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Causes of the Cold War:
1. Sovietization, 1944-48A. Stalin’s security concerns
B. Ideological goals
2. Truman doctrine, 1947->A. Containment (announced March 1947)
B. Marshall plan (European Recovery Program): Total: $13.3 billion
Czechoslovakia
• President Edvard Benes– May 18, 1945, returns after seven-year exile
• Klement Gottwald, leader of Czechoslovak Communists
• Red Army occupied the country• May 26, 1946, the Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia received 2,695,293 votes: 38.7 percent of the total
• Gottwald became premier• CPC got key ministries, but non-communists had a
majority in parliament• But non-communists not really united
Czechoslovakia (cont.)
• Stalin insisted that the country refuse the Marshall Plan
• February 1948: non-communist ministers resign over communist police forces during election (Gottwald did not)
• March 10, 1948: Jan Masaryk (Foreign Minister) found dead at ministry (murder or suicide)
• May 30, 1948: Communists win an absolute majority• Gottwald new president• At Stalin’s insistence, Gottwald imposes a Soviet
style constitution• Communist Party replaced the government
Berlin Blockade and Airlift (cont.)
• Western Allies (USA, GB, France) united their occupation zones
• June 1948: New German mark introduced• Stalin ordered blockade of roads and rails• US and GB created airlift:• To May 1949: 278,228 flights• 2,326,406 tons of food, coal, other
necessities
1949: Communism spreading
• Soviets removed opposition in eastern Europe
• Soviets exploded first atomic bomb
• Chinese revolution
• NATO founded, 1949 to present
Korean War, 1950-53
• Two rival governments:• North: Soviet-supported Kim Il-Sung’s
communist government• South: US-supported anti-communist,
autocrat Syngman Rhee
• United Nations resolved to allow a US-led “police action”
Korean War, 1950-53
• 36,574 Americans killed
• 175,000 South Korean soldiers killed
• 215,000 North Korean soldiers killed
• 114,000 Chinese soldiers killed
• 315 Soviet soldiers killed
• About two million Korean civilians killed or wounded
Power struggle, 1953• Presidium, 1952-1966• “collective leadership”• Lavrentiy Beria, 1899-1953• Vyacheslav Molotov, 1890-
1986• Georgy Malenkov, 1902-88• Nikita Khrushchev, 1894-
1971• June 1953: Beria arrested• 1956: Malenkov lost to
Khrushchev• “Virgin Lands” proposal
Nikita Khrushchev (r. 1953-64)
• Enthusiastic• open-minded• mercurial• 1956: 20th CPSU Congress
Peaceful co-existence Secret Speech
• “The Thaw” or De-Stalinization, 1956-64
• GULAG dismantled• But… Smashed Hungarian
revolution of 1956: – 2500 Hungarians killed– 13,000 wounded
Khrushchev’s internal reforms• Agriculture: “Virgin Lands”
• Housing crisis: Khrushchovka
• 1957: B. Pasternak, Doktor Zhivago
• Nov. 1962: A. Solzhenitsyn, One day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
• Persecuted Orthodox Churches, from 15,000 (1951) to 8000 (1963).
• Allowed some displaced peoples to return, but not Crimean Tatars.
Nikita Khrushchev (r. 1953-64)
• Warsaw Pact formed, 1955• Sino-Soviet split (1960):
– Mao “Galoshes”– Nikita the “Bull”
• U-2 incident (May 1960)– Pilot Gary Powers
• August 1961: Berlin Wall constructed.
• Oct. 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
• June 1963: “hot line”• Aug. 1963: Partial Test Ban
Treaty (PTBT)