The ConsulateThe Consulate

Three man governing boardThree man governing board

- Napoleon gave himself the title of - Napoleon gave himself the title of First Consul.First Consul.

Napoleon held a Napoleon held a plebisciteplebiscite- popular - popular vote by ballotvote by ballot

- The French people strongly - The French people strongly supported supported him, but he still held him, but he still held absolute power.absolute power.

Napoleon Reforms FranceNapoleon Reforms France

““Order, security, and efficiency” Order, security, and efficiency” replaced the French Revolution slogan replaced the French Revolution slogan of “liberty, equality, and fraternity”of “liberty, equality, and fraternity”

Concordat of 1801- kept the church Concordat of 1801- kept the church under state control but recognized under state control but recognized religious freedoms for Catholics.religious freedoms for Catholics.

Opened jobs to everyone based on Opened jobs to everyone based on talent.talent.

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code

It used Enlightenment principles- It used Enlightenment principles- equality of all citizens, religious equality of all citizens, religious toleration, and abolished feudalism.toleration, and abolished feudalism.

Women lost most of their newly Women lost most of their newly gained rights- could not exercise gained rights- could not exercise rights of citizenship.rights of citizenship.

Continental SystemContinental System

Napoleon’s economic warfare against Napoleon’s economic warfare against GBGB– Blockade- forcible closing of sea portsBlockade- forcible closing of sea ports– Napoleon ordered a blockade that cut Napoleon ordered a blockade that cut

Great Britain off from trade with the rest Great Britain off from trade with the rest of Europe. Hurt France and rest of of Europe. Hurt France and rest of Europe worse than it hurt Great Britain. Europe worse than it hurt Great Britain.

– Scarcity of goods in Europe, inflation of Scarcity of goods in Europe, inflation of prices, and overall hatred of French prices, and overall hatred of French power. power.

Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire

Napoleon controlled most of Europe by Napoleon controlled most of Europe by military conquest, diplomacy, or alliances.military conquest, diplomacy, or alliances.

Only nation that defied him was GBOnly nation that defied him was GB

French and Spanish navies met up with French and Spanish navies met up with the British navy off of the coast of Spain the British navy off of the coast of Spain (Cape Trafalgar) in 1805.(Cape Trafalgar) in 1805.

British navy was led by Horatio Nelson – he British navy was led by Horatio Nelson – he was killed by a French sharpshooter, but was killed by a French sharpshooter, but the British defeated the French.the British defeated the French.

Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar

Significant because it…Significant because it…– Established GB as the #1 naval powerEstablished GB as the #1 naval power– Forced Napoleon to give up plans of a Forced Napoleon to give up plans of a

British invasionBritish invasion

– Britain’s Winning Strategy: Britain’s Winning Strategy: Crossing Crossing the Tthe T Approach the enemy fleet at right anglesApproach the enemy fleet at right angles Makes your fleet less of a target, while Makes your fleet less of a target, while

doubling your firepower against the enemy.doubling your firepower against the enemy.

Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Empire CollapsesCollapses

The Peninsular CampaignThe Peninsular Campaign

The Spanish revolted against French The Spanish revolted against French rule in Spainrule in Spain

Napoleon sent 300,000 troops to Napoleon sent 300,000 troops to Spain, but they were ineffective.Spain, but they were ineffective.– Duke of Wellington from England Duke of Wellington from England

assisted guerillasassisted guerillas New type of warfare – hit and run tacticsNew type of warfare – hit and run tactics

1809 – Napoleon divorced Josephine 1809 – Napoleon divorced Josephine

because he wanted an heir.because he wanted an heir. Married Marie Louise; 1811- Napoleon II Married Marie Louise; 1811- Napoleon II

was born.was born. 1812 – Napoleon invaded Russia. Why?1812 – Napoleon invaded Russia. Why?

1.) Czar Alexander I defied the Continental 1.) Czar Alexander I defied the Continental

System and resumed selling grain to GB.System and resumed selling grain to GB.

2.) Napoleon was paranoid and feared a 2.) Napoleon was paranoid and feared a British-British-

Russian alliance.Russian alliance.

The Grand Army (600,000) entered The Grand Army (600,000) entered Russia in June.Russia in June.

Logistical problems – impossible to Logistical problems – impossible to supply such an enormous army so far supply such an enormous army so far away from homeaway from home

Rather than engage in battle, the Rather than engage in battle, the Russian army retreated east.Russian army retreated east.– scorched-earth policyscorched-earth policy: torched fields, : torched fields,

burned crops so that the French could not burned crops so that the French could not live off the land. live off the land.

– The French were forced to euthanize army The French were forced to euthanize army horses.horses.

Other problems: terrible roads, heavy Other problems: terrible roads, heavy equipment, delayed suppliesequipment, delayed supplies

September 7 – September 7 – Battle of BorodinoBattle of Borodino– 70 miles outside Moscow70 miles outside Moscow– 44,000 Russian casualities/30,000 44,000 Russian casualities/30,000

FrenchFrench– Indecisive, but the Russians retreated Indecisive, but the Russians retreated

and Napoleon entered Moscow 1 week and Napoleon entered Moscow 1 week later.later.

Napoleon waited for a surrender for 5 Napoleon waited for a surrender for 5 weeks. Russians set fire to their city. weeks. Russians set fire to their city. No housing or food.No housing or food.

October – decided to turn back for France October – decided to turn back for France but it was too late. Winter came early.but it was too late. Winter came early.

Temps reached 30 degrees below zero.Temps reached 30 degrees below zero. ““Many of the survivors were walking Many of the survivors were walking

barefoot, using pieces of wood as canes, barefoot, using pieces of wood as canes, but their feet were frozen so hard that but their feet were frozen so hard that the sound they made on the road was the sound they made on the road was like that of wooden clogs.” – French like that of wooden clogs.” – French sergeantsergeant

As few as 20,000 troops made it back.As few as 20,000 troops made it back. Starvation, disease, hypothermia, and Starvation, disease, hypothermia, and

desertiondesertion

1813 – Battle of Leipzig1813 – Battle of Leipzig– Napoleon’s enemies took advantage of Napoleon’s enemies took advantage of

his weakened state. his weakened state. – Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and

Austrian joined against him.Austrian joined against him.– ““Battle of Nations” – largest battle Battle of Nations” – largest battle

before WWI.before WWI. 1814- Napoleon abdicated the throne 1814- Napoleon abdicated the throne

and was exiled to Elbaand was exiled to Elba– Received a pension and 1,000 soldiersReceived a pension and 1,000 soldiers– Louis XVIII restored to the throneLouis XVIII restored to the throne

1815 – Napoleon escaped from Elba 1815 – Napoleon escaped from Elba and reclaimed the French throneand reclaimed the French throne– ““Hundred Days” back in powerHundred Days” back in power

June 15 – Battle of WaterlooJune 15 – Battle of Waterloo– British and Prussian armies defeated British and Prussian armies defeated

Napoleon. Napoleon. – Exiled to St. HelenaExiled to St. Helena– Died six years later in 1821.Died six years later in 1821.