The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins

1951-531951-53

Early 1951Early 1951

January – April: U.S. 8January – April: U.S. 8thth Army pushes Army pushes North Korean and Chinese forces North Korean and Chinese forces back up the peninsula.back up the peninsula.

April – May: Communist troops April – May: Communist troops launch last big offensive, checked by launch last big offensive, checked by UN forces.UN forces.

June: UN pushes back to 38June: UN pushes back to 38thth parallel. parallel.

Meanwhile, a flustered Meanwhile, a flustered MacArthurMacArthur

After Chinese intervention in After Chinese intervention in November 1950, he wanted more November 1950, he wanted more resources and greater latitude to resources and greater latitude to prosecute the war, particularly:prosecute the war, particularly: air and naval forces against Communist air and naval forces against Communist

ChinaChina Nationalist Chinese troops from FormosaNationalist Chinese troops from Formosa Army divisions in reserve in U.S.Army divisions in reserve in U.S.

Then, a frustrated Then, a frustrated MacArthurMacArthur

Depicted situation in dire terms Depicted situation in dire terms (evacuation of “annihilation”).(evacuation of “annihilation”).

Made numerous statements that Made numerous statements that undermined or attacked the Truman undermined or attacked the Truman Administration’s policies.Administration’s policies.

MacArthur fired in April.MacArthur fired in April.

Administration policiesAdministration policies

Prosecute limited war in Korea.Prosecute limited war in Korea. Deter larger war with the Soviet Deter larger war with the Soviet

UnionUnion Build-up U.S. nuclear & conventional Build-up U.S. nuclear & conventional

forcesforces Bolster alliances with allies.Bolster alliances with allies.

MoneyMoney

Defense budgets at the end of the Defense budgets at the end of the Truman Administration jump to $40-Truman Administration jump to $40-50 billion.50 billion. Two-thirds of federal budget.Two-thirds of federal budget.

Spending on the Korea conflict Spending on the Korea conflict accounts for about 40% of defense accounts for about 40% of defense spending.spending.

Manpower, 1950-53Manpower, 1950-53

Over 1.7 million men drafted.Over 1.7 million men drafted. More than 800,000 reserves and More than 800,000 reserves and

National Guardsmen called for National Guardsmen called for federal service.federal service.

By 1953, U.S. Army had 20 divisionsBy 1953, U.S. Army had 20 divisions 6 in Germany6 in Germany

Air Force beefed upAir Force beefed up

Strategic Air Strategic Air Command: number Command: number of personnel and of personnel and aircraft doubled aircraft doubled over two years.over two years. Gets first all-jet Gets first all-jet

bomber: B-47bomber: B-47 Number of bases Number of bases

(and targets) (and targets) expanded.expanded.

Number of tactical Number of tactical aircraft increased, aircraft increased, primarily for defense primarily for defense of Europeof Europe

1952: Air Defense 1952: Air Defense Command created Command created to develop to develop integrated system to integrated system to protect U.S. from protect U.S. from enemy air attackenemy air attack Air Force also Air Force also

ordered to build an ordered to build an early warning systemearly warning system

NATO bolstered: 5 goalsNATO bolstered: 5 goals U.S.-appointed supreme U.S.-appointed supreme

commander for NATO forces commander for NATO forces in Europe.in Europe.

More U.S. forces for Europe.More U.S. forces for Europe. More military aid for NATO More military aid for NATO

countries.countries. Draw up plans to defend Draw up plans to defend

western Europe in Germany.western Europe in Germany. Create a West German army Create a West German army

within NATO.within NATO.

Accomplishments by 1953Accomplishments by 1953

NATO had 25 active divisions in NATO had 25 active divisions in Europe (without any German troops)Europe (without any German troops)

Over 5,000 aircraft at about 100 Over 5,000 aircraft at about 100 bases.bases.

Meanwhile, back in Korea…Meanwhile, back in Korea…

Front lines stabilize Front lines stabilize after summer of after summer of 1951, become 1951, become more static.more static.

Fighting comes to Fighting comes to result attritional result attritional warfare of WWI.warfare of WWI. ““Iron Triangle” key Iron Triangle” key

objectiveobjective

Far East Air Forces (FEAF)Far East Air Forces (FEAF)

Missions:Missions: air superiorityair superiority close air supportclose air support interdictioninterdiction

Armistice talksArmistice talks

Drag on from November 1951 – July Drag on from November 1951 – July 1953.1953.

Points of agreement:Points of agreement: demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone no limits placed on forces on either sideno limits placed on forces on either side

Point of contention:Point of contention: prisoners of warprisoners of war

Late-war developmentsLate-war developments

Eisenhower elected President in Eisenhower elected President in November 1952.November 1952.

Stalin dies, March 1953.Stalin dies, March 1953. Communist insurgency in Indochina Communist insurgency in Indochina

going well.going well. Rhee government (in ROK) convinced Rhee government (in ROK) convinced

to accept an armistice.to accept an armistice.

July 27, 1953July 27, 1953

Armistice signed (not a peace treaty).Armistice signed (not a peace treaty). Requires permanent U.S. commitment to Requires permanent U.S. commitment to

South Korea:South Korea: Build-up of ROK forcesBuild-up of ROK forces Stationing of U.S. troops to help guard DMZStationing of U.S. troops to help guard DMZ