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Volume 10, Issue 2 Message from the Chair The Power of Not Knowing “I was gratified to be able to answer promptly. I said I don’t know” Mark Twain I am constantly seeking information from others. Although most people are all too eager to share their knowledge or opinions, experience has made me hesitant to willingly accept whatever I’m told until it has been substantiated. However, there is a rare response that always gets my aention, and merits my immediate acceptance and respect…when someone says, “I don’t know”. We live in a world where “to not know” is perceived by many as a sign of weakness, indifference, inaptitude, or, worse yet, ignorance. Whether the enquiry emanates from patients, colleagues, students, family, or acquaintances, our willingness to openly acknowledge when we simply don’t know can be very powerful. The need to constantly “know” is especially ubiquitous in an environment as highly revered, and competitive, as medicine. As healthcare professionals, it’s understandable that we are continually striving to appease (or possibly impress) others, while often inadvertently promoting (or perhaps protecting) ourselves. Assuming there is no intent to deceive, I can’t imagine any declaration that’s more authoritative than “I don’t know”. I can’t imagine anyone more esteemed than an individual who disregards what others may think of them in favor of what they know about themselves. Moreover, “I don’t know” is not a static response. This simple admission spares all parties from any degree of delusion, and affirms that a quest for the actual facts must be maintained. Furthermore, for anyone who can readily state, “I don’t know”, this phrase lends considerable credence to whatever knowledge they profess to have. So, when we really don’t know the answer, we shouldn’t be defensive, embarrassed, or conciliatory. We can just say, “I don’t know”. CONNECTING - - - PATIENT CARE - - - EDUCATION - - - RESEARCH To Be Among the Premier Academic Orthopaedic Departments in the Country The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation www.utmb.edu/ortho NEWSLETTER 2014 Texas Orthopaedic Association Quiz Bowl Winners Congratulations to Omkar Dave, MD (PGY5) and Daniel Torres, MD (PGY5) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident Quiz Bowl, held at the Annual Meeting of the Texas Orthopaedic Association in San Antonio, April 12, 2014. All of the 12 Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Training programs in Texas are invited to participate. UTMB has won 5 of the 12 Regional Resident Quiz Bowls since its inception in 2003.

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Page 1: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

Volume 10, Issue 2

Message from the Chair

The Power of Not Knowing

“I was gratified to be able to answer promptly. I said I don’t know”

Mark Twain

I am constantly seeking information from others. Although most people are all too eager to share their

knowledge or opinions, experience has made me hesitant to willingly accept whatever I’m told until it has

been substantiated. However, there is a rare response that always gets my attention, and merits my immediate

acceptance and respect…when someone says, “I don’t know”.

We live in a world where “to not know” is perceived by many as a sign of weakness, indifference, inaptitude,

or, worse yet, ignorance. Whether the enquiry emanates from patients, colleagues, students, family, or

acquaintances, our willingness to openly acknowledge when we simply don’t know can be very powerful.

The need to constantly “know” is especially ubiquitous in an environment as highly revered, and competitive,

as medicine. As healthcare professionals, it’s understandable that we are continually striving to appease (or

possibly impress) others, while often inadvertently promoting (or perhaps protecting) ourselves. Assuming

there is no intent to deceive, I can’t imagine any declaration that’s more authoritative than “I don’t know”.

I can’t imagine anyone more esteemed than an individual who disregards what others may think of them in

favor of what they know about themselves.

Moreover, “I don’t know” is not a static response. This simple admission spares all parties from any degree of

delusion, and affirms that a quest for the actual facts must be maintained. Furthermore, for anyone who can

readily state, “I don’t know”, this phrase lends considerable credence to whatever knowledge they profess to

have.

So, when we really don’t know the answer, we shouldn’t be defensive, embarrassed, or conciliatory. We can

just say, “I don’t know”.

CONNECTING - - - PATIENT CARE - - - EDUCATION - - - RESEARCH

To Be Among the Premier Academic Orthopaedic Departments in the Country

The Department of

Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation

www.utmb.edu/ortho

NEWSLETTER

2014 Texas Orthopaedic Association Quiz Bowl Winners

Congratulations to Omkar Dave, MD (PGY5) and Daniel

Torres, MD (PGY5) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic

Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the

Regional Resident Quiz Bowl, held at the Annual Meeting of

the Texas Orthopaedic Association in San Antonio, April 12,

2014. All of the 12 Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Training

programs in Texas are invited to participate. UTMB has won 5 of the 12 Regional Resident

Quiz Bowls since its inception in 2003.

Page 2: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

Publications

Kanz BN, Morris RP, Lewis T, Panchbhavi VK. Biomechanical evaluation of a knotless barbed suture repair in

a human achilles tendon rupture model. Foot Ankle Spec. 2014 Jun;7(3):176-81.

Lang TF, Saeed IH, Streeper T, Carballido-Gamio J, Harnish RJ, Frassetto LA, Lee SM, Sibonga JD, Keyak JH,

Spiering BA, Grodsinsky CM, Bloomberg JJ, Cavanagh PR. Spatial heterogeneity in the response of the

proximal femur to two lower-body resistance exercise regimens. J Bone Miner Res. 2014 Jun;29(6):1337-45.

Lindsey RW. Degenerative changes in the atlanto-dens joint and dens fractures in the elderly: close relatives

or just neighbors?: a commentary on an article by Matthew S. Shinseki et al.: "Association between advanced

degenerative changes of the atlanto-dens joint and presence of dens fracture." J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 May

7;96(9):e78.

Lucas KJ, Morris RP, Buford WL Jr, Panchbhavi VK. Biomechanical comparison of first metatarsophalangeal

joint arthrodeses using triple-threaded headless screws versus partially threaded lag screws. Foot Ankle Surg.

2014 Jun;20(2):144-8.

Raiss P, Edwards TB, Deutsch A, Shah A, Bruckner T, Loew M, Boileau P, Walch G. Radiographic changes

around humeral components in shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Apr 2;96(7):e54.

Waimann CA, Fernandez-Mazarambroz RJ, Cantor SB, Lopez-Olivo MA, Zhang H, Landon GC, Siff SJ, Suarez

-Almazor ME. Cost-effectiveness of total knee replacement: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res

(Hoboken). 2014 Apr;66(4):592-9.

Wiesel BB, Gartsman GM, Press CM, Spencer EE Jr, Morris BJ, Zuckerman JD, Roghani R, Williams GR Jr.

What went wrong and what was done about it: pitfalls in the treatment of common shoulder surgery. Instr

Course Lect. 2014;63:85-93.

Bold - Full-time DOSR Faculty or Resident

Bold Italics - Voluntary Faculty

Italics– DOSR Student/Fellow/Staff

Presentations

Lindsey RW, “Clearing the Cervical Spine in the Trauma Setting,” UT Houston Ortho Boot Camp, Houston

Texas, June 8, 2014.

Lindsey RW, “Intramedullary Nailing of Femur fractures: Navigating the Bow,” University of California San

Francisco 2014 Annual Trauma Course, San Francisco California April 3, 2014.

Page 3: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

The Department of Orthopaedic

Surgery and Rehabilitation

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD

Department Chair

The John Sealy Distinguished

Centennial Chair in Rehabilitation Sciences

Foot & Ankle

Vinod K. Panchbhavi, MD, FACS

Joint Arthroplasty &

General Orthopaedics

Stanley D. Allen, MD

John W. Kosty, MD

Kelly W. Stephenson, MD

Kenneth Brooks, MD

Orthopaedic Research

William L. Buford., Jr., PhD, PE,

Professor Adjunct

Zbigniew Gugala, MD, PhD

Gordon L. Klein, MD

Orthopaedic Trauma

Stanley D. Allen, MD

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, FACS

Niki L. Carayannopoulos, DO

Pediatric Orthopaedics

& Scoliosis Surgery

Kelly D. Carmichael, MD

David A. Yngve, MD, The E. Burke

Evans Chair in Orthopaedic

Surgery

Spine Surgery

& Rehabilitation

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, FACS

Sports Medicine and

Knee & Shoulder Surgery

Brian A. Smith, MD

Kenneth Brooks, MD

Honors and Awards

Eighteen UTMB doctors made the list of H Magazine’s

“Houston’s Top Doctors” including Niki L. Caryannopoulos,

DO from DOSR.

Fourth year medical student Maxim Danilevich won Best Poster

Presentation in Orthopedics and 3rd place for Outstanding

Poster Presentation at the 2014 National Student Research

Forum (NSRF) for “3D Extraction and Summation of Cadaver

Skeleton for Database Assembly and Future Experimentation.”

Brandon Perez, MD was this year’s DOSR

nominee for the UTMB 2014 Outstanding

Resident Award.

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD was named one of America’s Top

Orthopedists for 2014 by the Consumer Research Council of

America.

On Saturday, June 21, UTMB hosted its Fourth

Annual Sports Screening at the Victory Lakes

Specialty Care Center. This community outreach

event provides school sports and athletic activity

screening physical examinations for area

youngsters.

On June 17-18, Grayson Moore, MD (PGY4) attended the

American Orthopedic Association Resident Leadership Forum

in Montreal, Canada.

Ortho News

Page 4: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

2014 G.W.N. Eggers Lectureship

The Annual G.W.N. Eggers Lectureship provides an opportunity for residents, faculty,

and alumni to present their original research and discuss many of the controversial or

challenging issues confronting current clinical orthopedic practice. This year’s meeting

was held on April 3-4 at the Galveston Island Convention Center, and chaired by

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD.

Scientific Program

The alumni, guest and student participants in the

scientific program were:

Jeffrey E. Budoff, MD, “Carpal Instability”

Sean T. Burns, MD, “Making It as a One-Man Trauma Team -

Tips and Tricks to Getting It Done with Minimal Assistance”

Danielle J. Casagrande, MD, “Musculoskeletal Considerations During

Pregnancy”

Jose Cobos, MD, “Compartment Syndrome as a

Complication of Routine Knee Arthroscopy”

Steven D. Eggleston, MD, “Issues and Dilemmas

Related to Private General Orthopaedic Practice”

Aaron M. Gray, BA, “Association of Cruciate Ligament Injury and Oral

Contraceptive Use in Young Women”

Malone V. Hill, MD, “Not Everything New is an

Advancement”

Steven M. Kane, MD, “Orthopedic Surgery, from Rock and Hammer to Femtosecond

Technologies and Cellular-Level Manipulation: A Peek over the Horizon of Orthopedic

Cellular Research”

Stefan Kreuzer, MD, “Factors Affecting Knee Stability: Is Kinematic Alignment the

Solution?”

Rita M. Patterson, PhD, “Carpal Biomechanics and Kinematics after Scapholunate

Instability”

Guest Speaker Suman K. Smith, Vice President, University of Texas, Medical Branch,

Department of Revenue Cycle Operations, “Renderings from Revenue Cycle”

Distinguished Guest Lecturer

Edward Akelman, MD, Vice

Chair and Professor of

Orthopedics, Warren Alpert

Medical School of Brown

University presented a

Keynote lecture entitled “Has

the Teaching Paradigm Shift-

ed? The Future of Orthopedic

Education in a Digital

World.” Dr. Akelman also

presented a lecture in the

Scientific Program entitled

“Dupuytren’s Disease: ? New

Concepts for an Old Disease.”

Page 5: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

2014 G.W.N. Eggers Lectureship

Former Eggers Society President and local Orthopaedic surgeon (retired) George Cox, MD,

was the recipient of the 2nd Annual E. Burke Evans Award. This award is given each year to

the individual who has inspired in others a devotion to the spirit that characterized our

beloved Dr. Evans.

UTMB Medical Student Research Session

Ronak Patel, BS, Brendan Lee, MD PhD, “Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study of

Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta in North America”

Laurie Jansky, BS, Zbigniew Gugala, MD, PhD, “Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty

for Osteoarthritis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”

Kenneth Kenneth-Nwosa, BS, William L. Buford, Jr., PhD, PE, “Three-Dimensional

Strain Analysis of the Forearm Interosseous Membrane through Supination and

Pronation”

Kurt Lucas, BS, Randal P. Morris, BS, William L. Buford, Jr., PhD, PE, Vinod K.

Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, “Biomechanical Comparison of First Metatarsophalangeal

Joint Arthrodeses Using Triple-Threaded Headless Screws versus Partially

Threaded Lag Screws“

Resident Presentations

Omkar H. Dave, MD, Karan A. Patel, BS, Clark R. Andersen, MS, Kelly D.

Carmichael, MD, “Number of Surgical Procedures Needed for Eradication of

Infection in Septic Arthritis of the Knee.”

Dorothy Y. Harris, MD, Jillian K. McAngus, BS, Ronald W. Lindsey, MD,

“Postoperative Complication Grade and Early Adverse Outcomes in Primary

Joint Replacement.”

Brandon Perez, MD, Brian Smith, MD, Zbigniew Gugala, MD, PhD, Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, “The Effect of

Tourniquet Cuff Inflation Pressure on Tissue Oxygen Recovery.” Awarded the Lockhart Award for Best

Resident Presentation.

Fred L. Speck III, MD, Randal P. Morris, BS, Jillian K. McAngus, BS, Nikoletta L. Carayannopoulos, DO,

Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, “The Impact of Preoperative Medical Clearance Procedures on the Time to

Definitive Surgical Management of Hip Fractures.”

Daniel Torres, MD, Zbigniew Gugala MD, PhD, and Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, “The Impact of a Dedicated

Resident Research Program on the Quantity and Quality of Peer-Reviewed Publications Among Orthopedic

Surgery Residents.“

Page 6: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

2014 Resident Graduation

Graduating Residents:

Omkar Dave, MD - Sports Medicine Fellowship, Mississippi Sports

Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Jackson, MS.

Dorothy Harris, MD - Pediatric Fellowship, Texas Children’s Hospital,

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.

Brandon Perez, MD - Joints Fellowship, Triangle Orthopaedics Associates,

P.A., Durham, NC.

Daniel Torres, MD - Hand Fellowship, UPMC Hamot, Erie, PA.

Annual Resident Awards:

Outstanding Resident Nominee: Brandon Perez, MD

Golden Bone Excellence in Teaching Award: Omkar Dave, MD, Cory Janney, MD,

Nicholas Vance, MD

Open Growth Plate Excellence in Pediatric Orthopaedics Award: Brandon Perez, MD

Weekly Conference Attendance Award: Jason Griffin, MD, Fred Speck, MD

Orthopaedic In-Training Examination, 2013 OITE Master Award: Nichoas Vance, MD

Orthopaedic In-Training Examination, Highest Raw Score Award: Omkar Dave, MD

Weekly Reading Program Examination Excellence Award: Jamie Alexander, MD, Aaron

Schrayer, MD

Operation Rainbow Mission Service Commendations: Brandon Perez, MD, Christopher

Sheu, MD

On Friday, June 27, 2014, the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation held its

resident graduation ceremonies at the Galveston Island Convention Center. Our

Distinguished Guest Lecturer was Joseph D. Zuckerman, MD, Walter A. L. Thompson

Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery; Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,

New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases. Dr. Zuckerman presented a luncheon

lecture entitled “Prosthetic Replacement for Glenohumeral Arthritis.”

Page 7: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

2014 Resident Graduation

Graduation Reception

Page 8: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

The Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP), an 8-week elective rotation at the end of the first

year, provides an opportunity for students to spend time in a research setting working on a their own project.

At the completion of the MSSRP program, students present their projects at a UTMB scientific poster

competition. This year, eight 1st year medical students worked with DOSR mentors on research projects that

were presented at the MSSRP forum on June 27, 2014.

David Brown, BS, “Sex Differences in Knee Flexion Angle During a Rapid Change of

Direction While Running.” Mentors: Brian A. Smith, MD, Christopher Sheu, MD,

Aaron Gray, BA.

Mehdi Faraji, BS, “Cerebral Palsy Severity, SPML Re-operation and Socioeconomic

Status.” Mentor: David Yngve, MD.

Malone Hill, BS, “Revision Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Following Documented Deep Infection: The

Utility of Frozen Sections in Intra-operative Decision Making.” Mentors: Ronald W. Lindsey, MD, Grayson

Moore, MD.

Jack Johnson, BS, “Incidence Of Low-lying Peroneus Brevis Muscle Belly And Shallow

Retrofibular Groove In Patients With And Without Peroneal Tendinopathy.” Mentors: Vinod

Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, Glenn M. Garcia, MD.

Matt Mackay, BS, “A Comparison of Three Suture Techniques for Achilles Tendon Repair

Using a Knotless Barbed Suture.” Mentors: Vinod K. Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, Randal P.

Morris, BS.

Alberto Oseguera, BS, ATC, “CT Density Analysis of 2nd Metatarsal to Determine Optimal Screw

Trajectory for Lisfranc Ligament Injury Fixation.” Mentors: Vinod K. Panchbhavi, MD, FACS,

Randal P. Morris, BS.

Ramon P. Saucedo, BA, “Mechanical Validation of CT Density Analysis-Derived Screw

Placement Position in Repair of Lisfranc Injuries.” Mentors: Vinod K. Panchbhavi, MD, FACS,

Randal P. Morris, BS; Co-Author: Alberto Oseguera, BS.

Kurt Van Wagenen, BS, “Minimally Invasive Method of Harvesting the

Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon: A Cadaver Study.” Mentors: Vinod K.

Panchbhavi, MD, FACS, Randal P. Morris, BS. Awarded Best Overall

Clinical Sciences Poster.

Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP)

Page 9: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

Grand Rounds

April 23, 2014, Robert Satcher, MD, PhD, NASA Astronaut and Assistant Professor,

Orthopaedic Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer

Center, Houston, TX. Dr Satcher’s lecture was entitled “Orthopaedics and Astronauts: An

Evolving Story” and sponsored by the Emergency Room Lectureship.

May 14, 2014, Stanley Gertzbein MD, FRCS, Aspen Orthopaedic Associates, Assistant

Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Clinical

Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgeryand Rehabilitation, UTMB, gave a lecture

sponsored by the DOSR’s Emergency Room Lectureship in Orthopaedics and was entitled

“Spinal Instability.”

May 14, 2014, Sanford A. Rubin, MD, Ashbel Smith Distinguished Alumnus, Department of

Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX gave a lecture entitled

“Advanced Medical Resources Intraoperative Monitoring.”

May 21, 2014, C. Glen Mayhall, MD, Professor, Director, Infection Control and Hospital

Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UTMB,

lectured on the “Prevention of Surgical Site Infections of Total Hip and Total Knee Prostheses

in Orthopedic Surgery.”

June 18, 2014, James Muntz, MD, FACP, Clinical Professor, Baylor College of Medicine and

Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, Ironman Sports Medicine Institute, The Medical

Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, lectured on “Deep Vein

Thrombosis Prophylaxis and Treatment in the Orthopaedic Patient.”

June 26, 2014, Fred H. Olin, DVM, MD, Caldarola & Olin Mds in San Antonio, TX, gave a

lecture sponsored by the DOSR’s Emergency Room Lectureship in Orthopaedics and entitled

“Orthopaedics in Veterinary Medicine.”

Page 10: The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and · PDF fileTorres, MD (PGY) of the UTMB Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation (DOSR), for their triumph in the Regional Resident

More to come in the next issue of the Newsletter…

Voluntary Faculty

To view previous issues of the newsletter, please visit: http://www.utmb.edu/ortho/newsletter/

Comments, suggestions, and queries on the Newsletter or Website can be addressed to: [email protected]

Oladapo A. Alade, MD

Charlotte B. Alexander, MD

Jeffrey Baker, PhD

James Bennett, MD

James Bocell, MD

Mark Brinker, MD

Taylor Brown, MD

William L. Buford, Jr., PhD

George Cox, MD

Marc DeHart, MD

Allen Deutsch, MD

Andrew Ebert, MD

Bradley Edwards, MD

David W. Edelstein, MD

Daniel Eidman, MD

Gary Gartsman, MD

Stanley Gertzbein, MD

Tyler Goldberg, MD

William Granberry, MD

Thomas Greider, MD

Joseph Gugenheim, MD

Alexander Hadjipavlou, MD

Eric Heinrich, MD

John A. Hipp, PhD

Omer Ilahi, MD

Don Johnson, MD

Robert Josey III, MD

Anand Joshi, MD

John Knecht, DPM

Marc Labbe, MD

Glenn C. Landon, MD

Loren Latta, PhD

Adrian LeBlanc, PhD

Bonnie Simpson Mason, MD

Vasilios Mathews, MD

Anita Mercado, MD

Anthony Muffoletto, MD

Haring Nauta, MD

Jose Nolla, MD

Okay Onan, MD

Daniel O'Neill, MD

Manish Patel, MD

Rita Patterson, PhD

Michael Putney, MD

J. Clark Race, MD

David Randall, MD

Eric R. Santos, MD

Walter Sassard, MD

L. Edward Seade, MD

Jack Seaquist, MD

Jean Sibonga, PhD

Sherwin Siff, MD

Todd Siff, MD

Terry Siller, MD

James Simmons III, DO

James Simmons, Jr., MD

Roy Smith, MD

Gregory Stocks, MD

Nicholas Tsourmas, MD

Gregg Vagner, MD

William Watters III, MD

Jeffrey M. Whelan, MD

Suzanne Yandow, MD

Operation Rainbow

In April, 2014, Kelly Carmichael, MD, and Christopher Sheu, MD (PGY 4) visited Guatemala as part of a

mission by the non-profit organization Operation Rainbow to that provides orthopaedic care to indigent

children and young adults in developing countries. The volunteer team evaluated clinic patients and

performed specialized orthopaedic surgical procedures over a four-day period.