element to proclaim daily life messages. After the age of neon light, the application of advanced lighting technology was furthered revealed by private lighting. For instance, LED has yet been adopted as public lighting until now, but they have flourished over the commercial screen, billboards and shop signs. Being bright, cost efficient, highly compatible with digital control, the LED has enlarged un-precedentedly the capacity of lighting function to penetrate into urban nightscape.

4. Night of City’s IdentityCommercial lighting has gradually transformed into urban landmark. It happens through private individual efforts, and sometimes through collaborated efforts from different sec-tors. Before 2003, the night scene from the lights on different skyscrapers on two sides of Victoria Habour was a core attraction to tourist. This city’s core assets was elevated to the next level when the Symphony of Lights was launched, after the SARS deeply hit HK tourism by 65% in 2003. Symphony of Lights is a nocturnal performance by installations of laser lights, LED projection, and facade lighting from the privately owned and govern-ment buildings participated in the scheme, coordinated by the Tourism Board. The fact that the show has become the largest one in urban scale and the longest lived one in record is an evidence of success- not merely as a light performance, but a performance of city’s identity and the expression of city’s resilience.2

1. van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press. p. 42. 2 Petty, Margaret Maile. “Symphony of Lights.” Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination (2014): 164-168


Figure 4. The Blossom of Neon Lights on Nathan Road in 1960s(Source: Neonsigns HK)


5. Night of TensionDespite most of the the citizens agreed lighting in the city contributed to city branding, increasing concerns have been highlighted by NGO on light nuisance generated from excessive illumination. The first Earth Hour of WWF, a voluntary 1-hour action to switch off unnecessary light, in Hong Kong was signed up in 2008 by a group of residents in Lamma island, shortly followed by other parts of Hong Kong and Asian cities such as Seoul and Taipei. The following year Friends of the Earth launched “Dim It Charter” to call for permanent switch off of non-core lighting by the private buildings after midnight, which was joined by a large number of local property developers. 1

The government later recognized the urgency to study the impact of external lighting to the public. It commissioned agency to conduct a respective study in 20102 and subse-quently set up a task force in 20113 to advise it on appropriate strategies of external light related problems to the public. The determination to enhance the lighting condi-tion was clearly shown in the Policy Address 2016 with the tool of Charter on External Lighting to encourage switching off preset time lights for decorative, promotional or advertising purposes that affect the outdoor environment. 4 The government will review the results of the Charter in two years and pave way for statutory control of external light installations if the justification is established.5

1 Dim It Down Hong Kong, Your City’s Too Bright. Penny C. (2009). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.pennysday-book.com/2009/10/dim-it-down-hong-kong-your-citys-too-bright/2 Policy 21 Ltd (2010). Opinion Survey Study on External Lighting in HK - Final Report Prepared for Electrical and Me-chanical Services Department.3 Task Force on External Lighting (2013). Document for Engaging Stakeholder and the Public on External Lighting. Re-trieved April 08, 2016 from http://www.enb.gov.hk/sites/default/files/pdf/ExternalLightingEng.pdf 4 HKSAR Government (2016). Policy Address. Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2016/eng/p216.html 5 Task Force on External Lighting submits report to Government. HKSAR Government Press Release, April 22, 2015. Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201504/22/P201504220482.htm

Figure 5. Number of Lighting Complaints 2007-2009(Source: Legco Meeting on Nov 3, 2010)


Reflection from Historical Moments: Public Sector Platform with Well Balanced De-cision Making

The historical trend hints an imbalanced development between private and public sourced external lighting would results in spatial conflicts such as light nuisance. Unde-niably, the dominating external commercial lighting added richness to our public space, yet it also implies our night spaces are overly constrained by commercial interests. We witness the lighting/unlighting decision is passing back to the public sector. Instead of imitating the top-town process in the past, the government nowadays is expected to provide an effective platform in attaining a practical lighting solution which caters to balanced of interests of different social groups and individuals.


SPECULATIONThe Next Generation of Lighting Innovation: Less for More

The chronology of lighting infrastructure explained earlier depicts that at every key stage of technological innovation, the scope and nature of illumination evolves. There-fore the-state-of-the-art technology on lighting, is an phenomenal reference to specu-late the next generation of light application.

In twenty first century, the edge-cutting global innovation of illumination advances to-wards less for more, which can be summarized into 4 areas.

1. LUMINARY- Higher luminous efficacy One of the recent breakthroughs of luminary is the maturity of light-emitting diode (LED) tech-nology in mid 1990s, which became suitable in both environmental and task lighting. The LED light bulb, as compared with traditional flores-cent light and incandescent light, is smaller, brighter, yet less energy consuming. In addition, LED can offer an extensive range of wavelength through variation of semiconductor material, giving room for multiple lighting variation.

2. STRUCTURE- Less StructuralThe majority of new lighting fixture continued to rely on column structure. There were small scale attempts to minimize structural element of lighting, for example through modular lighting assembly and through attachment onto movable object.

- Control -

- Luminary -

- Structure -

- Power -

Figure 6. The Lighting Components


3. CONTROL- More IntelligentSmart public lighting control stemmed from late 1990s1 has started to apply in European and American cities. Despite different features found among the control systems, they all aims at providing a more accurate lighting logic to users on demand. Wireless sen-sors and cameras are capable to identify the types of activity on street level by attributes such as speed and movement to trigger the corresponding pre-coded lighting. 2There are also softwares with web-based interface that enable real-time monitoring, data anal-ysis, map-based visualization and control. 3

4. POWER- More Self-SustainingA wide range of attempts are observed to switch source of lighting infrastructure, from extensive power line network, to self-sustaining renewable energy. They include solar panel lighting and wind-turbine lighting. What’s new would count on bioluminescence, such as living microalgae lamp absorbing co2 in open air to power the light within. 4Meanwhile, the growing plant project uses tool of synthetic biology, to insert luminous DNA into plants, aiming at replacing artificial light columns with living plants that glow.5

To summarize, the coming generation of lighting is characterized by adaptive control and dynamic function, less as a standalone structure and potentially more independent from traditional power network.

1“Intelligent outdoor lighting control system Patent (Patent # 6,204,615 issued March 20, 2001) - Justia Patents Data-base”. Patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.

2 Intelligent Street Lighting. Tvilight. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.tvilight.com/lighting-controls/ 3 CITYMANAGER. Tvilight. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.tvilight.com/management-software/#citymanager4 Living Microalgae Lamp Absorbs CO2 from the Air. Rodriguez M. J. (2014). Retrieved on March 10, 2016, from http://inhabitat.com/living-microalgae-lamp-absorbs-co2-from-the-air/ 5 Glowing Plant. Seeds. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.glowingplant.com/


| The Diary of Nightscape | LITERATURE REVIEW 15

IILITERATURE REVIEW

16 LITERATURE REVIEW | The Diary of Nightscape |

REVIEW DIRECTION

Although there is a long history and optimistic future development between lighting and modern urbanism, this subject remains as a missing piece in the literatures of architec-tural and urban design.

Efforts on literature research were shifted to another key topic of the thesis, public space and night space, which became frequent conceptual themes in recent writing about cities.

Notion of Public Realm: Not fixed to Time, People and SpaceCrawford, M. (1995). Contesting the public realm: struggles over public space in Los Angeles. Journal of Architectural Education, 49(1), 4-9.

Margaret Crawford is an influential scholar in the area of small-scale urbanity and post-modern urbanism. In the captioned article, she set up a debate on the notion of public space. She adopts Nancy Fraser’s definition on public sphere- all citizens have the right to the city, to inhabit and where all public discourse takes place. Furthermore, social and economic inequalities are temporarily put aside in the interest of determining a “com-mon good”.

Crawford argues that public space is never static, so as the public and their demands. She used Los Angeles as the case study, and made interesting findings. First of all, the public evolved with the social-economical changes of the city, such as migration, indus-trial restructuring and provision of welfare. She sees there is no single exemplary public, but many social groups including the homeless, street vendors, racial minorities arising with the story of the city. Second, some of these social groups, being excluded from resources from the state, demand new kinds of rights to the city, based on the needs of lived experience outside of the normative and institutional definitions of the state and its legal codes. As a result, the emergence of new collective rights to the city constantly reorganised and reinterpreted the public space.


Figure 7. Vending on Car in a Public Car Park of Los Angeles(Source: Contesting the public realm)


Design Approach to Public Realm: Temporal, Micro, and Down to the EarthChase, J., Crawford, M., & Kaliski, J. (1999). Everyday urbanism. Monacelli Pr. P.7-10

Extending the ideas from Contesting the Public Realm, Crawford demonstrates the obscurity of public space configuration through everyday lived experience. She believes everyday space stands in contrast to the carefully planned, officially designed and often under used public spaces . Ambiguous like all in-between spaces, the everyday space represents “a zone of social transition and possibility with the potential for new social arrangements and forms of imagination”.

Regarding on design approach for everyday lived experience, she proposed a radical repositioning of the designer, a shifting of power from the professional expert to the ordinary person by immersing into day-to-day society. She also suggested temporal is as significant as spatial.She quoted De Certau who drew a distinction between 2 modes of operation: 1) strategies, establishing a proper place, and 2) tactics, seizing opportunities to change the organization of space. Lastly, she urged designers not to seek overarching solutions, but modest and small in scale- a micro-utopian in responding to specific time and space.


Public Loose Space: Nurturing Spatial LoosenessFranck, K., & Stevens, Q. (Eds.). (2013). Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. Routledge.

The literature addresses also on everyday urban environment, with an accent on flexible spaces that allow social possibilities. Loose spaces manifest great variety and unpredict-ability, which simulate imagination and intervention. The authors look into their capacity to shape and support behavior, how they look, how they work and how urban space can serve social life.

An important proposition made by the authors is on the nurturing of loose space. Factors like accessibility, freedom of choice and physical elements that occupants can appropriate all contribute to the emergence of a loose space, but they are not sufficient. In order for a site to become loose, designers can be the medium to make the public recognize the possibilities inherent in space and make use of those possibilities for their own ends.


24-Hour City: Addressing Night Space Development and ConcernsRoberts, M., & Turner, C. (2005). Conflicts of Liveability in the 24-hour City: Learning from 48 Hours in the Life of London’s Soho. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 171-193.

The concept night space usage is rooted from 24-hour city, literally brought out by Lo-vatt (1994) in a conference, which aimed at revitalizing urban centres in the evening and into the night as well as during daylight hours. The idea was proved popular amongst lo-cal authorities (Heath, 1997) with a package of policies came under the 24-hour city ban-ner, including public-private partnerships, relaxation of planning and controls and per-mission of mixed development for entertainment use. The spirit of 24-hour city echoes with Jacobs’s (1961) classic text, Death and Life of Great American Cities. Jacobs’s (1961) argues against the monofunctionalist zoning of modernism and in favour of mixed-use living with medium- to high-density found amongst urban theorists and designers.

Post advocation of 24-hour city, several literatures revealed the concerns with the devel-opment. Roberts & Turner (2005) discussed conflicts of liveability in London’s Soho such as noise, social disorder and crime.

Despite Jacob’s vision towards multi-functional living at public space, Douglass, Wissink & Kempen (2012) point out, however, cities now emerge as patchworks of mono-func-tional and mono-cultural enclaves, segregated by walls and gates. Public space are often swallowed by private communities. They mention the gated enclaves is mainly explained by the fear of crime from surrounding city which is physical and psychological isolation (Douglass, Wissink & Kempen, 2012). Following the logic, clearly, night activi-ties in public space would receive resistance from the gated neighbourhood.

The idea of 24-hour urban space concept is in fact a dilution of mono-strait community by nature. We shall at one hand address fears from the neighbourhoods, and on the other hand, repair the fragmentation of the social grounds . Where and how we shall intervene spatially are the implications deduced from existing knowledge.


Figure 8. London’s Soho at night-fall(Source: The Guardian)


| The Diary of Nightscape | CASE STUDIES 23

IIICASE STUDIES

24 CASE STUDIES | The Diary of Nightscape |

Schouwburgplein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Completed in 1997West 8

Schouwburgplein, so-called theatre plaza, is located in the heart of Rotterdam. It is a local scale project commissioned by the Rotterdam government to upgrade the square and reinforce its cultural cluster. The lighting installation and the surface design are both exemplary in promoting publicness.

Figure 9. Analysis Diagram of Schouwburgplein, Rotterdam - on site layers, site layout and lighting dynamics of hoisting crane pole lights

(Source: Phed N)


A. The Hoisting Crane Light PolesThe architects transformed the space into an urban stage, equipped with four 35m high red crane lights inspired by city’s maritime history. Lighting condition is dynamic due to the open-ended interactivity between the public and adjustable light angles.

B. Surface ElevationDetailed design attention was paid on surface. Floor of the plaza is elevated by 35cm to form a podium that strengthens the stage effect.

C. Surface MaterialityThe square is surfaced with a wide range of material selection, from planking for ball-games, rubber track for rollerblading to metal grids with fountains. The sunlight zones are also applied on the mosaic of different materials.

D. Beneath the PavementThe pavement contains 26 electric hook-ups and embedded metal hooks are equipped to secure objects to facilitate events.

E. Layout The arrangement of square is built on the expected usage at different times of the day and its relationship of the sun. For example, the Eastern part of the plaza receives more sunlight, therefore wooden benches were assigned over the entire length.


One-north Master Plan, Singapore 2002Lighting Planners Associates Inc.

This was a competition involving a large-scale urban light planning for a 194-hectare town in southern Singapore. The goal of the master plan is to construct a contemporary research and development technology. The project team was comprised of town plan-ning, landscaping and lighting. In collaboration, LPA put forward “evolving lightscape” as design concept. This suggestion is not only a system gradually augented in step with gradual town development, but also a platform to display light for ceaseless variation and change.

One of the methodologies they adopted was flexible light system with 3 kinds of flexibil-ity:

Flexibility of light :- refers to the system enabling a wide selection of maps and patterns of light distribution. There is also room to adjust the direction of illumination that tai-lored to the circumstances.

Flexibility of lighting equipment:- refers to the system of separate functional compo-nents for different public space typologies, including poles, transformer boxes, banners, information boards and spotlights, are mutually compatible and interchangeable.

3. Flexibility of execution:- derives from the site-wide system of underground wiring that facilitate flexible installation work.


Figure 10. 3 Types of Lighting Flexibility in one-north Master Plan, Singapore(Source: Designing with Shadow)


| The Diary of Nightscape | RESEARCH PROCESS 29

IVRESEARCH PROCESS

-Hypothesis--Methodology--Site Selection--Scope of Interest-

30 RESEARCH PROCESS | The Diary of Nightscape |

HYPOTHESIS

In the previous sessions, there are different lessons learnt from historical lineage of light-ing infrastructure, theoretical concepts of public space and urbanism, and case studies of applying lighting design to the public area in the city. The following hypothesis inte-grates all these knowledge which formulate requirements for public nightscape design.

1.The Government of Hong Kong should bear the primary role in the provision of urban amenity lighting in the public area, while the local community holds the autonomy on lighting application.

2.The lighting system ought to promote spatial publicness.

3.The lighting system could balance the interests of the diverse public of different spa-tial needs

4.The lighting system reckons the rights to the city by diverse social groups and takes into account the way how they reorganise and appropriate public space.

Therefore, the starting point of lighting design should, instead of top-down expertise approach, begin from ordinary man’s everyday lived experience, and how they can gen-erate new possibilities for the public space.

5.The public spaces mediated by the light infrastructure is flexible and adaptive in re-sponding to the ceaseless reconfiguration of the publicness.

6.The lighting framework should study and speculate the next generation of lighting technology, and be prepared how to accommodate them in the future deployment.


METHODOLOGY

The design process is divided into 3 stages.

The first stage refers to background research from secondary data, both qualitative and quantitative. It covers the fundamentals of artificial lighting, including the spec-trum of lux levels, categories of lighting, components of a lighting system, to support lighting design in the later stage of the project. Another important area to investigate is the evidence that identify public lighting issues, ranging from figures on light pollu-tion complaints, professional reports, to survey of public opinion on external lighting. To facilitate site selection, comparative research is required to conduct evaluation over the candidates through a set of parameters, ranging from brightness index, land use to demographic composition.

The second stage involves an in-depth empirical study on the selected site. Borrowing the everyday life documentation approach from Urban Diaries by Walter Hood (1997), site visits are planned to record the intersections between individuals and everyday space. In order to understand the social and economic transactions which accumulate in a single location, visits are arranged at different times of day and night, on various days of the week. Factors such as the physical conditions of the site, brightness measure-ment, types of users, their activity routine and itinerary are all areas of concern. The first hand experience would be both basis for analysis and design narratives.

The third stage comes to research of supplementary information for the empirical data, which in turn would generate a big picture for analysis and design strategy. This includes interview of social worker who worked on the site, interview of scholar familiar with the neighbourhood, and review of documentaries published on traditional as well as multi-media.


SITE SELECTION

As the core thesis debate is on notion of public and public space, selection of site tar-gets to unveil the public complexity which intertwines with problem of public light. First, the selection is narrowed to mixed landuse districts in the dense urban area of Hong Kong which implies potential usage tension and conflicts of lighting requirement. The next to step is to filter the districts with a diverse community and activities vibrant at night.

Sham Shui Po is a representative example of public complexity. It is one of the densest mixed landuse district located in in the heart of Kowloon. The wealth distribution of the proximity is the most polarized in Hong Kong. The ethnical background of the residents is relatively rich, same for the types of housing. These are essential conditions evidenc-ing a diverse social groups within the district.

The 3 selected sites, Pei Ho Street, Tung Chau Street, and Tung Chau Street Park rep-resents the 3 urban urban typologies most active at night in the neighborhood of Sham Shui Po.

Figure 11. Mapping of Hong Kong Nightscape and LanduseScale 1:50,000

Mixed Commercial and Residential

Level of Artificial Light

Commercial

Country Park


Figure 12. Mixed Landuse District of Sham Shui PoScale 1:8,000

Figure 13. Active Area at Night in Sham Shui PoScale 1:4,000

Tung Chau Street Park

KWEILI

N STR

EET

NAM CHEONG S

TREET

NAM CHEONG ESTATE

Fu Cheong Estate

WEST KOWLOON CORRIDOR

CHEUNG SHA WAN ROAD

LAI CHI KOK ROAD

PEI H

O S

TREE

T

TUNG CHAU STREET

TUNG CHAU STREET PARK


Mapping the Social Geography of Existing Site

Primary Road

Secondary Road

Tertiary Road

Tertiary Pedestrian Road

Park Main Circulation

Park Experience Circulation

Highway

Figure 14. The Existing Road Hierarchy


Figure 15. The Existing Landuse

Figure 16. The Mapping of Context Related to Night Social Activities

Informal StoresNight Vendor

Recycling CompanyNight Stores

Social Activities

Public Rental Housing

Private Housing

Transport Hub

Open Space

Mixed Use Commerce & Residential


SCOPE OF INTEREST

The scope of interest is bounded to public sourced lights.

The 3 identified urban typologies for investigation, streetscape, space under the flyover, and park, further narrow the down the scope of public sourced lighting study.

The design process cover the aspect planning and design, as well as control and execution of the public lighting framework.

-Actor- -Role on Lighting- -Guiding Principle--Lighting Venue--Lighting Source-

External LightingA�ecting Public Realm

GOVERNMENT

POWER UTILITY COMPANIES

PROPERTY DEVELOPER

BUSINESS OPERATOR

RESIDENTS

Planning and Design

Design and Operation

Highways Department Public Lighting Design Manual (1996)-Base on British roadway lightingstandards-Focus on Road Safety

LSCD Internal Lighting Guideline -Focus on safety and operation

-Focus of arousing tourists’ admiration and public engagement

Property brandingStimulate rental and property price

Company Imagine BuildingStimulate consumption desire

Individual interests

Housing Authority Technical Design Guidelines on External Public Lighting Installations (1998)-Focus on Environmental Impact to Residents

Charter on External Lighting (2016) -Encourage switch of external lighting at preset hours and pave way for future legislationRe�ect light complaints to respective parties

WWF “Earth Hour” MovementFriends of the Earth “Dim It Charter”HKU “Hong Kong Night Sky Brightness Monitoring Network”

Installation of photoelectric lighting controller for public lighting-Automatic switched on when ambient brightness falls to 55 lux and switched o� when it rises to 83 lux (8 minutes after sunset and 15 minutes before sunrise)Installation of cut-o� lantern and lighting shield

Control Solution & Execution

Provision

Monitoring and Raising Public Awarenesss

Advisory & Regulation

Technical Support & Monitoring

Public Street

Public SourcedLighting

Private SourcedLighting

Public Park and Sport�eld

Highways Department

Housing Department

Environment Bureau

Other Departmentse.g. Electrical and Mechan-ical Services Department

Tourism Board(Government-subvented)

Leisure and Cultural Services Department

Public Housing

NGO

Building Facade

Residential

Outdoor Advertising- Commercial Signboard- Screen Wall- Shop front Lighting

Festival Decoration

Light Show for Tourist



GOVERNMENT


PROPERTY DEVELOPER

BUSINESS OPERATOR

RESIDENTS

Planning and Design













Provision




Public Street




Highways Department

Housing Department

Environment Bureau




Public Housing

NGO

Building Facade

Residential


Festival Decoration


Figure 17. Relationship chart of existing lighting framework + Area of Interest




GOVERNMENT


PROPERTY DEVELOPER

BUSINESS OPERATOR

RESIDENTS

Planning and Design













Provision




Public Street




Highways Department

Housing Department

Environment Bureau




Public Housing

NGO

Building Facade

Residential


Festival Decoration




GOVERNMENT


PROPERTY DEVELOPER

BUSINESS OPERATOR

RESIDENTS

Planning and Design













Provision




Public Street




Highways Department

Housing Department

Environment Bureau




Public Housing

NGO

Building Facade

Residential


Festival Decoration



| The Diary of Nightscape | ANALYSIS & DESIGN PROPOSAL 39

VTHE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROPOSAL

40 ANALYSIS & DESIGN PROPOSAL | The Diary of Nightscape |

Spectrum of Natural Light

Trail of Sun90°

-90°

60°

-60°

30°

-30°

0°

DAYLIGHT DUSK NIGHT DAWN

Public Lighting15 Mins

12nn 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12mn 2am 4am 6am 8am 10am

15 Mins

NO

ON

NO

ON

CIV

IC

CIV

IC

NA

UTI

CA

L

NA

UTI

CA

L

AST

RO.

AST

RO.

MID

NIG

HT

MER

IDIA

N

SUN

SET

SUN

RISE

DAYLIGHT

Full Moon

0.1

Publ

ic Are

a Dar

k

Surro

undi

ngs

20-5

0

LUX

Artificial Lighting

Natural Lighting

50 100 150 200

Twilight

1 Dark Day

100

Overcast Day

10000+

Sim

ple

Shor

t

Visit

Orie

ntat

ion

50-1

00

Occ

assio

nal T

ask

100-

150

Prol

onge

d

Gen

eral

Task

200+

THE DIARY NARRATIVE

What if the public lighting system can be re-written, how would the new genre of nights-cape be? The site analysis follows a diary narrative which sets up a debate on notion of public space through the lens of public lighting. The diary is split into experience of 3 nights that correspond to 3 major urban typologies found in the study area, namely streetscape, beneath the flyover, and park.

Design proposal anchors with the debate through re-interpretation of the spirits of public space, followed by the respective design visualization. Micro-utopias approach is emphasized in the process to root from local scale intervention on everyday lived experience. Inspired by literature and case studies, the author believe lighting invention is a small powerful medium that would immediately leverage publicness, which aim at promoting inclusiveness, flexibility and functional reinterpretation.

The thesis attempts not to define the future lighting fixture, because doing so would limit the possibilities of future technological adaption and local appropriation. The de-sign approach focuses on the designing lighting framework on the following aspects :-- Lighting Structure which draws physical relationship between light and space - Lighting Strategy that correlates light hierarchy with typological issue and- Lighting Tactic which defines management and control on the axis of timeApart from lighting, the complementary interventions are spilled over onto surface of the site, to consolidate publicness experience at night.

The Spectrum of Artificial Lighting


Direction Ornament

Information Entertainment Structural Highlight

Sleep Natural Light Ecology

Active Activities Road SafetyCommercial

Safety

PURPOSE

Dar

knes

sTa

skAc

cent

Am

bien

ce

Linear

Surface

Point

Management

Scatte

red

Overlay

Scale U

p

Scale D

own

Redirectio

n

Sheiding

Fewer Source

s

More Sources

LOCATION

TACTIC

Brighter

Dimmer

ZoningSegr

egat

ion

Subt

ract

ion

Addi

tion

Volume

Direction Ornament




Safety

PURPOSE

Dar

knes

sTa

skAc

cent

Am

bien

ce

Linear

Surface

Point

Management

Scatte

red

Overlay

Scale U

p

Scale D

own

Redirectio

n

Sheiding

Fewer Source

s

More Sources

LOCATION

TACTIC

Brighter

Dimmer

ZoningSegr

egat

ion

Subt

ract

ion

Addi

tion

Volume

Direction Ornament




Safety

PURPOSE

Dar

knes

sTa

skAc

cent

Am

bien

ce

Linear

Surface

Point

Management

Scatte

red

Overlay

Scale U

p

Scale D

own

Redirectio

n

Sheiding

Fewer Source

s

More Sources

LOCATION

TACTIC

Brighter

Dimmer

ZoningSegr

egat

ion

Subt

ract

ion

Addi

tion

Volume

Figure 18. Diagrams of Design Consideration-Where, what and how

Lighting Considerations


PEI HO STREET

N

0 20 40Metres

1

2

3 4


MASTER PLAN OF PUBLIC LIGHTING FRAMEWORKNeighborhood of Sham Shui Po

Figure 19.

TUNGCHAU ST

TUNGCHAU ST PARK

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

STREETSCAPE1. MTR Plaza2. Alley3. Junction4. Pedestrianized St.5. Boulevard Plaza

BENEATH FLYOVER6. Dark Zone7. Cast Lighting Zone8. Task Lighting Zone

PARK9. Main Route10. Minor Route11. Sportsfield12. Pavillion


ttadf

0 20 40Metres

STREETSCAPE1. MTR Plaza2. Alley3. Junction4. Pedestrianized St.5. Boulevard Plaza

BENEATH FLYOVERLight Zoning

PARKMobile Lighting

YU CHAU STSecondary Rd

AP LIU STTertiary

Pedestrian Rd

SHAM SHUI POMTR Exit A2

KI LUNG STTertiary

Pedestrian RdPEI HO ST

MUNICIPAL BUILDING

TAI NAN STTertiary

Pedestrian Rd

LAI CHI KOK RdPrimary Rd


ttadf

ELEVATION ALONG PEI HO ST TO TUNG CHAU ST PARK

Figure 20.

YEE KUK STTertiary Rd

HOI TAN STTertiary Rd

WEST KOWLOON CORRIDOR

Highway

TUNG CHAU ST PARK

TUNG CHAU ST

Tertiary Rd


Night 1, 11pmThe Spine of Pei Ho Street“Who are the public?”

Out from the MTR train, the crowd led the way to Pei Ho Street exit. The street is highly pedestrianized. Light poles there stand 10m high with a spacing of 40m apart. Some wall lights are also found that function same as light poles. These lights are good for drivers, as they are designed for driving safety in accordance with the design manual of Highways Department. Yet vehicles were uncommon at nighttime. Only 1 car passed by in an average of 15 minutes as the street was too crowded to navigate.

Street lights did not satisfy other stakeholders in the proximity, comprising of residence, vendors, shoppers and pedestrian. They are commonly situated right in front of the residents’ windows, which is too bright for the residents living between 1st to 3rd floor. What is more worse would be the majority of bedrooms are facing the street, a featured layout in the 60s and 70s buildings, which would affect sleep of the residents. While some residents had their curtains closed tight, some replaced the window with a wall. In contrast, the high and diffused yellowish light is too dim for street activities. Vendors gathered around bright shop front lights and signboards. Their customers were com-monly residents from the adjacency, searching for bargains often with a torch to improve legibility. Streetlights are directed onto the central part of the road, but not sidewalks on both sides. The sidewalks covered by the hangover of old buildings were dark and creepy, avoided by general pedestrians.

Are the core public of street only concerned with driver? In a pedestrianized street, who should be the core?


Upper Pei Ho St Pei Ho St & Tai Nan St Junction Lower Pei Ho St


Pei Ho Street

Street Shop ownerClose shops between 8-10pm but keep some shop front lights on as advertise-ment

Street CleanerWork throughout the day but concentrate after or before business hours in the darkDepend both lamp posts and shop front light

Street VendorStart operating when street shops close to avoid conflict of business. Make use of shop front light for illumination

PedestrianStreet light provides safety and attracts attentionTorch helps visibility during the search of bargains from street vendors

DriversLamp posts are essential for visibility of road conditions and indicate direction

ResidentCurtains are put on for long term to alleviate light nuiance to daily living

Street Vendor

Pedestrian

0.5-1m

0.5-2m

Drivers2-3m

Shop Ad3m-12m

Resident3m+

Shop Front Light3m-6m

Lamp Post4m-15m

Figure 21. Elevation of Existing Pei Ho St Near Lai Chi Kok Rd

Figure 22. Section of Existing Pei Ho St Near Lai Chi Kok Rd


Featured Light

Light ColumnLuminary Height

10.0mDistance

40mAverage Lux (Lumen per m2)

6-20

Weekday Mid Night

Weekend morning

Chinese New Year

Figure 23. Constant Change of Public Composition and Use of Space

Fast Circulation

Circulation,Street Cleaning

Underused Side-Walk

Underused Side-Walk

FastCirculation

Street Vending

Street Vending

Underused Side-Walk

FastCirculation

Slow Circu-lation

Slow Cir-culation

Street Vending


RESIDENT

6pm-6am

Lamp Post

+Passing by

+Shopping

+Socialising with neighboursAv

erag

e W

eeke

nds

ILLUMINATED SPACE

Rain

ny D

ays

Space Required NA

Stay Duration 8 Hours+

Mini Desk Light

Indoor Darkness/ Lightness

CNY

Aver

age

Wee

kday

sAv

erag

e W

eekd

ays

CNY

Rain

ny D

ays

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

SIZE & CHANGES

+Sleeping+Leisure+Task

Space Required 2-5 Sqm

Stay Duration 3-5 Hrs

SPACE & DURATION

PROGRAMMES

+Vendoring on the �oor

+Vendoring at rare of vehicles

+Socialising with neighbours

OCCUPATION & MOVEMENT

Space Required 0.5 Sqm

Stay Duration 5 Min-1 HrPEDESTRIAN

Shop Front Light

Lamp Post

Light from Cabin

NIGHT STREET VENDOR

Light from Cabin

Lamp Post

Shop Front LightTorch Light

AllianceConflict


RESIDENT

6pm-6am

Lamp Post

+Passing by

+Shopping


Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

ILLUMINATED SPACE

Rain

ny D

ays

Space Required NA


Mini Desk Light


CNY

Aver

age

Wee

kday

sAv

erag

e W

eekd

ays

CNY

Rain

ny D

ays

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

SIZE & CHANGES

+Sleeping+Leisure+Task


Stay Duration 3-5 Hrs

SPACE & DURATION

PROGRAMMES


+Vendoring at rare of vehicles


OCCUPATION & MOVEMENT

Space Required 0.5 Sqm

Stay Duration 5 Min-1 HrPEDESTRIAN

Shop Front Light

Lamp Post

Light from Cabin

NIGHT STREET VENDOR

Light from Cabin

Lamp Post

Shop Front LightTorch Light

Figure 24.Usage Analysis of Pei Ho Street


Night 1: The Redesign of Pedestrianized Street

“Public are more than drivers. All citizens hold rights to the city, and one’s right

does not infringe right of the other.”

Lighting StructureThe lighting structure is composed of a network of catenary wiring, elevated 4.8 m above the ground, higher than the EVA of 4.5 m. The catenary structure made reference to the domestic cultural composition, for example the catenary anchors of street signs, and the hanging power line of the tram.

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Existing Void of Light & Darkness

Proposed Void of Light & Darkness

Proposed Design Approach

Figure 25. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign of Pei Ho St Lighting Framework


The structure above the pedestrianized street would bring public lights at the right scale- lower and denser, solving the lighting conflicts between upper residents and the ground level users. The rail-like pattern is generated from a systematic logic- a dialogue among built object, traffic flow, and activity. The buildings on 2 sides of the street pro-vide anchor points at an equal distance, and linked by the linear circulation direction on the street.

Variation pattern is carefully considered for a wide-range of street subcategories to re-sponse to contextual differences.

Figure 26. The Hanging Structure Within the Existing Site Context


Figure 27.Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign

Lighting StrategyBoth cast lighting and task lighting are applied on streetscape lighting hierarchy. The cast lighting at an average lux of 75 supply fluid and ubiquitous ambiance, sufficient for pedestrian navigation after the dark. Task lighting at the lux of 150 would complement cast lighting and enable specific activities such as vending, short reading, general live performance on the street.

The district management is allowed to identify lighting fixtures that would best suit the needs and characteristic of the neighborhood, as long as they fits in the above light-ing hierarchy. Festive elements can also be added to increase public attachment to the space.

Pedestrainized St.

Pedestrainized St.

Highway Depart.

District Level

Individuals

Highway Depart.

Power Utility Co.

Flexible, inclusive and adaptive lighting

framework

Localized fixtures

Localized Lighting Programme

Affecting light loca-tion through sensor

Manual manipulation at special occasions

HYD Public Design Manual (1996)

Planning & Design

Planning & Design

Control & Execution

Control & ExecutionExi

stin

gPr

op

ose

d

-Lighting Venue- -Role on Lighting- -Actor- -Guide Principle-


Lighting TacticCast lighting is static after the dark to provide safe navigation. Meanwhile task lighting is prescripted according to specific circumstances of street activity, weather condition and festival. The district management is able to adjust the script depending on the latest usage trend. Examples of the specific circumstances on pedestrianized street, including night market, rainy night, and mid-autumn festival, are elaborated in the perspectives in the later part of this section.

Surface InterventionCurbs at the edge of pedestrian sidewalk are replaced by ramps and bollards. This small move promotes spatial porosity for the neighbourhood, which is concentrated with a large number of trolley users e.g refuse collectors and delivery labour, and wheelchair users.


Figure 28. Subcategories of Streetscape

MTR Plaza

Lighting Structure

Anchor:MTR Entrances,Store Fronts,Irregular spacing

Direction:Internal loop among the nodes

Anchor:Two sides of buildings at 10m distance

Direction:Linear direction on 2 sides on the street

MTR Plaza

Boulevard

Alley

Junction

Pedestrianized StreetPedestrianized St

PEI H

O ST


Figure 29. Forms of Catenary Lighting Structures on Different Types of Pedestrian Street

Anchor:Two sides of build-ings at 10m dis-tance

Direction:Ziczac

Anchor:Buildings at4 street cor-ners

Direction:Centre of crossing

Anchor:Two sides of buildings at 10m distance

Direction:Linear direction at the centre of the street

Alley

Boulevard

Junction


Surface Intervention of Pedestrianized Street

Map of Lighting Hierarchy

Cast Lighting- 75 lux: 2m offset from sidewalks

Task Lighting- 150 lux: Movable on X-Axis

Crowd Adaptive

Edges are defined by bol-lards and ramps instead of curbs to increase permeabili-ty by the public

During operation of night market, crowd data is collected by sensors to direct task

lights to stay at the most populous locations based on weighted interest.

When a night market vendor starts vending, crowds are drawn. A task light moves clos-

est to the area to provide extra lighting.

Tasking lighting will distribute at most opti-mum places as more vendors join.

The residents above are free from the light nuisance given the lighting are working

close to the ground level.

DAILY NIGHT MARKET

Lighting Tactic


Figure 30. Pei Ho St Night Market Diagram & Perspective


Task Lighting: Move towards covered

area of sidewalks

In rainy weather, no street vending can be seen as people rely on dry floor to display their goods.

Pedestrians use side-walks instead of road centre to get covered by the building over-hangs. These areas will be illuminated by cast lighting and the complementary task lighting.

Rainy Night

Figure 31. Pei Ho St Rainy Night Perspective


Figure . Pei Ho Street Night Market Perspective

Task Lighting: Manual manipulation to

highlight central area

Task lighting system can be adjusted manually to create a thematic effect for the urban stage or to frame specific moments of social drama. Colour temperature and light rhythm are controllable to work along with the performance. The exam-ple illustrates bright white task lights are arranged in central area to dramatize the dragon dance.

Mid-Autumn Festival

Figure 32. Pei Ho St Mid-Autumn Festival Perspective


Night 2, 5amTung Chau Street Beneath the Flyover “How inclusive is our public space?”

The evening vendors in Pei Ho street vanished without a trace, but crowds were seen in Tung Chau Street, under the flyover of West Kowloon Corridor. Florescent light tubes were installed around the facade of temporary market, 3m high,1.5m spacing. There are also some spotlights installed at the entrance of the temporary market and at the con-cerns of the building.

These lights are repellingly bright for people sleeping next to the facade, with their nuisance amplified by the reflective surface of the flyover. Some street sleepers covered their head with hands, caps or blankets, and some stayed inside the huts they made.

The 24-hour lit up temporary market had a long-standing problem of low occupancy rate. It was locked up at night, not surprisingly. The bright empty market formed an ironic contrast to the crowded dawn market vendors kept out of the gate, which had insufficient light. Experienced shoppers carried their flashes to take a close look of their targets.

How tolerant is our public space? Can it be inclusive with exceptional activities like sleeping and vending?


Figure 33. Users & Activities on Tung Chau St


DriverLamp posts are essential for visibility of road conditions and direction indication

Dawn Market VendorRely on lighting from public facilities to set up and display selling items

Street SleepingTry to cover lighting with hands, hat or blanket when sleeping outdoor Some build a temporary hut

Morning ExerciseStretch or simple warming up exercise under flyover instead of the garden to stickwith the crowd

PedestrianMany dawn pedestrians are elderly and people with impaired walkabilityThey often bring along torch to guidetheir way and to search for bargainsfrom vendors

Delivery LabourStart working before wet market open The existing lighting from the market and and the street guide their way

Lamp Post4m-15m

Market External Light8m-12m

Street Vendor 0.5-1m

Pedestrian0.5-2m

Street Sleeping3m

Drivers2-6m

Figure 34. Elevation of Existing Tung Chau St

35. Section of Existing Tung Chau St


Featured Light

Wall Fluorescent

Luminary Height

3.0mDistance

1.5mAverage Lux (Lumen per m2)

90

Circulation

Circulation

Circulation

Social

Sleeping

Sleep-ing

Early Evening

Late Evening

Winter Evening



Wall LightsDesk Light

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

Wall Light

Wall Light



SIZE & CHANGES

Torch Light

Stay Duration 3-5 Hours


+Passing by

+Shopping


Space Required 0.5-1 Sqm

Aver

age

Wee

kday

sAv

erag

e W

eekd

ays


STREET SLEEPER

Torch Light

Rain

ny D

ays

Cold

W

eath

er

PEDESTRIAN

Econ

omic

Re

cess

ion/

H

igh

Rent

al

DAWN MARKET VENDOR

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

SPACE & DURATION

Cold

Wea

ther

PROGRAMMES

Aver

age

Wee

kday

s

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

Wall Lights

Cold

W

eath

er

OCCUPATION & MOVEMENT ILLUMINATED SPACE


6pm-6am

+Sleeping

+Leisure

+Socialising

Rain

ny D

ays

Stay Duration 5 Min-1 Hour

Rain

ny D

ays


AllianceConflict


Wall LightsDesk Light

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

Wall Light

Wall Light



SIZE & CHANGES

Torch Light



+Passing by

+Shopping



Aver

age

Wee

kday

sAv

erag

e W

eekd

ays


STREET SLEEPER

Torch Light

Rain

ny D

ays

Cold

W

eath

er

PEDESTRIAN

Econ

omic

Re

cess

ion/

H

igh

Rent

al

DAWN MARKET VENDOR

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

SPACE & DURATION

Cold

Wea

ther

PROGRAMMES

Aver

age

Wee

kday

s

Aver

age

Wee

kend

s

Wall Lights

Cold

W

eath

er

OCCUPATION & MOVEMENT ILLUMINATED SPACE


6pm-6am

+Sleeping

+Leisure

+Socialising

Rain

ny D

ays


Rain

ny D

ays


Figure 37.Usage Analysis of Tung Chau St


Night 2: The Redesign of Space under the Flyover

“Public space is inclusive to different uses and their spatial needs.”

Lighting StructureThe lighting structure is composed of a network of catenary wiring in a similar manner of streetscape. It makes use of flyover column as the anchor, and linked by grids which create zoning for night time uses.

Lighting StrategyThe light zoning is categorized by lighting hierarchy- dark zone (lux 1) for more personal-ized space, ascent task lighting zone (lux 150) for prolonged activities, casting light zone (lux 75)for social activities, and circulation paths (lux 50). Zoning promote public inclu-siveness since it provides options to users to match up with their lighting requirement.

Sun-Umbrella like lamp is an ideal form for environmental lighting as it creates a clearer periphery of the designated lighting effect, in other words, an effective light zoning can be easier to achieve.

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Existing Void of Light & Darkness

Proposed Void of Light & Darkness

Proposed Design ApproachFigure 38. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign

of Lighting Framework


Figure 39. Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign

Lighting TacticThe dynamic components of the lighting works like a flyspace of theatre, allowing Z-axis movement. The district management has the autonomy to adjust the lighting pro-gramme. The suggested preset operation in a daily routine is suggested in the perspec-tive in the later part of this section.

Surface interventionDark zone is elevated by 0.5m in order to distinct the more personalized area with the others. Composite wood pavement on the floor and around the column pillars is pro-posed in the zone by considering climatic comfort.

The dark zone is connected with the roadside by ramps for the purpose to maintain space accessibility. Simple terraces are layout on the other side as a sitting area where activities can attach on.

Isolation between flyover space and the park next to it is broken down. Planters on the edge of the park is lowered to sitting level for integration of the 2 spaces.

Space under Flyover

Space under Flyover

Highway Depart.

District Level

Highway Depart.

Power Utility Co.


framework

Localized fixtures


Manual manipulation at special occasion

HYD Public Design Manual (1996)

Planning & Design

Planning & Design

Control & Execution


stin

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d-Lighting Venue- -Role on Lighting- -Actor- -Guide Principle-


Figure 40. Subcategories of Space under the Flyover

Dark zone

Task Lighting zone

Cast Lighting zone

Circulation

West Kowloon Corridor

Tung Chau Street

9pm-Dawn

Lighting Tactic

Surface Intervention

Terrace as social fabric

Ramp for ease of the disabled ‘s circulation

Task Lighting- Lux 150 Cast Lighting- Lux 75

Dark Lighting- Lux 1

The dark zone lighting is dimmed, colour tem-perature turned cool and lowered down to create a sleep conducive environment. Those who prefer brighter light can move to cast lighting or task lighting zone.


Figure 41.Diagram & Perspective of Tung Chau St Before the Break of Dawn


Dust-9pm

Task Lighting- Lux 150 Cast Lighting- Lux 75

Lighting in the “dark zone” is aligned with cast lighting zone, pulled up. The illumination is bright and warm. The area of social space is maximized in this arrangement. Task lighting is activated by crowd sensor, turning the light on and lowering the fixture down.


Figure 42.Diagram & Perspective of Tung Chau St in the Early Evening


Night 3, 9pmTung Chau Street Park“What is publicness?”

Crossing beneath the West Kowloon Corridor, it came to Tung Chau Street Park. The whole park was lit up repetitively by lollipop light poles of 3m high, 10m spacing.

The most active part of the park was the central pavilion and various kinds of sports-fields, including soccer field, tennis court, and basketball court. Small groups of visitor were present in the park. There were couples enjoying the romance, people who jogged and walked the dog, family returning home, and housewives practiced dancing.

Most of them vanished after 11pm when the floodlights in sportsfield turned off. Most of the night, the lights from more than 300 columns fell onto no people but trees, shrubs, and empty paths.

What is publicness? Is it about illuminating every corner of the park throughout the night?


Figure 43. Active & Idle Spaces in Tung Chau St Park


Tennis Player3m

Tennis Court Lighting7m

Jogger1m Visitor at a Rest

0.5-1m

Resident Passing By

1.7m

Lamp Post

2.5m

+Tennis PlayerHigh requirement on the brightness to play the game safely and competitivelyLight prefer to be high to prevent glare

+CouplesDim light would be sufficient to guide their romantic walk

+JoggerIllumination is sufficient as long as the lights show the direction and possible obstacles

+Late Returned Lady Bright environment provides actual and perceived level of safety

Figure 44. Elevation of Existing Tung Chau St Park

Figure 45. Section of Existing Tung Chau St Park


Featured Light

Light PoleLuminary Height

3.0mDistance

10mAverage Lux (Lumen per m2)

40Early Evening

Late Evening

Before Dawn


Active Circulation

Less Active Circulation

Active Circulation


SPACE & DURATION

PROGRAMMESOCCUPATION & MOVEMENT ILLUMINATED SPACE

Cold

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RESIDENT PASSING BY

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Space Required 2 Sqm+



Stay Duration 5 Mins


+Tennis Playing

+Jogging

+Warming up

+Relaxation

+Walk the Dog

+Passing By

Tennis Court Lighting

Rain

ny D

ays

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Lamp Post

COUPLES

JOGGERS

SIZE & CHANGES



Lamp Post

6pm-6am

Alliance


SPACE & DURATION

PROGRAMMESOCCUPATION & MOVEMENT ILLUMINATED SPACE

Cold

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RESIDENT PASSING BY

Aver

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Space Required 10 Sqm


Space Required 5 Sqm

Stay Duration 5 Mins


+Tennis Playing

+Jogging

+Warming up

+Passing By


Rain

ny D

ays

Cold

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Rain

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Lamp Post

COUPLES

JOGGERS

SIZE & CHANGES



Lamp Post

6pm-6am

Figure 47.Usage Analysis of Tung Chau St Park


Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Management

Management

More Sources

On Public Realm

Shieding

Zoning

Scale U

pSca

le Down

Night 3: The Redesign of Park Space

“Publicness is the quality of space being public, the provision desirable space on demand”

Lighting StructureVisitor circulation becomes the anchor itself. Park lighting is not fixed on a static loca-tion. There are too few built objects to form the anchor for lighting structure. The new lighting is mobile and dynamic, which moves along with the flow of the user.

Lighting StrategyMobile lighting devices gather at different accesses of the park to get charged, wait-ing for the opportunity being activated by users. If activated, only the volume of space wrapping around the user is lightened up at that certain time of usage. Energy wastage is dramatically reduced.

The coding of automatic lighting programmes for specific area is adjustable by the park operator dependent on actual usage pattern. The park operator also has the authority to override the automation by manual command upon contingency.

Figure 48. Conceptual Diagram of the Redesign of Lighting Framework


Figure 49.Lighting Strategy Before and After the Redesign

Public Park

Public Park

LSCD

Park Level

LCSD

Power Utility Co.


framework

Localized fixtures


Manual manipulation at special occasion

LCSD Internal De-sign Guideline

Planning & Design

Planning & Design

Control & Execution


stin

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-Lighting Venue- -Role on Lighting- -Actor- -Guide Principle-

Lighting TacticLighting would form different patterns given the category of space they occupy. Each lighting device can communicate with each other to reorganise flexibly depending on distribution of the crowd, number of crowd and the capacity of the lighting system. Space of the park is slided into 4 sub-divisions.

- Main circulation refers to quick access for the residents to the adjacent housing es-tates. Visitors who pass through the main accesses would attract a troop of mobile light-ing devices like theatre ushers , that forms a linear pattern to illuminate the path ahead (lux 50).

- Minor circulation refers to paths serving the park internally. Visitors passing through the minor accesses trigger a group mobile lighting, like fire-fly to follow. They form a sparse organic pattern, which further expand they channel through a vast volume of space, and contract if they reach space of the otherwise. The lighting produced in this area is soft, ranging from lux 5-20 with cool colour temperature, purposely create a dark-er experience as a retreat, and as a simulator to experience nature at night time.

Individuals Affecting light loca-tion through sensor


- Sportsfield would function same as now at their official operation hours. Outside the hours, namely between 11pm to 7am, the sportsfield remain open. A grid pattern of mobile lighting (lux 150-200) is catalyzed to make room for appropriation, such as prac-tice of uncommon sports.

- Central Pavillion is the heart of the park. Wall lighting will remain to function through-out the night as a landmark for orientation. Additional variation on light temperature and intensity lux 50-100 would interact with the real-time natural lighting.

Should the number of visitor exceed the ideal capacity of the lighting system, the light-ing device would be mobilized to fill out the park spaces at an equal distance.

Surface Intervention

In order to add layers to the quality of the park experience after night-fall, the planting scheme will include nocturnal species which behave different from the day. Some of them blossom flowers under the moonlight, while some produce attractive scents. Noc-turnal plant species will also invite night-time habitats, such as bat and moth.

It would create a vibrant night-time ecosystem, additionally, stimulate the visitors of their various senses.


Intensive Scented Species

Nocturnal Blossom Species

Species ProducingOxygen at Night

Matthiola perennis-Shrub-

Nice attractive fragrance produced at night

Hylocereus undatus-Cactus-

A night-blossoming species and a crop producing Dragon Fruit

Ipomea alba-Climber-

The so-called moonflower open during the night and close when

sun rises

Sansevieria trifasciata -Hibiscus-

An evergreen perennial plant

Epiphyllum oxypetalum -Cactus-

The so-called queen of the night blossom between 9pm-12mn

Agave angustifolia cv. -Cactus-

Featured with short trunk, narrow and long leaf

Cestrum nocturnum-Shrub-

Release sweet perfume at night when flowers open

Cestrum nocturnum-Cactus-

Flowering in summer and only blos-soming for 1-2 days

Syringa vulgaris-Shrub-

Sweet fragranceSubtly glows at night with its

powder

Figure 50. Examples of Nocturnal Species


Figure 51. Subcategories of Public Park

Main Circulation

Sky-Gazing Platform on Minor Circulation

Pattern: Organic PatternAdaptive to Circulation Edges

Pattern: Grid Adaptive to Scope of Activity

Sportsfield after 11pm

Minor Circulation

Sports Field

Pavilion

Tung Chau StPark


Pattern: Linear direction leading to major access

Major Circulation

Figure 52. Perspectives of 3 Park Subcat-egories with New Lighting Framework


Lighting Tactic

Map of Lighting Hierarchy

A WEEKEND EVENING NEAR PAVILION

Pavilion Fixed -Lux 50-100Warm Light

Minor Circulation- Lux 20

Warm to White Light

Sky Gazing Platform- Lux 5

Cool Light

The residents are leaded by a row of mobile circulation lights to approach the landmark pavilion, which is illuminated by soft hidden

wall lights. When they leave, the walking path is slowly swallowed by darkness again.

Getting close to the sky gazing platform, people are wrapped by the fragrance from

the nocturnal flowers. The mobile lights spread out like fireflies, creating a poetic

and relaxing mood.

Figure 53. Diagram & Perspective of Redesigned Light-ing Near the Central Pavilion of Tung Chau St Park



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VIAPPENDICES

- Bibliography -- Records of Interim Reviews & Responses -- Record of Final Review -

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BIBLIOGRAPHYLiteratureChase, J., Crawford, M., & Kaliski, J. (1999). Everyday urbanism. Monacelli Pr. P.7-10

Crawford, M. (1995). Contesting the public realm: struggles over public space in Los Angeles. Journal of Architectural Education, 49(1), 4-9.Isenstadt, S., Petty, M. M., & Neumann, D. Preface. (2014). Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination. Routledge.

Franck, K., & Stevens, Q. (Eds.). (2013). Loose space: possibility and diversity in urban life. Routledge.

Van Melik, R., Van Aalst, I., & Van Weesep, J. (2007). Fear and fantasy in the public domain: the development of secured and themed urban space.Journal of urban design, 12(1), 25-42.

Petty, Margaret Maile. “Symphony of Lights.” Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination (2014): 164-168

Roberts, M., & Turner, C. (2005). Conflicts of Liveability in the 24-hour City: Learning from 48 Hours in the Life of London’s Soho. Journal of Urban Design, 10(2), 171-193.

BookCoates, A. (1977). A mountain of light: the story of the Hongkong Electric Company. Heinemann.

van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press.

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Hood, W., & Levy, L. (1997). Walter Hood: urban diaries (Vol. 2). Spacemaker Pr.

Mende, K, Lighting Planners Associated Inc. (2012). Designing with Shadow: Lighting Design for Urban Environments and Architect. Rikuyosha.

Mende, K, Lighting Planners Associated Inc. (2005). Designing Design for Urban Envi-ronments and Architect. Rikuyosha.

Thomson, J. (2003). The Scot who Lit the World: The Story of William Murdoch, Inventor of Gas Lighting. Janet Thomson.

Winchip, S. M. (2011). Fundamentals of lighting. Fairchild Books.

Government DocumentsHKSAR Government (2016). Policy Address. Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2016/eng/p216.html

Policy 21 Ltd (2010). Opinion Survey Study on External Lighting in HK - Final Re-port Prepared for Electrical and Mechanical Services Department.

Q&A on Lighting Pollution. Legco Minutes on November 03, 2010.

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Task Force on External Lighting submits report to Government. HKSAR Govern-ment Press Release, April 22, 2015. Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201504/22/P201504220482.htm

NewsDim It Down Hong Kong, Your City’s Too Bright. Penny C. (2009). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://www.pennysdaybook.com/2009/10/dim-it-down-hong-kong-your-citys-too-bright/

Hong Kong’s light pollution ‘worst in the world’, March 21, 2013, CNNLight pollution in Hong Kong ‘worst on the planet’, March 20, 2013, SCMP

Living Microalgae Lamp Absorbs CO2 from the Air. Rodriguez M. J. (2014). Re-trieved on March 10, 2016, from http://inhabitat.com/living-microalgae-lamp-ab-sorbs-co2-from-the-air/

Video Documentary Sham Shui Po From Dawn to Midnight (2016). RTHK. Retrieved Retrieved April 10, 2016, fromhttp://programme.rthk.org.hk/rthk/tv/programme.php?name=tv/hkcc&d=2016-01-10&p=858&e=339828&m=episode

WebsiteThe Hongkong and China Gas Company Ltd – early history from 1860s. Farmer, H. (2015). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hong-kong-china-gas-company-early-history-1860s/

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The Hong Kong Electric Company – 1889 to the decommissioning of Ap Lei Chau Power station in 1989. Farmer, H. (2015). Retrieved April 08, 2016, from http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hong-kong-electric-company-1890-decommission-ing-lei-chau-power-station-1989/

“Intelligent outdoor lighting control system Patent (Patent # 6,204,615 issued March 20, 2001) - Justia Patents Database”. Patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.

Tvilight. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.tvilight.com/lighting-con-trols/

Glowing Plant. Seeds. Retrieved March 10, 2016, from http://www.glowingplant.com/

International Case study : Schouwburgplein : West 8, Phed N. (2011), Retrieved Oct 06, 2015, from http://indalandscape2011.blogspot.hk/2011/01/internation-al-casestudy-schouwburgplein.html

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RECORDS OF INTERIM REVIEWS & RESPONSES

Summary on First Review

Reviewers: Andrea Palmioli, Andrew Toland, Ashley Kelly, Dorothy Tang, Scott Mel-bourne

In this presentation, I included a brief lineage of nightscape, summary of readings on 24-hour city and some potential sites on residential enclaves.

The opinions were polarized on the nightscape topic. Some were not positive about the significance of a landscape design at night and the necessity to make a difference from daytime design spatially. Even if an justified design is made for night, it may not be compatible with the day usage. The hybrid of design adaptive for different times of a day would be highly challenging. One reviewer was also conservative about promoting public space usage at nighttime as this goes against human natural metabolism.

The others thought the nightscape concept is an interesting one. Narrowing the topic to a specific aspect was suggested to deepen the thesis, e.g. nightscape as a vibrant social public space. Detailed site survey on who, when, how and where people use the public space at night would be helpful for analysis and justification of thesis. It would be con-ducive to pay special attention on how users adapt the public area differently at night. Study of the precedents was also advised, especially from area with similar characteris-tics, such as the nightscape of Singapore.

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Summary of Second Review

Reviewers: Dorothy Tang, Vincci Mak, Suvarna Apte

In this presentation, I highlighted the narratives of 3 exceptional users respectively in 3 urban typologies of Sham Shui Po.

The reviewers commented the analysis on the topic and the site ought to develop both broader and deeper. It was inappropriate to judge who are the normal, who are the ex-ceptional, if the public space I target at is designed for everyone. It was also too early to made judgment on the selection of users without considering the other users.

Suggestion for next step is to avoid using a utilitarian approach, or environmental de-terminism approach for the thesis, as they were outdated in the literature. Meanwhile, a holistic and objective assessment would greatly help contextualize the site elements with the topic.

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Summary on Third Review

Reviewers: Bin Jiang, Vincci Mak

Regarding the thesis research presentation, a better narration of thesis concept was recommended on the possible directions and the direction I selected for this thesis. Be mindful of using the term urban ecology to describe the relationship between artificial lighting, the urban environment and the users. Urban ecology can refer to biological ecology, therefore I would need to either quote literatures when using the term, or to define the meaning specifically for this thesis right at the start.

The site photos on the panels are dark and complex. To include more photos or to make a short movie for illustration would be much more clear in explaining the dynamic site context.

A better logic connection between users activities and the design solutions was needed, by considering the specific behaviour, cultural characteristics, local material and pattern.

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RECORD OF FINAL PRESENTATION

xiFigure 54. Final Panel of Mixed Media

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Figure 55. Photos of Final Presentation

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Figure 56. Effects of Projection Mapping onto 2.5D Models

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The Diary of Nightscape