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The Cold War ExpandsAngela Brown

Chapter 16 Section 3

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The Korean War•1945 Allies divide Korea into Soviet-Occupied northern zone and an American – Occupied Southern Zone.•Occupying forces withdrew from both zones in 1948-1949.

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Korean War• June 1950, the Korean War

broke out when North Korean troops streamed across the 38th parallel, the latitude dividing the two nations, aiming to reunite Korea by Force.

• The USSR was boycotting the Security Council protesting the exclusion of Communist China, the UN was able to act to defend South Korea.

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Today

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Douglas MacArthur •Hero of two World Wars – strong anti-communist Truman’s choice to lead UN forces in Korea•Graduated from U.S. military academy at West Point in 1903

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MacArthur• Cited 7 times for bravery in WWI and

by 1918 at age 38 he attained rank of general.

• 1930 Army Chief of Staff• WWII – Commander of American

forces in Asia• Virtual dictator of Japan during

postwar – responsible for establishing Western Democracy – creating new democratic constitution

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MacArthur• Less successful in

implementing democracy in South Korea – supported South Korean President Syngman Rhee

• Hero to troops and American Public

• Disliked as overly ambitious by political leaders

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MacArthur• MacArthur had little respect for

both Roosevelt and Truman.• He viewed them as soft on

communism.• He had contempt for anyone

with authority over him; it undermined his otherwise brilliant career.

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The Korean War• Excellent military strategist,

MacArthur, developed a bold plan to drive the invaders from South Korea.

• South Korea overtaken in just a few weeks – except small part near port city of Pusan.

• Guessed that swift advance had left supply lines stretched thin.

• Sept 1950 attacked enemy supply lines from behind and sent forces to defend Pusan.

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Korean War• His strategy worked . The

North Koreans fled back across 38th Parallel.

• UN troops pursued them Northward and began boasting of reuniting Korea under South Korean government.

• Chinese joined North Koreans and pushed UN forces back into South Korea; a stalemate developed.

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• MacArthur favored opening a second front by bringing Chinese opposition from Taiwan under Jiang Jieshi to fight communist Chinese.

• Truman opposed; he feared widespread war in Asia.

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MacArthur Fired• MacArthur sent letter to House

minority leader Joseph Marlin in March 1951 attacking the President’s policy.

• Martin made letter public; on April 11 Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination.

• The struggle dragged on for two more years.

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Truce?• 1953 truce signed; left Korea

divided by the 38th parallel as before.

• Americans wondered why 55,000 soldiers had been killed and 103,000 wounded for limited results.

• Was the U.S. serious about stopping communism?

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The Cold War in the 1950s • 1953 Eisenhower succeeded

Truman.• New phase of Cold War policy• Sec of State John Foster Dulles

called for a policy to roll back communism.

• Eisenhower recognized risk of confronting Soviets did not intervene in revolts in Eastern Germany, Poland and Hungary in 1956.

• Policy of containment continued.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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Southeast Asia • July 1953 fulfilled campaign

promise to end Korean War – aided by death of Stalin in March.

• Conflict developed in Vietnam – French colony

• 1945 Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party declared independence.

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Ho Chi Minh

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Domino theory• France sent troops to reassert

authority = war• Eisenhower believed in Domino

theory• If one country fell to

communists its neighbors would soon follow.

• By 1954 U.S. providing military aid to support France in Vietnam.

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Vietnam• May 1954, major defeat =

France withdrew forces• International conference divided

Vietnam like Korea.• U.S. provided aid to South

Vietnam but resisted greater involvement.

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The Middle East • British controlled Palestine –

region on Med. Coast and biblical home of Jewish people

• 1930s many Jews sought safety in Palestine – called for a Jewish state

• 1947 British turned over to UN – created two states one Jewish and one Arab

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Palestine

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Israel - Iran• May 1948 Jews in Palestine

proclaimed new nation of Israel.• Arab nations opposed – backed by

Soviets• U.S. worked to prevent oil-rich Arab

nations from falling to Soviets.• 1952 nationalist leader gained

control in Iran• U.S. (CIA) organized overthrow –

returned power to pro-American Shah of Iran

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Israel

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Suez Crisis• Suez Crisis in 1956 – Egypt’s ruler,

Nasser, sought Soviet support• U.S./GB stopped aid.• Nasser seized the Suez Canal a vital

waterway through Egypt allowing Middle East oil to reach Europe.

• 1956 British and French attack Egypt.

• Eisenhower persuaded NATO allies to withdraw from Egypt.

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Suez Canal

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Eisenhower Doctrine• 1957 announced Eisenhower

Doctrine • The U.S. would use force to

safeguard independent countries in Middle East requesting aid against aggression.

• Used Doctrine in 1958 to put down revolt against Lebanese government.

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Latin America • 1947 Rio Pact – a regional

defense alliance with 18 other nations in the Western Hemisphere.

• 1948 formed organization of American States (OAS) to increase cooperation among nations of Hemisphere.

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Latin America • 1954 CIA helped overthrow

government of Guatemala.• Leaders were sympathetic to

radical causes. • Restored property of United

Fruit company seized by Guatemalan government from American corporation.

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Guatemala

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Cuba• 1958 Fidel Castro overthrew corrupt

Cuban dictator Batista. (ties to U.S. organized crime)

• Eisenhower would not support Castro; CIA reported infiltration of movement by communist.

• Castro seized U.S. property in Cuba; Eisenhower cut diplomatic ties and halted exports to Island.

• Castro turned to Soviets for economic and military aid.

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Leadership Change

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Republic of Cuba

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The Arms Race • Arms Race – struggle to gain

weapons superiority The Growth of Nuclear Arsenals

• 1953 one year after U.S test of thermonuclear device, Soviets tested hydrogen device.

• 1953 Eisenhower announced atoms for Peace Plan at UN.

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First Hydrogen Test• World’s nations work together

under UN supervision to find peaceful uses for nuclear technology; Soviets refused to participate.

• Eisenhower stepped up American weapons development program.

• First hydrogen test in March 1954; 750 times more powerful than bomb dropped on Nagaski.

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Results• Japanese fisherman 90 miles

away radiation burns-Island 200 miles away evacuated

• Test revealed nuclear war threatened entire world with radioactive contamination.

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Brinkmanship• 1956 Secretary of State Dulles

stated U.S. prepared to risk war to protect national interest.

• Brinkmanship – ability to get to verge without getting into war

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Cold War in the Skies • U.S. Airforce to carry hydrogen

bombs to targets; Soviets could not match strength.

• Developed ICBM’s – long-range rockets known as intercontinental ballistic missiles as primary delivery system

• U.S worked to develop ICBM’s lagged behind Soviet’s in missile development due to dependence on conventional air power.

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ICBM launch

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Sputnik• Technological gap startling in

1957; Soviets used one of rockets to launch Sputnik – first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

• Americans mortified – rocket could carry hydrogen bomb to U.S.

• U.S. satellite rushed to launch before ready; crashed.

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Sputnik

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U-2 incident• U-2 incident – Soviets shot down

U.S. spy plane over Soviet Union with guided missile.

• It flew 15 miles high; we assumed it was immune to attack.

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Gary Powers

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Sentence• Francis Gary Powers: Imprisoned

Powers spent almost 21 months in prison in the Soviet Union.

• During that time, he openly kept a diary of his daily activities.

• In November 1960 he began secretly writing a journal, which opens with a detailed recounting of the downing of his U-2.

• When released, Powers hid the diary and journal in a rug he had embroidered while in prison and carried them out of the Soviet Union.http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/script/ss_flyers.htm