The Cold WarThe Cold War

1945 - 19901945 - 1990

Who?Who?

The United States The United States vs.vs. the Soviet the Soviet UnionUnion

What?What?

Tension and fears between the Tension and fears between the “free” and “communist” nations “free” and “communist” nations of the worldof the world

Why?Why?

The former Allies during WWII The former Allies during WWII had different views concerning had different views concerning the post-war worldthe post-war world

Where?Where?

GlobalGlobal – in Europe, in Asia, and – in Europe, in Asia, and in Latin Americain Latin America

How?How?

““Weapons” UsedWeapons” Used PropagandaPropaganda Diplomatic movesDiplomatic moves Scientific competitionScientific competition Economic competitionEconomic competition EspionageEspionage SubversionSubversion

US GoalUS Goal

ContainmentContainment of Communism of Communism

Government Reorganization Government Reorganization to help fight the Cold Warto help fight the Cold War

Department of Defense Department of Defense To replace the War DepartmentTo replace the War Department

National Security CouncilNational Security Council To coordinate making of foreign policyTo coordinate making of foreign policy

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) To gather intelligence informationTo gather intelligence information

RecommendationsRecommendations

Increase spending on defense (4X Increase spending on defense (4X what it had been)what it had been)

Create alliances with Non-Create alliances with Non-Communist countriesCommunist countries

Convince the American public of the Convince the American public of the necessity of increased defense necessity of increased defense programsprograms

The Cold War in The Cold War in EuropeEurope

An An “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain” had descended across had descended across EuropeEurope

1.1. Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine – military aid if – military aid if threatened by Communismthreatened by Communism

2.2. Marshall PlanMarshall Plan - $ to rebuild Europe - $ to rebuild Europe

3.3. NATO NATO – military alliance against – military alliance against CommunismCommunism

4.4. Berlin Blockade/AirliftBerlin Blockade/Airlift – support W. – support W. Berlin when USSR attempts take Berlin when USSR attempts take overover

The Cold War in The Cold War in AsiaAsiaOccupation of Japan (1945 – 1951)Occupation of Japan (1945 – 1951) – Gen. – Gen.

MacArthur; new constitution written. (US MacArthur; new constitution written. (US Ally)Ally) PhilippinesPhilippines – independence from USA – – independence from USA – 1946 (US Ally)1946 (US Ally) Communist Revolution in China 1949Communist Revolution in China 1949 – –

People’s Republic of China (communist – main People’s Republic of China (communist – main land) land)

vs. vs. Republic of China (non-communist – Taiwan) Republic of China (non-communist – Taiwan) (US Ally)(US Ally)

In KoreaIn Korea

After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided After WWII, Korean peninsula was divided at at

3838thth parallel parallel North Korea – occupied by USSR North Korea – occupied by USSR

(Communist)(Communist) South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic)South Korea – occupied by Allies (Democratic) 1950 – North Korean forces invaded the South1950 – North Korean forces invaded the South US sent troops as part of US sent troops as part of United Nations United Nations

forces to defend South Korea from Communist forces to defend South Korea from Communist forcesforces

Korean “Conflict” was a Korean “Conflict” was a different kind of wardifferent kind of war

Never declared a war by US CongressNever declared a war by US Congress US was part of US was part of United Nations United Nations forcesforces We didn’t win – truce was signedWe didn’t win – truce was signed Truman (Commander in Chief) fired Truman (Commander in Chief) fired

the very popular General Douglas the very popular General Douglas MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur for insubordination when MacArthur publicly questioned MacArthur publicly questioned Truman and suggested that the US Truman and suggested that the US should widen the war and use atomic should widen the war and use atomic weapons on Chinaweapons on China

Election of 1948Election of 1948

Harry TrumanDemocratic PartyUnder dog“Give ‘em hell Harry”

Thomas DeweyRepublican PartyConservative

Strom ThurmondStates’ Rights Party “Dixiecrats”Anti-civil rights

Henry WallaceProgressive PartyFeared too aggressive foreign policy

Truman’s Truman’s Domestic Policy – Domestic Policy –

“Fair Deal”“Fair Deal”DemobilizationDemobilization after World after World

War IIWar II

To convert the wartime To convert the wartime economy to a peacetime economy to a peacetime

economyeconomy GI Bill of RightsGI Bill of Rights

$ for education, business ventures, housing to $ for education, business ventures, housing to help returning GI’s help returning GI’s

Employment Act of 1946Employment Act of 1946 Commit government to full employmentCommit government to full employment

Get Tough policy on strikes that threatened Get Tough policy on strikes that threatened national safety – threatened to use troops national safety – threatened to use troops against RR workers, miners and against RR workers, miners and steelworkerssteelworkers

Taft-Hartley Act- Taft-Hartley Act- Outlawed “closed shop” Outlawed “closed shop” that required worker to join union before that required worker to join union before being hiredbeing hired

Truman defeated DeweyTruman defeated Dewey In spite of what the headline In spite of what the headline

read…read… Truman attempted a Truman attempted a “Fair “Fair

Deal”Deal” – – Nat’l health insurance,Nat’l health insurance, aid to education, aid to education, Civil RightsCivil Rights legislation, legislation, funds for public housing, funds for public housing, minimum wageminimum wage

Most of Truman’s ideas were Most of Truman’s ideas were defeated because of political defeated because of political conflicts and increased conflicts and increased importance of foreign policy importance of foreign policy (Cold War!)(Cold War!)

In spite of what headline read, Truman defeated Dewey

The Cold War at The Cold War at HomeHome

A New Red ScareA New Red Scare

To protect the country from To protect the country from Communist infiltrationCommunist infiltration 1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act1951 - McCarran Internal Security Act – –

illegal to advocate establishment of illegal to advocate establishment of totalitarian gov’ttotalitarian gov’t

House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities CommitteeCommittee – investigated gov’t officials, – investigated gov’t officials, looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & looked for Communists in Boy Scouts & Hollywood (10)– testify or else be held Hollywood (10)– testify or else be held for contempt of Congressfor contempt of Congress

Spy CasesSpy Cases

Alger HissAlger Hiss – State Department – State Department Denied charges he was a Communist and Denied charges he was a Communist and

had given secret documents to a confessed had given secret documents to a confessed Communist Whittaker ChambersCommunist Whittaker Chambers

Was convicted of perjuryWas convicted of perjury Julius & Ethel RosenbergJulius & Ethel Rosenberg

US atomic scientists who were executed for US atomic scientists who were executed for giving Soviet scientists information that led giving Soviet scientists information that led to development of Soviet atomic weaponsto development of Soviet atomic weapons

McCarthyismMcCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthySenator Joseph McCarthy claimed claimed

Communists were working in the State Communists were working in the State DepartmentDepartment

Tactics includedTactics included Unsupported accusationsUnsupported accusations Reckless cruelty → “witch hunt”Reckless cruelty → “witch hunt” Bullying, black listingBullying, black listing Cast suspicion on innocent people – Cast suspicion on innocent people –

destroyed reputations and careersdestroyed reputations and careers(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)(McCarthy was later censured by the Senate)

Cold War in our CultureCold War in our Culture