The Cold War

The Cold War1945 - 1991

Which nation does this flag represent?Which nations do these flags represent?Russia United States & Great Britain v.

What is the Cold War? How was it cold?46-year struggle/rivalry between the United States & the Soviet Union

cold because two superpowers never faced each other directly in hot military conflict

The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe

Analyze both maps & think about this: What are these maps showing you? Why might this be a concerning for the U. S.? Differences between the United States & Soviet Union CapitalismCommunism People participate in making govt decisions More than one political party Most industry & agriculture owned by private individuals Citizens own business and employ workers; keep all profits madeLimits on government interference in peoples lives. Freedom of speech & movementGovt makes all economic decisions Usually a one-party stateIndustry & agriculture owned by stateGoods and services are equally sharedClassless society with no individual profit-making The govt controlled most aspects of peoples lives Strong censorship with restrictions on what could be said or writtenWhats nextCold War TimelineComplete these events:1947 Truman Doctrine 1955 Warsaw Pact

1947: Truman Doctrine announced Greece & Turkey battling communist forces seeking to gain control needed aid

Truman Doctrine Truman promised to aid nations struggling against communist movements

1947: Kennan outlines Containment Policy Kennan American diplomat & authority on Soviet Union

Containment policy keep communism contained within its existing borders; became Americas policy (page 850)

1948: Marshall Plan authorized Sec. of State George Marshalls plan to help Europe recover from war (page 850)

Marshall Plan economic aid for nations in Western Europe - U.S. gave money (grants & loans), food, fuel

Marshall Plans Impact

1948: Berlin Blockade/Airlift Stalin stopped all forms of traffic from West Germany into West Berlin

plan: w/o aid West Berlin would fall to communists

U.S. & Britain provided supplies though a massive airlift for 1 yr.

1949: NATO formedNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization military alliance; goal was to stop Soviet expansion

1949: Peoples Republic of China proclaimed Mao Zedong led communist forces in China against Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek

Mao defeated nationalist forces & renamed China Peoples Republic of China communist nation

Truman Adm. blamed for not providing enough support; failure of containment policy

Mao Zedong

1950: Another Red Scare: McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed State Department was full of communists

McCarthyism extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty

discredited real concerns about communists in the U.S.

Red Scare declined by 1954

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg1950: Korean War begins Korea split at 38th parallel; North was communist, South noncommunist

N. Korea attacked S. Korea & took S. Koreas capital, Seoul

UN Security Council voted to aid S. Korea; Truman ordered U.S. troops to S. Korea

Douglas MacArthur led UN troops, drove N. Koreans back to 38th parallel; China helped N. Korea (pages 856 857)

1953: Korean War ends stalemate until 1953

Eisenhower elected U.S. President promised to end war

cease-fire signed, division at 38th parallel restored still in effect today

1955: Warsaw Pact formed West Germany became a member of NATO in 1955

In response, the Soviet Union and its satellite states formed the Warsaw Pact, a rival military alliance to NATOEuropes Military Alliances

NATO Treaty, 1949

Warsaw Pact, 1955Who started the Cold War?

Iron Curtain of Europe

Baltic SeaAdriatic SeaWhats nextCold War TimelineComplete these events:1957 Sputnik 1968 Vietnam War Tet Offensive

1957: Sputnik launched by Soviets & U.S. reaction Sputnik I - Soviet space satellite

U.S. reaction Congress approved the National Defense Education Act - $1 billion program to produce more scientists and teachers of scienceCongress created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to plan space-related projects

1961: Bay of Pigs invasion 1959 Fidel Castro set up a communist govt in Cuba

Eisenhower had approved CIA plan to invade Cuba & overthrow Castro; recruited Cuban exiles & trained in Guatemala

Kennedy executed plan CIA-led force of Cuban exiles attacked Cuba

plan failed & turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy

1961: Berlin Crisis/Berlin Wall Khrushchev (Soviet leader) demanded U.S. recognize division of Germany & end military presence in West Berlin; Kennedy refused

Khrushchev ordered construction of a wall between E. & W. Berlin Berlin Wall; Kennedy sent 1,500 U.S. troops to W. Berlin

KhrushchevKennedy

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis U.S. discovered Soviets building nuclear missile sites in Cuba to protect Castro from an American invasion

major East Coast cities would be in range

Kennedy demanded removal of missiles & set up blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviets from completing bases

Khrushchev removed missiles

Range of Cuban missiles

Vietnam: North & South

Ho Chi Minh Communist Leader of North Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem Nationalist Leader of South VietnamRemoved from power & assassinated in 1963

Buddhist monksets himself on fire to protest the Diem regime1964: Vietnam War - Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionVietnam divided at 17th parallel - Ho Chi Minhs communist forces ruled N. Vietnam, anticommunist govt led by Diem set up in S. Vietnam

N. Vietnam forces supported Vietcong S. Vietnamese communist rebels; N. Vietnam fired on American destroyer USS Maddox, not hit

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 1964 congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit U.S. troops to South Vietnam & fight war against communist North Vietnam - Operation Rolling Thunder

Vietnam WarHo Chi Minh compared his troops to a tiger, while Americans were like an elephant. If the tiger stands still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keeps moving and occasionally jumps on the elephant to take a bite out of it, the elephant will slowly bleed to death.

What does this his philosophy tell you about the nature of the Vietnam War?

Vietnam War

1968: Vietnam War Tet Offensive Tet Offensive Vietcongs coordinated attack on S. Vietnam; 36 provincial capitals, 5 major cities, & U.S. embassy in Saigon

American & S. Vietnamese forces stopped offensive, but demonstrated communists had not lost will or ability to fight

President Johnson announced would not run for a second term

1972: Nixon visits China After Chinese communist revolution, U.S. never formally recognized Peoples Rep. of China

Nixon wanted to - benefit U.S. economically (trade) & distance relationship b/w China & Soviet Union

Nixon made an official state visit to China successful at opening relations w/ China

full Diplomatic relations established b/w U.S. & China in 1979

President Nixon meets with Chinas Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong 1972: SALT I Treaty signed Dtente w/ Soviet Union beginsAfter China visit, Soviet leader Brezhnev invited Nixon to Soviet Union

Signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) - limited certain types of nuclear arms production; never ratified by U.S.

Dtente policy begins ease tensions between U.S., Soviet Union, & China

1979 - Carter signed SALT II

President Nixon and Soviet Premier Brezhnev exchange the SALT I treaty1973: Vietnam War Paris Peace Accords signed U.S. withdrawal beginsU.S., S. Vietnam, N. Vietnam, & Vietcong signed Paris Peace Accords agreed to a cease-fire & U.S. troop withdrawal from S. VietnamN. & S. would begin peaceful negotiations

ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam War

1975: Saigon falls to communists Neither N. nor S. Vietnam honored cease-fire or worked toward peace

Communists took Saigon (S. Vietnams capital) & without U.S. aid S. Vietnam fell

Unified Vietnam became communist

American civilian & military personnel in Saigon were evacuated before the citys fall. Operation Frequent Wind - largest helicopter evacuation in history.1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan & U.S. reaction Soviet Union claimed invited by government to help against resistance fighters (Mujahedeen)

U.S. President Carter responded by withdrawing SALT II from Senate & imposed sanctions (penalties) on Soviets ex. U.S. boycott of 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow, suspended grain sales to Soviet Union

Soviets in Afghanistan mountains

U.S. President Jimmy Carter1985-89: Reagan / Gorbachev meetings U.S. President Reagan & Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev met 4 times between 1985-89

signed a nuclear arms pact and agreed to reduce number of nuclear weapons

Soviet Leader Gorbachev & President Reagan 1989: Berlin Wall falls / E. European nations throw off Communism 1989 East Germanys communist government fell; Berlin wall torn down

Communists also lost power in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, & Romania in 1989; Albania in 1990; Yugoslavia in 1991

East German Border guards demolishing a section of the Berlin Wall 1991: Soviet Union collapses Communist Party lost power & Soviet Union separated into 15 independent republics

Cold War ended (1945-1991)