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The Consequences of WWII
Decolonization and Cold War
Consequences of WWII
Staggering casualties – over 20 million in the Soviet Union aloneDecline of European power and the rise of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. as Superpowers=Cold WarDecolonizationDiscrediting of “scientific racism” – the Holocaust revealed
Creation of the United Nations - 1945
League of Nations never really worked.
Belief in need for international body
Had military power
Worked together to solve problems
Permanent council members who have veto powers – U.S., U.S.S.R., France, Great Britain and China
Currently 192 member nation-states
Origins of the Cold War
Yalta Conference 1945Division of Eastern & Western EuropeDivision of Germany and BerlinStalinist elections: Poland (1945), Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia (1947-48)
Yalta Conference
Containment of Communism
Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill (1946)Truman Doctrine (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)Warsaw Pact (1955)
Truman DoctrineTriggered by the communist insurrections in Greece and TurkeyPromised U.S. aid to any nation fighting communism
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes."
Marshall Plan
Between 1947-51, U.S. provide $9.4B to rebuild after WWII
Stalin refused for all East to take part
http://www.charleslipson.com/Images/Stalin-Marshall-Plan-cartoon.jpg
Berlin Airlift
1948-1949
Germany and Berlin were divided at Potsdam into four zone
1948 – Three zones united in West Germany
Stalin blockaded West Berlin
321 day airlift
Stalin withdrew blockade in 1949
Result was two Germanys – East and West
NATO and Warsaw Pact
1950s to early 1960sIncreasing tensions1949 Chinese Revolution1949 Soviets get atomic bomb1950-53 Korean War1950s - “Red Scare” - McCarthyism1957 Sputnik1960 U-2 incident – U.S. Spy plane shot down in USSR1961 Bay of Pigs1961 Berlin Wall was built1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Sputnik
Eastern European Revolts
1953 Khrushchev succeeded Stalin
1956 Poland strikers had a limited success
1956 ambitious Hungarian revolt under Imre Nagy crushed by Soviet troops
The Berlin Wall
Built in 1961
Built to stop the flow of refugees to the West
Most visible symbol of the Cold War
“Checkpoint Charlie”
Checkpoint Charlie
“Battles of the Cold War”
The Korean War1950-53“Battle” of the Cold War“limited war”Former Japanese colony – then divided into North and SouthUSSR withdraws from UN Security CouncilJune 1950 Northern invasion along the Pusan PerimeterU.N.-led counter-invasion – InchonChinese invasion – Yalu River - MacArthur’s firingStalemate38th ParallelDMZ – demilitarized zone – “the most dangerous place on earth”
South Korean troops inspect fence in 1975
Vietnam Conflict – Domino TheoryViet Minh under Ho Chi Minh 1946-1954 France – France had always wanted Vietnam as a colony1959-1975 U.S. enteredLeaders – Ho Chi Minh in the North and Ngo Dinh Diem in the SouthJohnson and Nixon war plans – US participationGuerilla warfareExpansion and Vietnamization – war ending in 1975 with US withdrawal
Napalm
Cuban Revolution
1959 Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batiste
Early support for Castro because he instituted national education and medical reforms
Nationalized large-scale landholdings, appealed to Soviets for aid
Castro also preached revolution to other Latin American nations
Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis
1961-1962Bay of Pigs was planned by Eisenhower and carried out in 1961 by JFKThis damaged Kennedy politically and scared Castro into the arms of the SovietsCuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. The closest US and USSR came to nuclear war.13 day standoff
Latin America in the Cold War
Latin American countries were generally economically dependant on U.S., gross economic inequalities, authoritarian governments1960s – military dictators seized Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. Other stayed ruled by junta. True democracies are rare.
Latin America1950-1970s Marxist revolts throughout Latin America. Generally crushed by right-wing governments, backed by U.S.1954 CIA intervened covertly in Guatemala1965 & 1983 U.S. directly intervened in the Dominican Republic and Grenada1970-80s - Nicaragua – Contras (US supplied) vs. Sandinistas (Marxist) – the largest conflict outside of Cuba – big mistake for U.S.By the late 1980s the U.S. is criticized for overstepping its bounds in international affairs
Soviet-Afghanistan War1978-1990sClient state toppled by internal rebellion in 1978Soviets sent in 5000 advisors1979-88 rebellion against Soviet controlResistance was led by the mujahidin – Islamic freedom fighters backed by the U.S.Soviets withdrew 1989, but the civil war lasted into the 1990sTaliban (from the mujahidin) imposed a government in late 1990s
Society during the Cold War
Eastern bloc countries (2nd World): low production and industry Losing propaganda war with the West Economic troubles after arms race of 80s
Western bloc countries (1st World): Prosperous But politically tumultuous
Non-aligned, non-industrialized nations (3rd World)
Society will begin to change by the 1970s & 80s
Social Movements during the Cold War
Peace Movement
European Anti-Nuclear Movement
Civil Rights Movements in the U.S.
Feminist Movements
Sexual Revolution
Gay Rights Movement These movements grew out of the social
and population changes as well as unhappiness with Vietnam
Gorbachev - Russia
Reforms of the 1980sSoviet Union was weakened by Afghanistan Chernobyl accidentArms raceGlasnost and perestroikaHe tried to work within Communist party until an attempted coup in 1991Gorbachev placed under house arrest but the Russian president Yeltsin led massive protests
Gorbachev
Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
1989
Collapse of the Soviet Bloc
1981-1989 – Poland’s Solidarity Party – Catholics and workers – Pope John Paul II
1989 – Poland gained right to multiparty elections – Elected Lech Walesa and threw out the communists
Revolts in Hungary Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany and Romania
Lech Walesa
Fall of the Berlin Wall
1989 – Access was opened, main gate opened.
Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east and west through Hungary
Wall actually came down in 1990
Germany began the reunification process
Break-up of the Soviet Union
1991 USSR dissolved by December
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all left the USSR in 1991
Commonwealth of Independent States led by Yeltsin
1992 – 17 more republics had left
Economic, religious and crime problems
Problems after the break-up
Economic dislocationResurgence of ethnic tensionAnti-SemitismLimited experience with democracyShaky governments with widespread corruption and crimeThe legacy of terror from the worst dictatorships left scars
ChechnyaWith the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a number of regions managed to break away and gain independence. Late 1991 - Chechnya's drive for independence. Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, refused Chechnya's declaration of independence,Sent in troops instead, only to withdraw when confronted by armed Chechens.1994 Russia invades again. Massive casualties1999 10,000 Russian troops sent in2003 Separatist referendum – leaders killed2004 – School children killed in Chechen rebel bombing2005 March Separatist president killed
Yugoslavia
The former Yugoslavia broke apart in 1990Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina1991 Civil war between 3 main groupsCroats (Roman Catholic)Serbs (Greek Orthodox)Bosnians (Muslim)
1991-1995Serb President Slobodan Milsevic
Ethnic cleansing
Practiced against Bosnians and Croats
Over 200,000 civilians killed
Ended only with 1995 U.N. intervention
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