The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010)ghsacademicresources.yolasite.com/resources/AP...The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010) This is the complete

The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010)

This is the complete set of AP Human Geography Cards for the 2009-

2010 School Year. Know these and you will have most of the review

you probably need to pass the AP Test. Use them to your benefit,

expand your knowledge, and destroy that AP Test on the intellectual

battlefield! Good Luck to all of you!

-Alex George

Created By: Mr. Wiley

Compiled By: Alex George

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AP Human Geography Cards Created by Mr. Wiley -- Compiled by Alex George

© 2010

Ch. # Front of Card (Question/Definition) Back of the Card (Answer)

M A map’s smallest unit equals its Resolution

M What do Structural Adjustment Loans

Encourage

1-Selling of public resources to private companies, 2- high tax rates, 3-reducing

government expenses,4-changing citizens more services

M E.C.S.C (1951) European Coal and Steel Community, the

Precursor to the E.U.

M Fazenda Portuguese sugar plantation

M S.E. Asia straight used for shipping The Strait of Malacca

M Cumulative causation Kuala Lampur’s Industrial Growth has drained

other Malaysian cities of workers and resources

M Country with a lot of nuclear power plants France

M Velvet Divorce The peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia

M Good Friday Peace Accords N. Ireland, Intra faith conflict, Protestant vs.

Catholics

M Continent at greatest risk for desertification Australia

M Two vernacular Regions The Sun Belt and the Rust belt

M Homeo-Static Equilibrium

M Rule by Autonomous Power over subordinate

people and place Colonialism

M Patagonia S. Argentine Plateau

M Cap and Trade System to reduce fossil fuel/carbon emissions,

Obama supports it

M Ubiquitous Industries Ex. Newspaper, Dairy, Bakery

M San Francisco Architecture 19th Century Victorian

M Cohort A group of subjects, Ex. A group of Irish

women born in 1950 forms a cohort

M Physical Culture Barrier, N/S India Vindhya Mountains

M Jatropha Haitian plant – seeds used for fuel, Bio-fuel of

the future? Used in Voodoo!

M Spanish Region of Devolution (N.E. Spain) “Catalonia”

M Masdar Arabic for source, city powered by sun wind, and earth heat, it is found in Abu Dhabi, UAE

M Coltan Cassiterite Metals use to weld electronics

M Latin word for state Standing

M Clem Jones Tunnel Opens Fall 2010, 3 miles, connects North and

South Brisbane, also Boston’s Big Dig

M 1- Accessibility, 2- Varied Function, 3-

Suburban Sense of place, 4- Office Park

Usual characteristics of an edge city

M Porto Alegre Where the world social forum is held “They

hate capitalism”

M Naples, Italy Garbage, Mafia, Dioxin

M Large country with no with no oil imports Brazil, uses ethanol made from sugar

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M Karl Marx General Theory, Capitalism creates unequal

people, communism shares resources. “Father of communism”

M What type of state Is Thailand Prorupted

M Haile Selassie 1937, Ethiopian leader who called on the

League of nations for help when Italy invaded

M Example of a Transition Zone The Sahel

M Entity of three or more states –forge

association for mutual benefit Supranational Organization

M Greenpeace World Environmental protection organization, Ex. Growth of palm oil in India, Malaysia, and

Indonesia

M Wallersteins Global Integrating Force Capitalism

M Devolution, Country 1998 Yugoslavia, Kosovo is the newest country

M Tibet Controlled by China

M Gray Pop Elderly population, Ex. Baby boom

M Sijia China’s city classified rural but with factories,

80% of China is rural

M Country that recently devolved peacefully Czechoslovakia

M Exclave

A country separate from the main part and constituting an enclave part and consisting in

an enclave in respect to the surrounding territory.

M Annexation Adding new territory to a country, Ex. Texas

and Hawaii annexed to the U.S.

M Borderland Ex. The Texas/Mexico border, an informal

region, an area with both characteristics of a country, Ex. A county mixed together

M Continent with a high level of secularism Europe

M Term for non-religious Secularism

M N. Mediterranean Sea, Indus River, East

Mediterranean Sea, Huang He river 4 Hearths of Religion

M Diwali/Kavadi Hindu Festival/Holiday in Durban, S. Africa

M Boundary Evolution Process Stage 1 – treaty written with description, Stage

2 – marked on a map, Stage 3 – demarcation formally marked with a line, fence, etc.

M Balkanization Devolution

M Yamoussoukro, Brasilia, Putrajaya 3 Forward capitals, 1- Cote D’Ivoire 2- Brazil, 3-

Malaysia

M Pampas Cattle area (North plain of Argentina)

M About 200 # of states in the world

M Smallest Country Vatican City

M Basque Separatist region and people of North Spain,

they live near Pyrenees Mountains.

M 3 Supranational examples The European Union, The Arab League, And

the UN

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M Forces that divide a country Centrifugal Forces

M Dry Stream Bed In the Desert Wadi

M E-Trash Any electronic trash, Ex. Old computers, Cell

Phones, etc. – they are dumped in Ghana

M T.GV Trans A Grande Vittesse (French High Speed

Trains)

M Colonia

Residential areas along the Texas/Mexico border, these communities may lack portable

water, sewer, electricity, paved roads, and safe sanitary housing

M Forces that Unite a country Centripetal forces

M Uighurs West Chinese Muslims

M Strasbourg, Brussels, and Luxembourg City The three capitals of the EU

M 3 Gorges Dam River On the Chang Jiang River

M Subsistence Agriculture Growing only enough to feed yourself

M Burakumin

Japan’s feudal era, class of Japanese forced to live in isolation because they did jobs

associated with death, leather butchering animals and digging graves

M Krona The currency of Iceland collapsed economy, bread basket loans, 100% loans, 9/11 type

event

M Rustbelt NE. US, Ex. Buffalo NY. Cleveland, Pittsburgh,

etc. – Rusting industrial base

M 5 Main categories of states

1 - Compact – Ex. Belgium, easier to defend, 2- Fragmented, Ex. Indonesia 13,000 + islands

3 – Elongated, Ex. Chile or Vietnam 4 – Perforated, Ex. South Africa

5 – Protruded, Ex. Myanmar or Thailand, or Oklahoma

M Last Plant to die in a drought (Africa) Grass Pea – last pant to die in a drought, found

in India and the United States as well

M Bhopal Chemical accident in the 1970’s, It killed about

3800 people with gas

M Example of Supranationalism Europe

M North America, Toponyms + saints Quebec and Southwestern US

M Basic Industries that provide services and goods to areas outside the urban center

Basic: Steel, Non-basic: any activity that maintains health/viability of an area, Ex.

Housing medical, shopping, entertainment

M Group/Nation without a state Kurds and the Palestinians in Israel

M The Burj Dubai The tallest building in the world

M Rhine- Rhur river valleys, N. Italy, Tokyo Plain,

and the Volga river valley Major manufacturing regions

M Irredentist One who advocates recovery of land

historically/culturally/now under foreign control

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M System of Farming, processing, packaging,

Distribution, and marketing Agribusiness

M H.D.I Human Development Index

M Campestre Wealthy area near Anapra, who run the

factories

M Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Baltic States

M Momar Khadafi Dictator of Libya

M Gave us time zones Railroads

M Population will be inversely proportional to tis

rank in the hierarchy Rank-Size Rule

M Pejorative Tending to make worse

M Grows Vegetables for city use Truck farm

M Tianamen 1989, Pro-democracy demonstration in China

M Zone of separation Frontier

M A group of culture regions, forms the most

highly generalized region Culture Realm

M Affluent Wealthy

M Vegetative Growth Natural increase of population, without any

immigration

M Idiographic Geographic research that applies to only one

region or place

M Country that did not join the League of nations The United States

M Communication and transportation systems

bring people, information and goods together Linkages

M Founder of the organization of Afro- American

Unity Malcolm X, Killed 1965

M Postmodern After modern period, critiques scientific

theories of modernists

M China’s SEZ Special Economic Zone, Guangdong Province,

Shenzhen- Fishing village adjacent to Hong Kong

M Catholic Country in the 1970’s that relaxed

contraception laws Ireland

M Spreads from small to large Reverse hierarchical diffusion, Ex. H5Ni, H5N2,

(Avian Flu Virus)

M Example of Maldative diffusion Spread of a culture trait that doesn’t seem

appropriate for the adopting population. Ex. Ranch House architecture in a snowy climate

M Bid-Rent Curve Bid-rent refers to the maximum rent that a potential real estate space user would be

willing to pay or bid for a specified location

M Temporal Means time

M Hindu outpost in Indonesia? Bali

M The most recent Glaciation of the Pleistocene Wisconican Glaciation

M Outsourcing Process of moving industrial jobs to places like

China

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M Countries/Language of the Maghreb? Atlas Mountains, Morocco, Algeria and

Tunisia, the language is Berber, some consider Libya and Mauritania as well

M Hegemon A Dominant state over others, for example,

the United States

M White Flight 1960’s, white people left cities for suburbs after school desegregation, Brown Vs. The

Board of Education 1954

M Where is the Hague (World Court) Netherlands. War/Criminal trials, etc.

M O.P.E.C. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

M Continent settled by convicts Australia

M Love Canal Buffalo, New York – Chemical dump helped to

create superfund E.P.A

M Diaspora Spreading of people, Ex. The Jews

M Country not in the UN Taiwan

M Nomothetic Relating to, involving abstract, garner, or

universal statements or laws

M Merseyside and Bootle Urban Renewal at Liverpool

M World’s longest undefended border US/Canada Border

M State with no Income tax Florida, maybe Texas and Alaska

M Growing Plants by Dividing Roots Vegetative Planting

M Economic/Political Domination, 1 state over

another Imperialism

M City in the US with 5 Boroughs New York City

M Example of City Beautiful Movement Washington D.C. and Chicago (1-

monuments,2-central planning,3-refrence to democracy, 4-neoclassic architecture)

M Applies to One Place Idio-Implies uniqueness, Idiographic

M Net National Product The aggregate measure of economic

development, it accounts for depreciation of capital and natural resources

M Capital of Baja California Mexicali (With 500+ Chinese businesses)

M Universally Applicable Nomothetic

M Includes Official Government Colonialism – included domination but with

official, institutionalized government rule

M Growth Pole

A place of agglomeration designed to spread wealth from core to periphery (most well-

known—Mezzorgiono, industrial complexes at Toronto and Bari, growth poles in France have

been less successful

M Use Raw materials to make finished goods Secondary Economic Activity

M Gazprom Russia (Natural Gas) Company

1 Independent Invention

Something that developed in many places at the same time, but they were independent of each other (Ex. The discovery of Pig Iron in the

US and UK)

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1 Distorted Shapes of landmass, map useful for

sea travel Mercator map

1 Expansion diffusion

An innovation develops in a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward,

Ex. Islam, in this type of diffusion it doesn’t require any movement of people vs. relocation

diffusion, where people do move

1 600’ Isobath Refers to oceans and a result of the Truman

proclamation, basically the distance from the US into the oceans that count as US territory

1 Compared geography’s concern for space to

history’s concern for time Immanuel Kant

1 Area dealing with the role of culture in understanding use an alteration of the

environment Cultural environments

1 Diffusion is a segment of those who adopt the

diffusion Ex. Birkenstocks and hierarchical diffusion

1 Conurbation Randstand, large urban area of many smaller

communities

1 Spatial interaction 1 – depends on the distances 2—among places

and accessibility 3 – in transportation 4- communication connectivity

1 Projection—reduces polar exaggerations but

lacks directional utility Robinson Projection

1 Multiple Interactions between agriculture and

the natural environment Cultural ecology

1 Maps that tell stories Thematic maps

1 The spread of ideas/innovations Dissemination or diffusion

1 What do contour lines show, Isoline elevation

1 Cognitive Map Mental Map

1 Culture Trait Ex. Wearing a turban

1 Jumping scale Rescale, ex. The Zapistas in S. Mexico used this

in the internet to try and counter NAFTA

1 Places we travel to routinely Activity spaces

1 Perception of place Perceptions we develop after seeing pictures

or heaving stories of a place

1 Geographic Information Systems Used to compare a variety of spatial data, ex.

Layering of data to create maps

1 Map projection preserves correct land shapes Fuller’s Dymaxion

1 Environmental Determinism

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various concepts of

human life, this includes culture, Alexander Von Humbolt and Carl Ritter said that humans urged geographers to adopt scientific inquiry

used by natural scientists

1 Mental map How the mind sees a place

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1 Total goods and services produced in a

year/country (within a country) GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

1 A city, urban region, office park, shopping

malls Functional regions

1 Culture Complexes equals in numbers and

strength and complexity, both are sources and adopters

Transculturation

1 Geocaching A hunt for a cache using a GPS

1 Regions with visible uniformity Formal region

1 Pandemic Worldwide outbreak of a disease

1 Arithmetic Population Density

Population per square mile, Ex. In the U.S. there are 79 people per square mile, in

Bangladesh; there are 2542 people per square mile. Egypt, 98 % of the population lives on 3%

of the land

1 Stimulus Diffusion

An idea that is not readily adopted by a new population, ex. Veggie burgers in India, where

the cow is sacred

1 Contagious Diffusion A form of expansion diffusion, nearly all

adjacent individuals are affected, example disease

1 Culture complex Ex. Cows, Maasai people drink the blood, while

Europeans drink the blood

1 Absolute Location Precise, uses grid system, latitude and

longitude

1 Time/Distance Decay Affects diffusion process from short to long

periods of time

1 Calculated the circumference of the Earth

within .5% Eratosthenes

1 First text to define basic principles of

Geography Ptolemy, 8 volume guide to geography

1 Zapistas Poor Mexicans in South Mexico, opposes

NAFTA, example of rescale

1 Map used for air navigating Azimuthal

1 Remote sensing Using satellites to collect data

1 Natural landscape, landforms, atmosphere,

climate, soil, and vegetation Physical geography

1 Example of a cultural barrier Alcohol prohibition in Muslim countries, or

features like mountains an oceans

1 Sequent Occupance Refers to cultural succession and its lasting

imprint

1 Cartographic Scale Refers to? The relation between the distance on a map

and the distance on the ground

1 Nodal Region Functional Region

1 A set of processes with no regard for borders Globalization

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1 Climate was a major determinant of

civilization Ellsworth Huntington

1 Data Assigned to intervals, colors, or patterns Chloropleth map

1 Map Making term Cartography

1 Maquiladoras Foreign owned factories just South of the US

border in Mexico

1 Example of a perceptual region Dixie

1 Pattern Notice commonalities

1 Map best used for population distribution Dot map

1 What does a large scale map show A small area

1 Relative location Using common landmarks to give

directions/locations

1 Map drawn on flat paper Projection

1 Line passing though all points of equal depth

below water Isobath

1 Greek word for Earth Writing Geography, credited to Eratosthenes

1 Term for maps that show places and

geographic features Reference map

1 Isotherms Lines connecting points of temperature values

1 View that national environment controls

human life Environmental determinism, Alex Vonhumbolt

and Carl Ritter

1 Local people meditate and alter regional

national + global processes Glocalization

1 Geographic approach that emphasizes human-

environment relationships Connectivity

1 Connectivity Refers to communications

1 Location, place, movement, human-

environment interactions, and region 5 themes of geography

1 Seriously malnourished fraction of the world 1/6th

1 Medical geography Mapping distribution of disease

1 Dot maps A dot equals a certain number of people, local scale can show individual farms, global scale

has a more generalized view

1 Accessibility Ease of getting to a place

1 Cylindrical projection – shows poorest

countries Peter’s Projection

1 Geographia Generalis Berhardus Varenius

1 Landscape The overall appearance of an area

1 Focus on how people make places, space and

society Human Geography

1 Carl Sauer and Torsten Hagerstrand Studied the impact of time and distance on

diffusion

1 Von humbolt and C. Ritter studied the nature

based on politics Political Ecology

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1 Relocation diffusion People who already adopted idea/innovation

and carry it to a new locale where they disseminate it

1 Projection with distorted land areas Mercator, direction is true

1 Cordillera Parallel mountain range

1 Rescale The Zapistas have been able to involve others

beyond local to regional/global attention, NAFTA

1 How something is distributed across space Spatial distribution

1 G.P.S. Global Positioning System

1 Reverse-Hierarchical diffusion From the spread of something (smaller and

less powerful) to larger more-powerful places, (Ex. Avian Bird flu)

1 Fashion expands though which type of

diffusion Hierarchical diffusion

1 NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement, US/Canada/Mexico, No tariffs (taxes on

deposits)

1 Anatolia Turkey

1 Spatial Space

1 What meridian runs through Greenwich

England Prime Meridian

2 Low or stationary growth Stage 4 of DTM

2 S.A.R.S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, found

primarily in China

2 Area/Region of the world with a high birth

rate Tropical

2 Natural Increase The difference between the number of births

and the number of deaths

2 Region of the world without a large population Central America

2 Human Decisions, NOT the environment is

crucial in cultural development Possibilism

2 Megalopolis 20% of the US population, Boswash, Big super-

city

2 Epidemiologic transition model Similar to DTM, but deals with disease –

Plague on medieval Europe – Causes of death in each stage

2 CBR, CDR, LDC, MDC Crude birth and death rate, least and most

developed country

2 Population distributions Descriptions of locations on Earth where

people live

2 Chronic or degenerative diseases Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, and Lung

diseases

2 Ecumene Proportion of the Earth that is able to be

inhabited by humans

2 Densely populated region of India Ganges River Valley, Indo-Gangetic Plain

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2 The difference between the number of births

and the number of deaths Natural increase

2 Descriptions of locations where people

(depending on scale) live Population distributions

2 Doubling time The time it takes for the population to double

2 1980’s the government wanted higher fertility

rates Sweden

2 Low growth, High Growth, Moderate growth,

Low/Stationary Growth 4 stages of the DTM

2 Moderate growth Stage 3

2 # of European countries at or above

replacement level 0

2 Sparrow Rainbow Village South Africa, where children can go with aims

to spend their last days in a clean/safe environment

2 Low Growth Stage 1

2 Example of a restrictive population policy

Policy that seeks to reduce the rate of natural increase, China, 1970’s India, 3 or more policy

equals sterilization, China’s one child, one family policy

2 Infrastructure Roads, Bridges, Canals, Railroads, etc.

2 Neo Malthusians Present day scholars to show concern, point to

human suffering

2 High growth Stage 2

2 Belief of Ester Boserup Believed overpopulation is solved by high

subsistence farmers

2 Country with 98% occupy 3% of the land Egypt

2 2 answers that represent the demographic

transition Early and late expanding

2 Forced Migration equals _____ migration Counter

2 Concept that population will grow after

fertility rates decline Demographic momentum

2 80 Million New people added each year to the world at

present death/birth rates

2 Country, abortion legal and available China

2 Example of an expansive population policy Sweden/Russia

2 General Fertility Rate Number of live births/1000 women in the

fecund range

2 Steps demographic transition theory –

economics 1 – death rate down, 2—birth rate down 3—

population levels off

2 Geographers consider birth rates above ___ as

high 20

2 Example of a Eugenic population policy Nazi Germany favored the Aryan race, white

people, blue eyes, blond hair, designed to favor 1 race or culture over others

2 Antinatialist Population policy Reduction in fertility rates

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2 Visible imprint of human activity on the

landscape Cultural landscape

2 Measure of total population relative to land Population density

2 Population growth despite a growth rate

decrease Hidden momentum like demographic

momentum

2 TP = OP+B+D+I/E Demographic change

2 AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

2 IMR Infant Mortality Rate

2 Demography The study of population

2 Malthus theory He wrote that world population would out

strip the fuel supply, Population equals geometric increase, food equals linear increase

2 Factors that make people want t leave Push Factor

2 Fecundity The ability of a women 15-45 to conceive,

2 Census U.S. counts everyone/ every 10 years

2 Physiologic Population Density

The number of people/unit area of agriculturally productive land. (Ex. Egypt’s

6319/sq. mile = high -- Switzerland is also high, and middle America/ China – Ukraine

= much lower and India is low.

2 Population composition # of men and women + their ages

2 Cause of most famine today Political instability

2 4 conditions of a changing population Births, Deaths, Immigration, Emigration

2 Country with 25% of the world’s population China

2 How many years for the population of the

world to go from 1 billion to 6 billion 100 Years

2 A period of Rapid doubling Population explosion

2 Large company with a low IMR Japan

2 African-Americans from the South to North

Industrialized cities Internal Migration

2 What does Europe’s Population axis relate to Coal fields

3 Chains of migration build on top of each other Immigration waves

3 Years congress ended quotas 1965

3 Event that altered immigration policies 9/11

3 2 Haitian dictators Papa and baby doc (Duvalier)

3 Weighs options/choices which result in

movement Voluntary migration

3 Example of cyclic movement Going to school every day, commuting,

nomadism, seasonal movement

3 Repatriate To return to the country of birth

3 Seasonal movement (while knowing the land) Nomadism

3 Non Serbian Kosovos forced out by Slobodan

Milosevic Ex. Of force migration

3 Wet foot, dry foot policy U.S. Cuban immigration policy during the

Castro years

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3 New immigrants move to areas occupied by

older immigrant groups Invasion and succession

3 Lampedusa Italian island where N. African migrants first

flee too

3 When a country lets a refugee stay due to

politics Asylum

3 3 organizations opposed to immigration

crackdowns 1 – amnesty international, 2 – human rights

first, 3 – migration policy institute

3 Papa + Baby doc Duvalier Brutal Haitian dictators, Jan Baptiste Cuistide

was ousted in coup, 1991

3 Janjaweed Sudanese militia – Brutal

3 Tobler’s first law of geography Concept of distance decay, things are less

relate farther away, they are from each othe

3 Places – often coastal where most foreign

investments goes Islands of Development

3 Soviet invasion creating refugees Afghanistan

3 4 examples of gov’t affecting migration 1)Great wall,2) DMZ Korea, 3)Berlin Wall,4) Rio Grande Fencing

3 Boat people Haitians and the Vietnamese

3 British demographer who proposed the laws

of migration Ernst Ravenstein

3 The number of illegal immigrants in the United

States Estimated to be 10 Million illegal immigrants

3 Immigration restriction act of 1901 Australia- ended all non-white immigration

3 When migrants feel less certain about distant

destinations Distance decay

3 Average number of years we move 6 years

3 Brain Drain When highly educated/skilled people leave for

other opportunities

3 African Union Supranational organization, African solutions

to African problems

3 Remittances Sending money back to homeland from jobs in

the US

3 287 (g) GA. Law that allows police to detain illegals for

immigration officials leading to maybe racial profiling deportations

3 Most migrants move… Short distances

3 Swiss farmers to elevation in summer months Returning to lower elevations in winter, Transhumance transfer of grazing areas

depending on the season

3 Where did Huichol Indians move To North Mexico

3 S. American country, Narcotics + refugees

1997 Colombia

3 Example of Periodic movement College students returning to school in the fall, migrant labor, transhumance, military service

3 Migration involving power or authority Forced migration

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3 Families are less likely…. To make international moves than young

adults

3 Stoop labor – Agriculture, Gardening, Day

care, Construction, house keeping Typical professions taken by Hispanic

immigrants

3 Operation hold the line Reduced illegal immigration, Mexicans to the

United States

3 Migration leads to attracting factors Pull factors

3 In Europe – migrant workers are called Guest workers

3 Favelas Slums of Rio De Janeiro and Sao Paulo

3 Country with a Muslim/Arab North and an

animist/Christian south Sudan

3 Canadian Diaspora 1755-1788 French Arcadians to New Orleans

3 Book that discussed African losses due to

slavery A colonizer’s model of the world by James

Blaut

3 Displaced person Internal Refugee

3 Urban residents are less migratory … Than rural migrants

3 Migrants moving longer distances Tend to be moving to big city distances

3 Kanakas

Were the Plantation workers, S. Pacific Islanders were deported by 1906, part of white Australian immigration policies, not modified

until 1972 -1979

3 When Countries deny entry due to criminal

activity, poor health, etc.

Selective immigration, an example of this was the immigration act of 1901 in Australia, it created a “White only” immigration policy

3 Dayton accords Peace agreement following the break of

Yugoslavia

3 Leicester, England On track to be the 1st European city with a

non-white majority

3 Inter-national, Intra-national International is between countries while intra-

national is within a country

3

1) migration generates counter migration, 2) most migrants move short distances, 3) longer moves are usually to cities 4) urban residents

are less migratory than rural migrants, 5) young adults NOT Families tend to move

internationally

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

3 Mariel Boatlift 1980 125,000 Cubans to the United States mainly

Miami, since Clinton, wet foot, dry foot

3 Kind of movement, military service Periodic

3 1990’s – 2005, fastest growing U.S. City Hendersonville, NV, near Las Vegas

3 Congregaciones Forced settlements of

Amerindians AKA reducciones

3 Every migration flow generates …. Counter migration

3 Example of voluntary migration Retired people to Florida

3 Emigrate, Immigrate Immigrate- coming to and staying, Emigrate-

leaving

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3 The multiplication of 2 populations/ by the

distance between them! Gravity Model

4 Culture Music, literature, dress, habits, food Education, government, and the law

4 What affects distance decay The friction of distance

4 When other culture adopt customs for their

benefit Cultural appropriation

4 Places designed for men and women Gendered

4 New England, Mid-Atlantic, Southern

Tidewater Folk-housing regions

4 Hip Hop hearth New York City, now Atlanta

4 Hutterites Reject popular culture, accept technology to help with farming and cooking, Ex. Industrial grade cooking materials in the large kitchen

4 Anabaptist Baptized again as an adult

4 What happens at one scale is not independent

of what happens at other scales Global-local continuum

4 Traditions that borrow from the past, present,

and different cultures Syncretism

4 Process of adopting culture traits or social

patterns of another group, Culture changed through interaction with another culture

Acculturation

4 Leader in regional studies or cultural

landscape Carl Sauer

4 A group, its beliefs, values and practices Non material culture

4 Reinvigorating local culture Neolocalism

4 Moving indigenous into the dominant culture Assimilation

4 Grouping culture complexes Culture systems

4 Pattison’s four traditions 1-Spatial (map), 2-Area, 3-Man-

land(environment), 4-Earth-science (Physical Geography)

4 Cultural Syncretism

When two things come together to make something new, for example, 2 religions (The Islamic and Hindu Faiths converged to form

Sikhism)

4 Large, Heterogeneous, Urban and Quick

changing traits Popular culture

4 When people in a place begin to produce an aspect of popular culture in the context of

their own local culture Reterritorialization

4 Culture change induced by the introduction of

elements of a Foreign Culture Transculturation (Coined by F. Ortiz 1947)

4 Name of Marxist geographer- critic of

privatization of public space (AKA time-space compression)

David Harvey

4 Mohenjo Daro Indus culture hearth city, Ex. Harappa

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4 How transportation and communication have

shrunk our world Space-time compression

4 Small , Homogenous, Rural, and Cohesive

Traits Folk Culture

4 A group, their art, sports, dance, food, houses

and clothes Material culture

4 The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural

landscape Placelessness, Edward Relph coined the term

4 When a commodity becomes an item to be

bought and sold Commodification

4 Where a culture develops and forms Cultural hearth

4 A practice people follow routinely Customs

4 Indus, Meso America, Andean America, West

Africa Ancient Culture Hearths

5 SPL Stationary population level

5 People with a shared biological ancestor Race

5 The degree to which two or more groups live

separately from each other Residential segregation, coined by Douglas

Massey and Nancy Denton

5 How we make ourselves Identity, Term coined by Gillian Rose

5 Brown Vs. the Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court, separate but equal facilities

are unconstitutional

5 What is socially constructed Race

5 Stereotype model minority Asians

5 Sense of place Occurs when people infuse a place with

meaning and emotion

5 Women’s Vote, which amendment (1920) 19th amendment

5 A cultures assumption about the differences

between men and women Mona Domosh and Joni Seager, this is the

definition of Gender

5 Identity with a group who share the culture of

a homeland Ethnicity

5 Highlights opposition to heteronormative and

focuses on political engagement of Queers Queer Theory, Elder, Knopp and Nast

5 Jim Crow Laws U.S. Laws designed to separate blacks and

whites

5 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Most residentially segregated for African

Americans according to the Census Bureau

5 Kerner commission, 1960 A report that staid that the U.S. was heading

toward two societies, 1 black, 1 white

5 4-29 AND 30, 1992 Riots

During arrest, video of 4 white officers beating Rodney king, not guilty verdict, worst civil

unrest in U.S. History, South Central L.A. (43 dead, 2383 Injured, 16291 arrested, 1 Billon

dollars in damage)

5 Barrioization Process – refers to barrios (Spanish word for neighborhood) For example, 4% Hispanic in

1960 to 90%+ in 2000

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5 We define ourselves as “not the other” Identifying against

5 The concept that ethnicities have the right to

govern themselves Self determination

5 Social relations stretched out Space, Doreen Massey and Pat Jess

5 Evenness, Exposure, Concentrated,

Centralized, Clustered U.S. Census Bureau, 5 statistical measurements of segregation

5 Chinese exclusion act (U.S.) 1882

5 Particular articulations of social relations Place

5 3/5 compromise Slaves counted 3/5 of person in the

constitution in the United States (U.S)

6 George Stewart

10 types of place names (1-descriptive, 2-associative, 3-commemorative, 4-

commendatory, 5-possession, 6-folk culture (plains), 7-manufactured (Lasker, N.C. –

mistakes), 8-incidents, 9-shift names-Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 10-Double names,

when two places have the same name

6 A major Altaic language Turkish

6 The number of principal language families 20

6 A more complex pidgin language (it is native to

a group) Creole Language

6 Greatest Linguistic Diversity on the Earth New Guinea

6 English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish Germanic

6 Number of official Indian languages 22

6 Khoisan (clicking sounds) oldest language of Africa

6 Sanskrit Ancient language of India

6 Statue of Pleading (1362 AD) Parliament enacted to change the official

language of court from French to English, but the parliament still allowed French until 1489

6 2 languages converge into 1 Language convergance

6 Euskera Basque language

6 1st dialects, then isolation divides languages

into discrete languages Language divergence

6 Ideogram Japan/Chinese Writing

6 African Country with almost 400 languages Nigeria

6 Preliterate People who don’t have a written language

6 Toponyms Place names

6 Russia, N. Indian Language, Iran, East and

South Austrailia Indo-European Language Family

6 Dravidian South India Language Family

6 Farsi Language of Iran

6 Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba 3 languages of Nigeria

6 English and Pilipino and Tagalog Philippines languages, Creolized Spanish is

Pilipino

6 A slight change in a word across languages Sound shift

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6 1st language spoken by homo-sapiens The mother tongue

6 Theory that early speakers of the proto-Indo-Europeans Spread westward on horses and

diffused the Indo-European tongues Conquest theory

6 Bengali The language of Bangladesh, it is also spoken

in some linked areas in India

6 U.S. states that are officially bilingual New Mexico, and Hawaii

6 Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian Uralic Languages

6 Worldwide common language of trade and

commerce Global language

6 Russification Russians encouraged to leave the Moscow

area and populate the Soviet Republic

6 The number of official UN languages 6

6 British-Argentina Malvinas – Falklands 1982 War – Britain still controls Falklands

6 Universal language based on European

languages and inflections Esparanto

6 A hypothetical language related to many

modern language families Nostratic

6 Bazaar Malay Trade Language, Myanmar to Indonesia,

Philippines and Malaysia (Southeast Asia)

6 3 Native Nigerian languages Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba

6 Urdu, Hindi, Malayalam 3 major languages of India

6 A linguistic refugee area Mountains, due to isolation

6 Dominant Language family in India Indo-European (Ex. Hindi)

6 B.R.P. British Received Pronunciation

6 Simple language (combines 2 or more languages) for quick communication

Lingua Franca

6 Afrikaan Related to Dutch, spoken by over 6 million people in South Africa and Namibia, Some

Bantu and Khosian mixed in

6 Two languages that are not mutually

intelligible German and Dutch

6 English, Chinese, Malay, Tamil Singapore

6 The way words are put together in phrases Syntax

6 Dialects most often have differences in _____ Vocabulary

6 Language published widely and purposefully

taught Standard language

6 People combining their different languages

(simplifying) Pidgin language

6 Crucial element in language Vocalization

6 Russian, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Serbo-

Croatian, Bulgarian, and Czech Slavic

6 Quebecois People of Quebec

6 Inuktitut Language of Nunavut

6 Canadian who doesn’t speak English or French Allophone

6 Serbian and Russian Alphabet Cyrillic Alphabet

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6 Number of official EU languages 20

6 2 Regions that speak standard Italian Florence and Tuscany

6 French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and

Portuguese Romance

6 Hypothesis, 3 sources of agriculture gave rise

to a major language Renfrew Hypothesis

6 Geographic Boundary where a particular

linguistic feature occurs Isogloss

6

Proto-Indo European Language, Languages first spread over Southwest Asia, then around the Caspian Sea (Russian Plains), and then the

Balkan peninsula

Dispersal Hypothesis

6 Mandarin and Hakka (Kejia)

The largest and smallest languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family (Corresponding in the same order, Mandarin-most spoken and vice

versa)

6 Turkish, Kazakh, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, and Uzbek Altaic Languages

6 Responsible for standardizing the French

Language Academie Francaise

6 Quechuan Peru, Incan Language

7 Attempt to destroy a certain ethnic group Genocide (Croats against the Serbs who live in

Croatia and Bosnia

7 One’s own culture is better than others Ethnocentrism

7 Taliban founded in Pakistan

7 Ashkenazim Central European Jews

7 Contemplative form of Buddhism Zen-Buddhism

7 Diocese The basic unit of geographical organization in

the Roman Catholic Church

7 Religion founded by guru Nanak Sikhism (1469-1538) Lahore, Pakistan

7 World’s Youngest major religion, Ca. 640 A.D. Islam

7 Faith linked to pagodas Buddhism

7 Division of a branch and unites local

congregations Denomination

7 Largest country of Sunni Muslims Indonesia

7 Islamic sect that believes that the Imam is the

sole source of knowledge Shiite Islam

7 Atheist System A policy of atheism used by the Soviet Union

7 Intifada Means shaking off, generally means a

Palestinian uprising

7 Mujahedeen Afghanistan’s Holy Warriors

7 Id al- Kabir Muslim holiday, practiced in Morocco

7 City neighborhood set up to be inhabited by

Jews Ghetto

7 Religion that began about 4000 years ago Hinduism

7 Mahavira – Bahu Bali The founder of Jainism – Sacred worship

statue

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7 1-Spatially concentrated, 2-born into faith, 3-converts not actively sought

Characteristics of an ethnic religion with the exception of Judaism, which is widely

scattered

7 Site of intrafaith conflict North Ireland, Protestants vs. Catholics

7 Religion diffusing at the fastest rate Islam

7 Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple at Amritsar,

Punjab Sikhism’s most holy structure

7 Concepts of Buddhism 4 noble truths (1- Everyone suffers, 2-

suffering leads to reincarnation, 3- goal is to escape suffering, 4- Nirvana

7 Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana Three branches of Buddhism

7 2 Christian churches in Africa Coptic Church of Egypt, Ethiopian Church

7 Church of Holy Sepulcher Site of Christ’s Tomb

7 Religion? Wards =750 People, Stakes = 5000

People Mormon church organization, Highest

authority is the board + president

7 He loosened the social barriers of caste Mahatma Gandhi

7 A large fundamental division within a religion A branch

7 Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox 3 major branches of Christianity

7 What are geomancers associated with Fung Shui

7 Religion in Korea, Nepal, Tibet, and Sri Lanka Buddhism

7 Country with 5% Muslims The Philippines

7 Taoism, Shintoism, Hinduism, Confucianism All four of them are ethnic/cultural religions

7 Catholic country in the South Pacific The Philippines

7 3 Major Sects of Isla Sunni, Shiite, Sufi

7 Fatwa Religious decree of Islam

7 Sephardim Jews of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa

7 A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin

of the universe Cosmogony

7 Ziarats A non-hajj pilgrimage

7 Nagomo-Karabakh An exclave – Azerbaijan/Armenia area

(Muslim)

7 3 Hindu Gods Shiva – the destroyer, Vishnu – the preserver,

Brahma – the creator

7 Who said religion was “The opium of the

people” Karl Marx – Vladimir Lenin and other

communists believed it as well

7 3500 years ago, monotheistic religion Zoroastrianism

7 Gilo Jewish (settlements building areas) in

Jerusalem, point of conflicts between Israel and most of the world

7 Bajrang Dal Radical Hindu group like to violence in India

7 Coptic Monophysite – that Jesus was a single divine nature, Coptic and Syrians Christians profess

this doctrine

7 Religion – a strict adherence to basic principles

and a literal interpretation Fundamentalism

7 Faith associated with Amritsar Sikhism

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7 North India conflict Kashmir, Muslims vs. Hindu

7 Green line Divided Jewish and Arab areas of Jerusalem

7 Indian Leader that grew Buddhism Asoka, emperor of the Magadha empire (273-

232 BC)

7 Rabbi Kahane Jewish extremist (anti-arab)

7 Religion with caste Hindu

7 Ancient empire that set off the Jewish

diaspora Roman Empire

7 Country that banned wearing religious

symbols to school France

7 A Political System under divine guidance Theocracy

7 1054 A.D. Catholic Church Split , Eastern Orthodox

Created

7 Islamic Pilgrimage Hajj

7 Baptized Again Anabaptist

7 A small group breaks away from a

denomination Sect

7 Region with a majority of Baptists? Southern US

7 Orthodox country, East Africa Ethiopia

7 Bodh Gaya The Bodhi tree under which Buddha taught

7 Laozi Organized Tao or Daoist faith

7 Islamic Sect in Azerbaijan Shiite

7 Buddha’s name Siddhartha Gautama

7 Islamic Holy war Jihad

7 What usually relegates women to a lesser role Religion

7 Shamanism Continent Africa

7 Animism Traditional Religion, Central Africa and the

Americas, the world is influenced with spirits and supernatural forces

7 Most widely dispersed faith Christianity

7 Eid (Muna) Islam – an Islamic Religious Holiday after the

fasting season at Ramadan (Usually the correct time for a pilgrimage to Mecca)

7 African Country with Sharia Law North Nigeria, Sudan

7 Where do they practice Lamaism of Xizang Tibet

7 Croat Faith Balkan Peninsula, Catholics (Slovenians Too),

Serbs and Montenegrins were Eastern Orthodox

7 Hinduism’s fundamental doctrine Karma

7 Translate Dali Lama to English Oceanic Teacher

8 12 + 15, Total 27

EU Members originally + members added thereafter = the number of EU members in

2009, Croatia, Macedonia/Kosovo, and Turkey have applied for membership, the EU was

founded in 1993

8 To fix or define the limit of Delimit

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8 E.C. European Community, Replaced the EEC

8 Rhinau

Region between France and Germany, Example of supranationalism, French Farmers

can work German fields without a passport since the two countries are in the EU

8 Political boundaries defined as a straight line

or arc Geometric boundaries

8 P.L.O Palestinian Liberation Organization

8 A territory occupied by a particular ethnicity and has been transformed to a nationality

Nation-State

8 1-linguistic, 2-religious,3-ethnic,4-racial Terms that connote the concept of a nation

state, Political is an exception

8 C.I.S. Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia

and surrounding countries)

8 12 original members of the E.C. France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Germany,

Luxembourg, and 6 others

8 U.S. Ally in the middle east with nuclear

weapons Israel, perhaps 200

8 3 tier structure Wallenstein’s core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries in the World Systems

theory that he developed

8 Representative districts are redrawn according

to population shifts Reapportionment

8 UNHCR United nations high commission for refugees

8 Flanders and Wallonia Dutch = Flanders, French = Wallonia

8 Boundaries that follow an agreed upon

feature in the physical landscape Physical-political boundary

8 R. Sack’s view of territorial behavior Concept of sovereignty

8 Culturally defined political boundaries

determined by patterns of religion or language Consequent boundaries

8 Autonomous states allied to the central government but not subordinate to it

Commonwealth (Ex. Puerto Rico)

8 A majority of the population is from the

minority Majority-minority districts

8 Rebuilt Europe after World War II The Marshall Plan

8 North/South Divide Colonizing countries vs. colonized countries

8 Ratzel = state, Resembles a biological

organism (Birth, maturity, decline, death) German School

8 Example of a nation-state Iceland and Denmark

8 Politically organized area, nation and state

occupy the same space Nation-state

8 Eurasian rim is not it’s heartland is the key to

global power Rimland theory – opposite to Mackinder’s

Heartland theory

8 Low education, low technology development, low wealth, low capital, are characteristics of

Periphery countries

8 Genoa, Italy Where the plague entered Europe

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8 Rule Eastern Europe, which leads to the

heartland, rule that, and rule the world island which commands the world

Mackinder’s heartland theory, Heartland and inner crescent, Later NATO was formed to

prevent expansion

8 Loyalty and devotion to a nationality Nationalism

8 Moving a capital for economic or strategic

reasons Forward capital (Ex. Brasilia)

8 Vertical plane that cuts through Earth and

Airspace Boundary

8 New world order Refers to the post-Cold War

8 Higher education, Higher technology, Higher capital, and High wealth are characteristics of

A core country

8 Brutal Uganda Dictator Idi Amin (Particularly brutal to Asians and

expelled 50,000 Asians and Asians of Ugandan descent

8 Timothy McVeigh Oklahoma City Terrorist, he detonated the

Murrah Building (Federal) in response to FBI, Waco and branch Davididians

8 Boundaries based on the median line principle

are associated with Bodies of water

8 E.E.C European Economic Community (replaced

ECSC)

8 Describes a place’s location relative to other

places Situation

8 Ancona line From Rome to Ancona (North of the boundary

is Rich, South of it is Rich)

8 Mercantilism

Economic theory (CA. 1400-1700) 3 principles (1-finite amount of gold, 2-favorable balance

of trade,3-coonies for markets and raw materials)

8 Islamabad Berlin, Kyoto, and Brasilia Forward capitals

8 Focus on the delimitation and demarcation of

a boundary Locational boundary dispute

8 Start date of capitalism 1450 A.D. “the emergence of a capitalistic

global economy”

8 A.P.E.C. Asian-Pacific Economic Council

8 Next major power – per Spykman’s theory China (he stated that power flows to larger

nations)

8 36th parallel “No fly zone” established after the first Gulf

War to protect the Kurds

8 Explains electoral patterns, power core

dominates minority groups Cleavage Model

8 1 State is dominant, Allies don’t join, but

follow Unilateralism

8 System of central Government that allows entities within to have their own laws and

customs Federal system

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8 Where Europe state model does not work Non-western

8 Sathish Dhawan Indian Space center off the East Coast, Nar

Srihavikota

8 Deccan Plateau South central India

8 Padania North Italy region of devolution

8 Divide and diminish policy

Soviets try to destroy religion in their country by separating religions from each other (Ex.

Azerbaijan and Armenia, they separated Christians and Muslims here)

8 Peace of Westphalia 1648 Recognized statehood and nationhood and

guarantees of security

8 Gov’t is highly centralized, the capital city is

the focus of power Unitary Government

8 Focus on the legal language of a boundary

agreement Definitional boundary dispute

8 Plebiscite Yes or No vote

8 Lebensraum Territory belonging to less powerful

competitors

8 Corporations/states produce goods for profit Capitalism

8 Yasser Arafat Leader of the P.L.O

8 King and parliament = democracy Bhutan

8 Loans given in exchange for economic or

governmental reform Structural adjustment loans (Given by

World Bank or IMF)

8 Unstable area with opposing political and

cultural values Shatter belt

8 Benalux Belgium – Netherlands – Luxembourg (First

multinational state)

8 A Culturally defined people with a shared past

common future and political goals Nation

8 Example of devolution, 1997 Scotland Created Scottish Parliament

8 Neighbors who differ over the way their

border should function Operational boundary dispute

8 Hamas Terrorist group in gaza

8 Territory with a permanent population,

defined territory and government (Recognized by other states)

A state

8 Focuses on Strategic Places, Ex. Mackinder’s

Heartland theory British-American School

8 ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

8 Argument of Robert Ardery in territorial

imperative Humans collect and secure territory

8 State with more than one nation within its

borders Multinational state, Ex. Yugoslovia

8 Relation between power, environment and

economic inequalities Political ecology

8 3 forces of devolution Economic, spatial cultural

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8 Thesis of Samuel Huntington

Harvard historian, he wrote the clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world, he argued that the world was bipolar, he said it would be: Judaism and Christianity vs. Islam

8 A political movement overcoming nationalism

and creating a new global government Supranationalism

8 2 examples of relict boundaries U.S. Civil war Union/Confederacy – N.S.

Vietnam

8 System in which a representative is elected

from a defined district Territorial representation

8 Example of a physical political boundary River

8 Europe – meeting of rich and powerful

countries World economic forum (Davos, Switzerland)

8 Core-Periphery

Description of the world, Core = higher levels of development (countries), Innovation, and

trade, Periphery—these countries are subjugated to those processes

8 Conference that divided Africa Berlin Conference (CA. 1884)

8 Gateway States Theory by Saul Cohen

8 Mezzogiorno Poorer Southern Italy

8 Nautical miles the delimit territorial seas ___

miles from the shore 12 nautical miles

8 Country with hyper-inflation Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)

8 Semi-Periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring, paces that are exploited by the

core, but in turn exploit the periphery.

8 Who said states in border zones can become

gateway states Saul Cohen

8 Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Established modern day Turkey

8 Mercosur Central American common market, the

Andean Group, and the South Core community market

8 Leadership of the UN Secretary General

8 Organic theory Ratzel’s German School

8 A nation that stretches across borders and

states

Multi-state nation (Ex. Hungary and Romania have the nation of Transylvania in both

countries)

8 Gerrymandering Drawing voting districts for political advantage

8 Gov’t based on people are sovereign an have

the final say Democracy

8 Disputes between countries over resources Allocational boundary disputes

8 U.N.P.O Unrepresented nations and people’s

organization

8 Geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on

spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

Critical Geopolitics

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9 Tear-downs and McMansions Change landscape, Higher House values,

Higher tax revenue for a city (Examples include Greenwich, Connecticut and Hinsdale, Illinois

9 The “Situation” of a city Is its relative location, place in the region and

the world around it

9 Urban structure proposed by c. Harris and E.

Ullman Multiple Nuclei model (CBD is losing its

dominant position)

9 Roman combination of Greek Agora and the

Acropolis The Forum = Focal point of Roman Life

9 Spatial patterns of urban areas abased on the

flow of goods and services Central Place theory

9 Combines radial sectors and concentric zones Griffin-Ford Model

9 Person who said that suburbs were becoming

self-sufficient urban entities Peter Muller

9 The city layout, physical form an structure The urban morphology

9 Rank-size rule

Rule advanced by Zipf in 1941,{ Pn = P1/n} (Pn = the population of town ranked n, P1 = the

population of the largest town, /N = the rank of the town) For example, if the population of the largest town is X, then the 2nd largest has a population of X/2, 3rd larges has a population

of X/3

9 Places created by media and reshaping cities Spaces of consumption

9 Name 3 classical models of urban structur Concentric, Multiple Nuclei Model and, Sector

Model

9 Laws that outline what activities can occur at

that city site Zoning laws

9 Japan’s historic capital Kyoto

9 Zone of situ accretion

As opposed to a zone of maturity, better residences, etc… This zone is in a constant

state of flux. Residents move in and out according to lifestyle and status, variety of

houses styles, size, and quality – Griffin Ford Model predicted they would improve over

time

9 5 rings of the Burgess Model 1—CBD 2—Zone of transition, 3—Zone of Independent worker’s homes, 4—zone of better residences, 5—commuter’s zone

9 Geographer that studied the medium size

cities of S.E. Asia? T.G. McGee

9 Typical Spatial behavior of a sector model of

city structure In and out of downtown

9 Example of New Urbanism Seaside, Florida – West Laguna, California – Kentland’s, Maryland – Celebration, Florida

(Disney built this in 1994)

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9 Derived the model of a Latin American City Griffin-Ford model, Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford

9 2 spaces of consumption New York Time’s Square and Berlin’s

Potzdammer Platz

9 Restoring urban areas with money from

affluent people, this leads to the displacement of the poor

Gentrification

9 High Threshold, Highest Range (Central Place

Function) Neurosurgery Complex

9 The first urban revolution The innovation of the city, it occurred independently in 5 separate hearths

9 The economy not taxed and Not counted in

the G.N.I. Informal Economy

9 City that dominates culturally an economically Primate city

9 “Boston” Special zone of city with worst

poverty

Empowerment zone

9 Spatial components of metropolis where a

realm is a separate entity

Urban Realm (economic, political, social entities that Make up larger metropolitan

framework

9 The city and its surrounding environs

(connected to the city) Urban

9 Banks identify risky neighborhoods and refuse

to do loans mortgages Redlining

9 Greek city – highpoint with the most

impressive buildings Acropolis (Ex. Parthenon of Athens)

9 3500 B.C.E. Ur and Babylon First known cities (Mesopotamia)

9 Core of a city CBD (Central Business District)

9 New city – away from the CBD – new office

and retail space Edge city (Ex. Tyson’s Corner,VA)

9 Agents buy homes with scare tactics and resell

at high prices Blockbusting

9 Goal of a gated community Safety, Security

9 Least urbanized (US, Australia, Japan, or

China) China

9 The physical character of a place Site

9 1-sail wagon 2-iron horse,3-steel rail,4-car and

air travel

Borchert’s model of urban evolution (1--1790-1830, 2--1830-1870, 3--1870-1920, 4--1920-

Present)

9 The division of the city into certain zones for

certain functions Functional zonation

9 Provide legibility of urban environments Kevin Lynch’s book – impacted urban planners

9 Model for the modern European State Greece

9 Post Industrial revolution, location of the first

manufacturing cities British Midlands

9 Etruscans Early Romans

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9 1-Inter-National Headquarters, 2-Global

financial center, 3-polarized social structure World cities

9 Greek word for market and the focus of

commercial activity Agora

9 Cities that function on a global scale, beyond state borders and are world service centers

World cities

9 The Beaux arts Combines Greek and Roman Architecture with

renaissance, (1885-1925)

9 2 keys to the formation of cities Agricultural surplus and social stratification

(leadership class)

9 Central place theory Explains regional organization of urban areas

based on functional services and goods offered (Walter Christaller)

9 # of CBD’s in most African Central cities 3

9 Who laid the groundwork for central place

theory Walter Christarller

9 What does the “hinterland” reveal Its economic reach

9 Perifercio Area of little law enforcement, drug lords

often run the area (Latin America) – Beyond the ring highway = perifercio

9 Area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers Mesopotamia

9 Conglomeration of buildings, and people

serving as the center of politics, culture, and economics

A city

9 Poorest areas of Latin American cities – sometimes on connected to regular city

services Disamenity sector

10 Relationship between the potential labor force

and the remaining population of a country Dependency ratio

10 Sierra Madre Oriental Occidental The Oriental range is eastern Mexico and the

Occidental mountain range is in western Mexico

10 Opposite of dispersal

Agglomeration, and example of this is something in a clump, Economic geography =

the distribution of industry Scattered Dispersal: For example a firework

going off

10 Children/Adults that have been

bullied/deceived into bad situations Trafficking

10 4 new industrial countries Hong Kong, South Korea, Brazil, and China

10 World systems analysis Asserts world’s countries are divided into 3

subgroups: Core, semi-periphery, an periphery, it is driven by capitalism

10 Topocide Planned destruction of a site for a new

industrial center

10 2 megacities Mexico city and Sao Paulo

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10 Loans given to women to encourage small

business Microcredit program

10 Disease is spread by 1 person to another by an

intermediate host Vectored disease, like malaria by mosquito

10 E.P.Z.’s Export Processing Zones

10 N.A.T.O.

(North American Treaty Organization) A military alliance with Europe and the United States, It was create after World War Two in an effort to balance power against the USSR

10 Central American country of ecotourism Costa Rica

10 Measures production within a country GDP

10 El Salvador’s Colon Abandoned Dollarization

10 Connects distribution an production for world

market Commodity chain

10 1835-1935 Peak era of colonialism

10 Marshall Plan Rebuilt Europe after World War II, it cost 12 Billion dollars and it lasted from 1948-1952

10 Not earning a living wage Underemployment

10 Political/Economic controls limit the

development of poorer countries Dependency Theory

10 East Russian Port Vladivostok

10 Continent that is 2/3 desert Africa

10 Processes that increase: interactions,

relationships, and interdependence with no regard for borders

Globalization

10 Rail, Roads, Airports, T.V. , Radio, Telephone Infrastructure

10 Birthplace of the Skyscraper Chicago

10 Writer of (Framework) for understanding the

legibility of urban environments Kevin Lynch

10 Relationship between the potential labor force

and the remaining population of a country Dependency ratio

10 Toshka Canal Artificial Nile project in Egypt

10 Manufacturing activities where the cost of

transporting raw materials and the product is not important for the location of the firm

Footloose industry (Ex. Electronics – many that assemble component parts in high tech

equipment, manufactured with high levels of information and brainpower, the same goes for some forms of food processing,) another

example is the diamond industry

10 Money produced in a country and the income

from outside investments G.N.I (Gross national income)

10 Microscale, the neighborhood effect The Neighborhood effect occurs when

diffusion is most rapid around the original innovator

10 Al necessary services to sustain and provide

for a local population Ancillary activities

10 I.M.F. International Monetary Fund

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10 N.G.O.’s Non-governmental organizations not run by

Government and usually non profit

10 P.L.V.I

Peak Land Value intersection, where the highest land value is in a city, Bid-cent curve

shows how much someone is willing to pay for land

10 Exurbanization Moving out of a city to quiet natural rural

setting

10 Agronomy The science of using plants for (fuel food +

fiber food)

11 Village Form for conquistadors Grid

11 Source of Sugar – 25 % of world supply Sugar beet

11 Olives, citrus, figs, dates Mediterranean agriculture (Found in the Mediterranean sea, Central Chile, South

Africa’s Cape, Southwest and South Australia)

11 Boreal or Taiga North Russian and Canadian Forest

11 Tertiary Sector Service sector

11 Milpa and Patch Agriculture Slash and burn

11 IR 36 Green Revolution by 1992 the most widely grown crop on Earth (Improvements have

been made since the release of IR 36)

11 Word for Equal Egalitarian (Early Agricultural societies were

this)

11 Source of fast food beef Trend – South and Central South America

11 Productivity Higher productivity equals more produced

with less people

11 Rubber trees were first tapped (location) Brazil-Later transplanted to SE Asia

11 System for climate classification based on

temperatures and rainfall Koppen climate classification system

11 Hacienda System Large land holdings in Argentina and Brazil

(Status)

11 Von Thunen’s Rings 1-central city, 2-market gardening/dairy, 3-

forest,4-fieldcrops/grains, 5-livestock ranching

11 Saur theory of plant domestication 1st planting root crops

11 Number of people practicing shifting

agriculture 150-200 million worldwide today

11 Fallow Letting a field rest, no crops for at least a

seasonal to regain nutrients

11 Eastern European term for Round Village Rundling

11 Rainbow Warrior Greenpeace ship sun by the French

Government in protest of French nuke testing at Auckland Arbor, 1 died

11 Products closest to the ground, for example:

Agricultural, Ranching, Fishing, Forestry, Mines and Quarries

Primary economic activities

11 Average acres of a China Farm ½ of an acre

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11 Open grazing area of Southern Africa Veld

11 Von Thunen 1-central city, 2-market gardening/dairy, 3-

forest,4-fieldcrops/grains, 5-livestock ranching

11 Land ordinance of 1785 Broke up the N.W. Territory into townships, 6

miles square

11 Coffee’s % of the retail price is returned to the

grower under fair trade 40%

11 Location of Bio-Diesel Growth Arid regions of the Great Plains

11 The Enclosure act Britain encouraged the consolidation of fields into large, single-owner holdings, part of the

second agricultural revolution

11 Example of a primary activity Coal mining

11 Primary product and then manufacture into

things like toys, ships, and buildings Secondary economic activity

11 4500 years ago, the number of domesticated

animals 14

11 U.S. 2% of food production Organic

11 5 zones (tropical, dry, mid-warm, mid-cold,

polar) Vladimir Koppen

11 Theory of Lee Liu Chinese take less care of lands far away from the center of the village, compare with Van

Thunen

11 Depending on one Agricultural commodity Monoculture

11 Roundup Weed killer, for soybeans and cotton

11 Leading export crop Wheat, in 2008

11 What began the first agricultural revolution Cultivation of seed crops (probably

Mesopotamia)

11 What is grown an a truck farm Vegetables

11 5 domesticated mammals 1-Cow,2-Sheep,3-Horse,4-Pig,5-Goat – Jared

diamond he wrote this in his book: Guns, Germs and Steel

11 Natural features use to demarcate irregular

parcels of land Metes and bound survey found on the Eastern

Coast of the United States

11 Most prevalent rural residential patter for

world agriculture Nucleated

11 Tea, coffee, cacao and tobacco Luxury crops

11 Country with livestock for export Argentina

11 The production of crops without industrialized

pesticides and fertilizers Organic agriculture

11 Cash crops on large estates Plantation agriculture

11 Type of agriculture found in tropics or sub-

tropics Shifting Culture

11 4 economic cores where organics sold 1-US,2-Canada,3-Japan,4-Europe

11 G.M.O’s Today, 75% of all U.S. Processed food are from

Genetically Modified Organism

11 5 village forms 1-linear, 2-cluster, 3-Round, 4-Walled, 5-Grid

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11 Cadastral system

Township + range system adopted post-revolutionary war. 1 square mile was the basic unit, bought in whole, half or ¼ sections. Much

of Canada was surveyed this way too.

11 Longlot survey system Maritimes, Quebec, Los Angeles, Texas,

Narrow parcels of land stretching from rivers.

11 Model in which land value decreases from the

urban center Von Thunen, basic idea

11 Cattle domestication occurred where South Asia

11 Basic and Non-basic functions Steel mill and grocery store respectively

11 Activities tied to research or higher education Quinary Economic activities

11

Industries that require high skill and knowledge, (Ex. High level management +

scientific research) – decision to create E.P.A. Human cloning, bids on new military fighter jet

Quinary Industries – Example—Kyoto Treaty – Things that supposedly make the world a better place or improve socio-economic

setting

11 Service Sector, activities of Info, capital ($), or

goods (Ex. Finance, Administration, Higher ed.) Quaternary, any activity involving the

collection, processing, distribution of info.

11 Tubers, Manioc, Cassava, and Yams Root crops, reproduced by cultivating roots or

cuttings from plants

11 3rd agricultural revolution IR 38, IR 36 (Green Revolution – Started

approximately in the 1930’s)

11 Amaranth Cereal (Ex. Lucky Charms, Wheaties, and

Cheerios)

11 Economic Activity at the highest level of

decision making Quinary Economic Activity

11 Vietnam’s Rice Bowl Mekong River

11 Sawah A flooded rice field for rice farming

11 4 issues of the green revolution

Plants: 1-Take More water, 2-Less nutrition, 3-more fertilizer (Which equals to more money spent on that), 4- more susceptible to disease and pests (due to genetic engineering which makes the “immune” system of the plants

more vulnerable to new diseases)

11 Java – villages every ½ mile on the rural road Nucleated settlements

11 Campesinos Mexicans who live and work in rural areas

11 Centuries of the 2nd agricultural revolution 17th and 18th centuries

11 Primogeniture Eldest son inherits all

11 Cultivate between the rows of a crop Intertillage

11 Swidden Agriculture Slash and Burn Agriculture

12 “Big Box” Store Ex. Sam’s Club and Wal-Mart

12 Intermodal connections Places where two or more modes of

transportation meet (Ex. Air, Ship Barge, Rail, etc.)

12 Theory – Why are villages, towns, cities,

spaced the way they are? Location Theory

12 T.N.C. ‘s Transnational Corporations

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12 Bulk Reducing Process Ex. Copper refining – a process that produces a

product lower in weight than its original process

12 Cargo is transferred from one mode of

transportation to another Break of Bulk Point

12 Lowest order of Goods or Service Gas Station

12 Firm comprised of smaller firms that serve

different functions Conglomerate Corporation

12 Multiplier Leakage

Multi-national corporation invests and builds secondary industries like factories in

peripheral regions and send most profits to core Head Quarters

12 Kanto Plain Japan’s dominant region of Industry and Urban

12 Movement of Northerners to south and

Southwest Sunbelt Phenomenon

12 Distribution and use of products These are tertiary economic activities

12 Hong Kong, Taiwan, S. Korea, and Singapore “4 economic tigers”

12 New Industrial Country

Country with a strong industrial base so it can compete in a global economy rather than

remaining a neocoloninal country dependent on former colonial masters (Ex. Indonesia is a

country that is no one of these)

12 Theory of Alfred Weber – optimal Location of

Manufacturing in relation to cost of transportation and labor

Least Cost Theory

12 Technopole

An area panned for High tech where agglomeration built on synergy among tech companies occurs. (Ex. Outside of Boston, Rt

28 corridor, Silicon Valley, Telecom Corridor – Plano-Richardson outside Dallas )

12 Distance requires money, energy to overcome

distance, spatial interactions tend to occur over shorter distances

Friction of Distance

12 3 Points of Weber’s Least Cost Theory

1-Transportation, 2-Labor Costs, 3-Agglomeratin – Hotelling’s – Locational

interdepenance (Ex. 2 ice cream vendors). Losch’s – Profit Maximization

12 J.I.T. Production Just in time manufacturing, Toyota – optimal

loan production

13 Pleistocene Overkill Theory Hunter-gatherers caused extinctions at the

end of the last ice age (Ex. Wooly Mammoths)

13 Continent most likely for desertification Australia

13 The notion women are better

environmentalists ecofeminism

13 Madrid Protocol Theory 50+ Nations agree to use Antarctica for

science, no permanent residents

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13 Current Warm Period Holocene

13 Kruger national Game Reserve Site of Israel, N.E. South Africa

13 Kyoto Treaty

Kyoto Protocol—a relatively recent attempt of the world’s nations to reduce greenhouse

gases, -- U.S. President George Bush refused to sign on

14 LETS Local Exchange Trading System – a local

currency is developed for goods and services, it is an informal economy

14 Cross-Promotion of vertically integrated goods Synergy

14 People or corporations who control access to

information Gatekeepers

14 Washington Consensus Principles of Free Trade:1-Privatize state-

owned entities, 2-remove trade barriers, 3-encourage foreign investment

14 Set of interconnected nodes without a center Networks

Documents

The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010)ghsacademicresources.yolasite.com/resources/AP...The Complete Set of AP Human Geography Cards (2009-2010) This is the complete