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The Cold War Abroadand at Home
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
• Secretary of State George C. Marshall
• Aka: the European Recovery Program
• Congress approved in 1948
• Soviets refused to accept aid
• France, UK, W. Germany, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Turkey, & 8 other European nations received loans and grants of $13 billion over 4 years
Extreme measure to stop the exodus from E. Europe
Partitioning of Berlin, 1949
A Massive Operation
Berlin Airlift
• 2.5 West Berliners• June 1948/ Sept. ’49• 200,000 flights• 13,000 tons per day• Food, fuel, medicine• C-47 & C-54 planes• 77 men died including
31 Americans
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• 1946: Louis St. Laurent proposed idea
• Truman agreed
• 1949 Charter
• Canada, USA, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Portugal
• Collective security
Warsaw Pact
• 1955 Soviet Union’s answer to NATO
• Military Alliance• USSR, Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania
Soviets Get the Bomb
• Sept. 1949 Truman reports explosion in the USSR
• 1952 first U.S. thermonuclear test
China Falls to Communism
• Nationalists vs. Communists since 1920s
• United against Japan in WWII
• Split after Japan left• U.S. support Jiang
Jieshi & Nationalists• 1949 Mao in Peking
Cold War At Home
• Active Communist party during Depression
• WWII changed acceptance
• Anti-Communist crusade persecutes members and former members.
• Knowledge of espionage fueled fears
• Truman established “Loyalty Review Board” for Federal employees
• Several million examined
HUAC
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (est. 1938)
• 1947 HUAC accused Hollywood Ten
• “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?”
• Fifth Amendment plea led to jail sentences
• Paranoia led to “blacklisting”
McCarran-Walter Act
• 1952 Congress passed this law establishing quotas for immigrants from Asia, Southern and Central Europe
• Truman vetoed McCarran-Walter
• Congress overrode the veto
Spy Cases
• Alger Hiss, former high ranking State Dept. official; accused by Whittaker Chambers
• Convicted of Perjury and sentenced to 4 years in prison
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• Passing atomic weapon secrets to Soviet Union during WWII
Alger Hiss Soviet SpyRichard Nixon
Commie Slayer
TREASONConvicted spies Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Their innocent sons