The coinage of the Visigoths of Spain : Leovigild to Achila II / by George C. Miles

8/11/2019 The coinage of the Visigoths of Spain : Leovigild to Achila II / by George C. Miles

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The Coinage ofThe Visigoths of SpainLeovigild to Achila IIBy GEORGE C. MILES

PUBLISHED IN CO-OPERATION WITHTHE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETYNEW YORK1952


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TABLE OF CONTENTSForeword ixBibliography, Collections and Key to Abbreviations 1Biographical Notices of the Visigothic Kings of Spain fromLeovigild to Achila II 21

Evolution and Distribution of Types 43Key to Types of Busts 54The Legends 67The Mints 69Narbonensis 76Tarraconensis 79Carthaginensis 92

Baetica 103Lusitania 114Gallaecia 125Epigraphy 147Notes on Minting Technique 149Metrology 154Hoards of Visigothic Coins 165The Corpus 173Note on Arrangement 174Leovigild 175Hermenegild 199Reccared 201Liuvall 235

Witteric 239Gundemar 253Sisebut 258Suinthila 273Sisenand 301Iudila 321Chintila 322

Tulga 330Chindasvinth 335


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viii CONTENTSJoint Rule of Chindasvinth & Reccesvinth 348Reccesvinth 351Wamba 367

Ervig 375Egica 387Suniefred 405Joint Rule of Egica & Wittiza 406Wittiza 431Roderic 442

Achilall 444Appendix: Fabrications and Forgeries 447Location of Specimens Illustrated in the Plates 499Indices 504


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FOREWORDAn epoch in the history of the coinage of Western Europe is markedhy the introduction of a strictly autonomous and national currencyin Visigothic Spain by King Leovigild (A. D. 568-586). His predeces-sors and contemporariesand he himself until about the year 575had been content to issue anonymous imitations of the imperialcoinage; but at the beginning of the fourth quarter of the 6th centurythis able and energetic ruler had achieved a degree of independencefrom Rome and Byzantium that finds numismatic expression in thestriking of trientes bearing his own name. Rapidly, in the course ofthe final years of Leovigild's life, there evolve the main traits of anindependent, national coinage of quite extraordinary interest, notonly because of its character as the first really distinctive mediaevalcoinage of the West but also because it continues virtually without

interruption, and at a large number of mints widely dispersed overthe Iberian peninsula, down through the long line of Leovigild's suc-cessors to the extinction of the kingdom by the Muslim invadersearly in the 8th century.Despite the fact that coins of eighteen of these Gothic kingsandof four rebels or pretendersare preserved, and despite the activityof at least seventy-nine mints, the coinage of the Visigoths of Spainis excessively rare. In the present volume, the second in the Hispanic

Numismatic Series published jointly by The Hispanic Society ofAmerica and The American Numismatic Society, an attempt has beenmade to assemble a corpus of all known specimens of the autonomouscoinage, published and unpublished, wherever they may be located.The total number of specimens here recorded is less than 3500 (tobe exact, 3461). Admittedly there must be many specimens in un-published private and small public collectionsespecially in Spainwhich have not come to my attention, and there must be a lesser

number in obscure publications to which I have not had access; buttie number of extant pieces not included in the present work cannotbe more than a few hundreds, and it would probably be safe to saythat the grand total of genuine coins above ground of the class underconsideration does not exceed 4000.


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XFOREWORDBy far the greatest single collection is that of The Hispanic Societyof America: 675 specimens,1 in other words approximately one-fifthof the total described in the present corpus. Next in size, until itstheft,2 was the national collection in the Museo Arqueologico Nacionalin Madridapproximately 250 specimens. The very fine collection

formed by Manuel Vidal Quadras y Ramon, still intact and now theproperty of a collector in Paris, comprises 217 pieces. The BritishMuseum and the Cabinet des Medailles in the Bibliotheque Nationaleeach contains less than 100 specimens; the national collection inStockholm, 70; the cabinet of the Real Academia de la Historia, 57.Many other public and private collections contain lesser numbers.At least one important collection, that of the Institute de Valenciade Don Juan, containing 176 specimens of the type under considera-tion here, awaits definitive publication.3

While the preeminence of the collection of The Hispanic Societyof America would fully justify its publication alone as a unit, withoutconsideration of other published or unpublished collections, it seemedfor several reasons desirable at this time to go beyond a simple cat-alogue of these coins and to assemble the material for as nearlycomplete a corpus as possible. For one thing, Aloiss Heiss' greatDescription generate des monnaies des Rois Wisigoths d'Espagne, thestandard work of reference, published just eighty years ago, is outof print, and, needless to say, in many respects out of date. Since

1872 the only comprehensive treatment of the Visigothic coinage,within the covers of one book, has been Felipe Mateu y Llopis'Catalogo de las monedas previsigodas y visigodas del Gabinete Numis-mdtico del Museo Arqueologico Nacional (Madrid, 1936). This work,while dealing with every aspect of the coinage, does not comprise acorpus and contains detailed descriptions only of those issues represent-ed at that time in the Spanish national collection. Aside from thematerial in these two works, the bulk of the Visigothic numismaticbibliography is widely scattered through many books, catalogues andperiodicals. And although a catalogue of the coins in the collection of1 The early Visigothic, i.e., pre-autonomous, coins are excluded from thesetotals.* Cf. the entry "Madrid" in the bibliography.3 The present work was already in the hands of the printer when Mateu yLlopis' illustrated "Las monedas visigodas del Instituto de Valencia de DonJuan (Madrid), Ampurias, XIII (1951), appeared on this side of the Atlantic.While it has been possible to add references to this inventory during the

course of correcting the proofs of the corpus, infra, confident attributionsof the varieties of some of the specimens is precluded because of the qualityof the half-tone plates and the lack of textual transcriptions of the legends.


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FOREWORDxiThe Hispanic Society of America would, it is true, present a verybroad view of the extent of this coinage, it would by no means be com-prehensive. For example, only one-half of the known mints arerepresented in the collection, and of approximately 330 known issues(that is, mint-ruler combinationsnot varieties, of which there are

many more) some 185 are lacking. This disproportion between thetotal number of coins in the collection and the total number ofknown mints and issues is in large measure to be explained by thepresence in the collection of a large portion of a hoard (see below)containing many examples of certain rulers at certain mints.Thus, during the course of my study of the coins in the HispanicSociety Collection it became evident that although a catalogue ofthis by all odds the largest collection in existence was a very desirable

necessity, a more useful contribution to numismatic literature mightbe made by attempting a corpus which would incorporate a catalogueof this collection within the comprehensive framework of the entireVisigothic coinage. An examination of the list of sources (pp. 1-20),containing not only the references to books and articles dealing withVisigothic corns that have been consulted, but also the names ofunpublished public and private collections whose resources have beenlaid under contribution, will suggest to the reader such virtues, as

well as such shortcomings, the corpus may have in respect of com-pleteness.With regard to the extent and composition of the great collectionof Spanish and related coinages formed by Mr. Archer M. Huntingtonand presented by him to The Hispanic Society of America, now ondeposit in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society, thereader's attention is invited to the remarks on pp. vii-ix of theForeword of the first volume of the Hispanic Numismatic Series,"The Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain" (New York, 1950). As was

the case with the Umayyad coins, no information concerning theprovenance of the Visigothic coins in the collection has been available,but a meticulous examination of the coins themselves in conjunctionwith an intimate acquaintance with the literature which has in-evitably been gained while compiling the corpus, has resulted incertain deductions and, later, established conclusions respecting the"genealogy" of the majority of the coins. The bulk of the collectioncame from two sources: the Visigothic hoard of La Capilla, and the

collection of Rafael Cervera y Royo. Confirmation of many of thedeductions arrived at by what might be called the internal evidencewas, at a later stage in the work, provided by two lists most kindlycommunicated to me by Pio Beltran Villagrasa of Valencia: one a list


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xiiFOREWORDof Antonio Vives' rubbings of Cervera's collection, the other aninventory of the hoard of La Capilla, deriving ultimately from notescompiled by Pujol y Camps and preserved in the Academia de laHistoria. For the detailed relationships the reader may consult thediscussion of the hoard of La Capilla (pp. 166171) and the corpus itself.

In the compilation of the corpus, pains have been taken to.eliminateduplication; that is, wherever possible the frequently repeatedpublications of the same specimen have been brought together andequated. Modern writers dealing with Visigothic numismatics haveoften failed to realize that a specimen first published, for example,by Augustin in 1587 is the identical specimen described in several18th century publications and even in certain 20th century catalogues.This failure to recognize, or to make provision for, these duplications

has heretofore resulted in a great swelling of the total number ofspecimens, and an entirely false impression of the commonness, ofmany issues. The numerous relationships between various collectionsand descriptions are made apparent in the corpus and are in someinstances remarked on in the bibliography.1 A good example, amongcountless others, of the repeated publication of the same specimen isNo. 211, the unique coin of Suinthila struck at Narbona, now in theformer Vidal Quadras y Ramon collection, successively described or

mentioned by Lelewel, Piot, Meynaerts, Boudard, Campaner, Heiss,Robert, Belfort, Vidal Quadras y Ramon, and Mateu y Llopis.Lacking this knowledge, one might conclude that this and many otheractually unique or very rare issues similarly republished were re-latively common; and in fact it has been necessary at many pointsin the corpus to point out that references by certain writers purported-ly concerning different specimens actually describe but one specimen.But while every effort has been made to avoid listing the same coinas two or more distinct specimens in the present work, it must be

remembered that there surely are many cases where it has beenimpossible to establish an identity which probably exists, particularlywhere unillustrated auction catalogue specimens have been purchasedand later listed or described by collectors or other dealers.Aside from the combined corpus and catalogue of the HispanicSociety collection, the present work contains a body of historical,geographical and numismatic commentary which, it is hoped, mayserve to enhance the usefulness of the volume as a comprehensive

1 E.g., sometimes Leyrens = Gabriel = Augustin = Velazquez = Florez= Gusseme = Biblioteca Real or Biblioteca Nacional = Museo Arqueol6gicoNacional; Roi de Portugal = Teixeira; Lorichs = Stockholm; Thomson =Copenhagen; Meynaerts = VQR or BM; etc., etc.


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FOREWORDxiiihandbook of Visigothic coinage. The bibliography should enable theserious student to pursue further his particular interests in thesignificance and interpretation of the coins. As no amount of detaileddescription can substitute for adequate illustration, the plates,containing reproductions not only of the majority of the coins in the

Hispanic Society collection but also of many coins in other collections,have been made as numerous as possible; and a map has beenespecially drawn to show the approximate location of most of theknown mint-towns.Because of the very large number of forgeries and fabrications ofVisigothic coins that exists, and because of the difficulty of recognizingmost of these, it was believed that a detailed listing and generousillustration of the known spurious dies would be welcome. Accordingly

an appendix (pp. 447-498) and six plates (AF), devoted to thisparasitical scourge of Visigothic numismatics, have been included. Iam indebted to Spink and Son, Ltd., for permission to reproduceillustrations from Hill's Becker the Counterfeiter.A future volume of the Hispanic Numismatic Series will be devotedto the collection of some one hundred and seventy early Visigothic(pre-autonomous), Suevian and Burgundian coins in the collectionof The Hispanic Society of America. For many reasons it seemed best

to exclude this class of coins from the present work. The bulk of thevolume, which is already large, would be increased beyond workableproportions. Furthermore, there is a clear dividing-line between theByzantine imitations and the coins bearing mint-names, withLeovigild's autonomous "mintless" issues constituting the transitionbetween the last imitations and the beginning of the distinctivenational coinage. Also, at this stage in our knowledge of the earlyVisigothic coinage, despite the important contributions made inrecent years by Wilhelm Reinhart, a corpus of this class is virtually

out of the question.Wherever I have turned for help in gathering the material for thepresent work I have met with the most heartening response andgenerosity from individuals and institutions, and it is now my privi-lege and pleasure to acknowledge some of these courtesies. I amdeeply indebted to Pio Beltran Villagrasa of Valencia for his readyresponse to my many inquiries and especially for the time-consumingtrouble he took to write out for me copies of his inventories of the

Cervera collection and of the hoard of La Capilla; Professor FelipeMateu y Llopis of Barcelona, that indefatigable authority on Spanishnumismatics, has met every request for information with unfailingcourtesy; Dr. Wilhelm Reinhart of San Sebastian (and St. Gilgen,


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xivFOREWORDAustria) has generously furnished me with details about his own andother collections; and I am grateful to Professor Emilio Garcia Gomezof Madrid for providing me with a microfilm of an important workunobtainable in this country. During a brief visit to the Cabinet desM6dailles at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, in May, 1951,

M. Jean Babelon kindly permitted me to examine the Visigothiccollection there; and at that time, as well as on other occasions since,M. Jean Lafaurie has shown the most friendly interest in the work.I trust that another Parisian, who prefers to remain anonymous, willsense my appreciation of his hospitality and co-operation. My thanksare also due to the authorities of the Musee de la Ville de Pau forphotographs, and to Mme N. Kapamadji of the MaisonFlorange, andM. C. Piatt, both of Paris, for permitting me to examine coins in

their establishments.Elsewhere on the Continent, museum curators have most generouslysupplied me with photographs or plaster-casts of coins in their care,and in this connection I should like especially to mention: Dr. GeorgGalster at the Royal Cabinet in Copenhagen, Dr. H. Enno vanGelder and Dr. A. N. Zadoks-Jitta at the Royal Cabinet in TheHague, Dr. Nils Ludvig Rasmusson at the Royal Cabinet in Stock-holm, Dr. Elisabeth Nau at the Wurttembergisches Landesmuseum

in Stuttgart, and Dr. Dietrich W. H. Schwarz at the SchweizerischesLandesmuseum in Zurich. To Dr. Arthur Suhle at the Miinzkabinettin Berlin, I am indebted for photographs of plaster-casts of Visigothiccoins of various provenances preserved there, all that is left of thenational German Visigothic collection. Also to Dr. Herbert A. Cahnof the firm Miinzen und Medaillen in Basel, my thanks for providingme with plaster-casts of coins in his own stock and in the collectionof Dr. Theodor Voltz and in the former W. Niggeler collection.As on many other occasions I take pleasure in expressing my ap-

preciation to the Keeper of the Department of Coins and Medals in theBritish Museum for the courtesy extended to me by that greatinstitution; through the kind offices of Dr. John Walker and Mr.R. A. G. Carson I have been enabled to study plaster-casts of all theVisigothic coins preserved there and of others in the hands of L. S.Forrer. For photographs of the Visigothic coins in the AshmoleanMuseum at Oxford I am grateful to Dr. C. H. V. Sutherland. My debtto Mr. Philip Grierson of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, is

very great indeed; not only has he furnished me with full informationregarding his own collection, but time and again he has drawn myattention to specimens in other collections and to obscure referencesin the literature and other data that would otherwise have escaped


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FOREWORDxvmy notice. And to the authorities and staff of the Fitzwilliam Mu-seum I wish to express my thanks for the many plaster-casts preparedfor me there at Mr. Grierson's direction.In this country I have been privileged to study several small publicand private Visigothic collections in addition to those of The HispanicSociety of America and The American Numismatic Society. Photo-graphs of the coins in the Numismatic Collection at The JohnsHopkins University (ex John W. Garrett collection) were kindly madeavailable to me by Dr. Sarah Elizabeth Freeman. By the kindnessof John S. Thacher, Director of The Dumbarton Oaks ResearchLibrary and Collection, Harvard University, in Washington, D. C,I was enabled to examine the coins preserved at that institution.

Among others to whom I am indebted for allowing me to studyVisigothic coins in their possession are Mr. P. K. Anderson of SanAntonio, Texas; Mr. William L. Clark of Teaneck, New Jersey; Mr.Douglas P. Dickie of Ridgewood, New Jersey; Mr. Harley L. Freemanof Ormond Beach, Florida; Professor Thomas 0. Mabbott, Mr. HansM. F. Schulman and Mr. Jesse A. Yockers, all of New York City.Finally, may I take this opportunity to express publicly myadmiration of the technical competence of the die-cutters, compositors

and pressmen of the firm of J. J. Augustin, Gliickstadt; and especial-ly to thank Mr. J. J. Augustin himself for the good humor, patienceand skill with which as on so many other occasions he hasmet the many typographical problems presented by a complexmanuscript.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY,COLLECTIONS AND KEY TO ABBREVIATIONSThe names and short titles used in the corpus and throughout the book arehere arranged in strictly alphabetical order. In some instances bibliographicaldetails are followed by comment on the nature of the work or its relation toother publications. Entries referring to unpublished collections contain thepertinent facts with reference to provenance, etc., where such facts are known.For certain general historical works, not included here, see p. 21.

Academia de la Histohia See Mateu y Llopis, Hallazgoa IV.Adquisiciones en 1932 Casto M% del Rivero y F. Mateu y Llopis, Adquisici-ones en 1932. Colecciones de Numismtica y de OUptica (Museo Arqueo-l gico Nacional), Madrid, 1933, pp. 4ff.Adquisiciones en 19331934 Casto M5 del Rivero y Felipe Mateu y Llopis,Adquisiciones en 19331934. Colecciones de Numismtica y Qli/ptica (MuseoArqueolgico Nacional), Madrid, 1935.A. E. d. A. Archivo Espanol de Argueologia.Akhbr Majm'ah Emilio Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmud (Coleceionde Obras Arbigas de Historia y Oeografia, que publico, la Real Academia de

la Historia, I), Madrid, 1867.Alcocer Pedro de Alcocer, Hystoria, o descripcin del Imperial cibdad deToledo, Toledo, 1554. This early work (copy in the library of the HispanicSociety of America) contains an erroneous description of a coin of "Witigis";see forgeries, p. 495.Al-Himyari E. Lvi-Provenal, La Pninsule ibrique au moyen-ge, d'aprsle kitb ar-rawd al-mi'pr fl habar al-akfr d'ibn 'Abd al-Mun'im al-Himyar,Leiden, 1938.Amardel, Muse de Narbonne G. Amardel, "Monnaies wisigothes du Musede Narbonne," in Bulletin de la Commission archologique et littraire de

l'arrondissement de Narbonne, 1890, pp. 144146.Amardel, Nouveau Triens G. Amardel, "Un nouveau triens d'Achila," inBulletin de la Commission archologique et littraire de l'arrondissement deNarbonne, 1890, pp. 140-143.Amardel, Roi Achila G. Amardel, "Le roi Achila," in Bulletin de la Com-mission archologique et littraire de l'arrondissement de Narbonne, 189293,pp. 425-445.Amardel, Roi Inconnu G. Amardel, "Monnaie d'un roi Wisigoth inconnufrappe Narbonne," in Bulletin de la Commission archologique et littrairede l'arrondissement de Narbonne, 1890, pp. 19-23.

Amardel, RN 1901 G. Amardel, "Numismatique de Narbonne au VIIIesicle," in RN, 1901, pp. 210-224, 348-362.Amardel, RN 1916 G[abriel] Ajnardel, "Un triens indit d'Achila roiwisigoth," in RN, 1916, pp. 125-134.Anderson Collection Collection of Mr. P. K. Anderson, San Antonio,Texas.1 Visigoth


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VISIGOTHS OF SPAINANS Collection of The American Numismatic Society.Antonio Belts An Antonio Beltran, "Las monedas Suevas y Godas enrelaci6n con las Romanas y Byzantinas," in Crnica del III CongresoArqueologico del SudesteEspanol.Murcia, 1947, Cartagena, 1948,pp. 321-334.Ardant Maurice Ardant, "Monnaies rares du Limousin," in RN, 1851,pp. 252-256.Arnold T. J. Arnold, "Becker's Forgeries," in JVC, 1863, pp. 246254

(also in Spink & Son's Numismatic Circular, August, 1894, cols. 795-798).Ashmolean Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The majority of the Visigothiccoins in this collection are of the early anonymous type and are thereforenot included in the present volume.Augustin Dialogos de Medallas inscriptionea y otras antiguedadesExbibliotheca Ant. Augustini Archiepiscopi Tarraconen, Tarragona, 1587.The earliest work of any importance dealing with Visigothic coins, fre-quently cited by 18th century writers. There are numerous editions andtranslations ranging in date from the above (I have made use of the copyin the library of the Hispanic Society of America) to 1744 (Madrid). See

Miguelez, p. 90. Velazquez did not always copy Augustin accurately.Bahrfeldt M. Bahrfeldt, review of La CapUla, in Numismatisches Literatur-Blatt, IX (Breslau, 1898), p. 930.Ballesteros Antonio Ballesteros y Beretta, Historia de Espana y su in-fluencia en la historia universal, I (second edition), Barcelona-BuenosAires, 1943.Barthelemy Anatole Barthelemy, "Rectification Numismatique," in RN,1851, pp. 378-380.Belfort A. de Belfort, Description gene"rale des monnaies mrovingiennes parordre alphabtique des ateliers, publie d'apres lea notes manuscrites de M. le

Vicomte de Ponton d'Amcourt, Vol. II, Paris, 1892.Belfort, 1892 A. de Belfort, "Monnaies merovingiennes," in Annuaire dela Socit Francaise de Numismatique, 1892, pp. 54-88.Beltran Pio Beltran Villagrasa, "Rectificaciones y falsificaciones en lasmonedas visigodas," in Crnica del III Congreso Arqueologico del SudesteEspanol, Murcia, 1947, Cartagena, 1948, pp. 385449. A study of majorimportance. Cf. Numismatic Literature, No. 6 (Jan. 1949), p. 192.Beltran, Ampurias 1941 Pio Beltran, "Iudila y Suniefredo, reyes visigo-dos," in Ampurias, III (Barcelona, 1941), pp. 97-104.Beltran, Suevia Pio Beltran, "Las monedas visigodas acunadas en la

Suevia espafiola (Dicesis de Iria, Lucus, Aurense, Tude y Asturica)," inBoletin de la Comision Provincial de Monumentos historicos y artisticos deOrense, V, Nos. 101-106 (March-Dec. 1915, Jan.-Feb. 1916), pp. 81-89,97-104, 113-120, 129-135, 145-152, 161-174.Berlin Munzkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. The coins in the nationalcollection have been removed by the Russians, but through the courtesyof Dr. Arthur Suhle I have been furnished with photographs of a collectionof 67 plaster-casts which had been assembled in the museum during theyears before the second World War. It is no longer possible to determinejust which of the coins represented by these casts were formerly in the

museum (many of them were of coins in other collections or sales); butwherever possible I have indicated in the corpus which specimens wereprobably the property of the Munzkabinett, and, in some instances, whichare the same as coins illustrated in auction catalogues or elsewhere.Blanchet A. Blanchet et A. Dieudonn, Manuel de Numismatique Francaise,


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4VISIGOTHS OF SPAINde cecas suevas y visigodas galaicas: Lauruclo y Vallearitia," in Boletn dela Comisin Provincial de Monumentos histricos y artsticos de Orense,XTV (1943-44), pp. 258-262. This article in part duplicates that of thesame author in Ampurias, 1943. Reviewed by Mateu y Llopis in Ampurias,1945-46, pp. 470-471.Bouza Brey, Valencia F. Bouza Brey, "Sobre identificacin de la ceca

visigoda de Valencia," in Ampurias, V (1943), pp. 304-306.Bradley Henry Bradley, The Story of the Goths from the earliest times tothe end of the Gothic dominion in Spain, ("The Story of the Nations" Series),New York, 1888.Brethes J. D. Brethes, Contribution VHistoire du Maroc par les recherchesnumismatiques, Casablanca, 1939.Carinet des Medailles Coins in the Cabinet des Mdales, BibliothqueNationale, Paris, in May, 1951, other than those published by Le Gentil -homme (q.v.).Carr y Aguil Juan Cabr y Aguil [and Po Beltrn], "Un hallazgo de

monedas de oro en la ciudad de Recpolis, el problema de la fundacin dedicha ciudad," in Crnica del II Congreso Arqueolgico del Sudeste Espaol,Albacete, 1946 (1947), pp. 349-356.Cahn, April 1933 Adolph E. Cahn, Versteigerungs-Katalog 81, Frankfurtam Main, 5 April, 1933.Cambridge The Cambridge Medieval History, New York-Cambridge, I, 1924;II, 1926.Campaner Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, Indicador Manual de la Numis-mtica Espaola, Palma de Mallorca (Madrid and Barcelona), 1891.Campaner, 1866 Alvaro Campaner y Fuentes [sic], "Descripcin de algunas

monedas godas no conocidas por el P. M. F. Enrique Florez," in MemorialNumismtico Espaol, I (1866), pp. 111-159.Campaner, 1868 A[lvaro] C[ampaner], "Miscelnea," in Memorial Numis-mtico Espaol, II (1868), p. 129.Campaner, 1873 Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, "Descripcin de algunasmonedas godas no descritas dibujadas hasta ahora," in Memorial Numis-mtico Espaol, III (1873), pp. 47-55.Campaner, 1880 Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, "Nuevos descubrimentos enla numismtica Espafiola," in Memorial Numismtico Espaol, IV (1877-1879), Barcelona, 1880, pp. 21-22.

Campaner, Beview of Heiss Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, Review of Heiss,Description gnrale des monnaies des rois wisigoths oVEspagne, in MemorialNumismtico Espaol, III (1873), pp. 258-266.Canessa Ambrogio Canessa - Prof. Luigi de Nicola, Listino Speciale, moneteantiche, medioevali moderne .. ., Rome, Dec, 1949.Cantos Bentez Pedro de Cantos Bentez, Escrutino de maravedises, ymonedas de oro antiguas, su valor, reduccin, y cambio a las monedas cor-rientes .... Madrid, 1763.Carles-Tolra Catlogo de la Coleccin Numismtica Emilio Carles-Tolr,Antigua Librera Babra, Barcelona, 1936. This fine collection of gold coins

of Spain has been dispersed. I believe that I have detected some of theVisigothic specimens on the market. The weights are probably not entirelyreliable, most of them being given at a round 1.50 grams.Carreras y Candi Francesch Carreras y Candi, La Ciutat de Barcelona(Geografa General de Catalunya), Barcelona (no date).


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS5Carson R. A. G. Carson, "A Roman Imperial Mint at Narbonne ?", inNC, 1950, pp. 144-148.Catlogo-Guia J. Calvo y C. MS del Rivero, Catlogo-Guia de las Colecionesde Monedas y Medallas expuestas al pblico en el Museo ArqueolgicoNacional, Madrid, 1925.Catholic Encycl. The Catholic Encyclopedia (Special edition), New York,

1913-1914.Chabs D. Roque Chabs, remarks on the hoard of La Capilla, in El Archivo,Revista de Ciencias histricas, Valencia, V, 1891, pp. 259260.Cibot G. Cirot, "Un nouveau roi Wisigoth," in Revue des tudes Anciennes(Annales de la Facult des Lettres de Bordeaux), I (1899), pp. 168-169.Clark Collection Collection of Mr. William L. Clark, Teaneck, New Jersey.Coin Collector's Journal Published by Wayte Raymond Inc., New York.Copenhagen Collection of the Kongelige Ment-og Medaillesamling, Copen-hagen. I am indebted to Dr. Georg Galster for a list of the Visigothic coinsin this collection, together with their weights and provenances. The bulk

of the coins come from the Thomson collection, q.v.Covarrtjvias Diego Covarrubias de Leyva, Didaci Covarruvias a LeyvaToletani Episcopi Segobiensi, Tomus Primus, Lugduni, 1606. On pp. 467-498, Veterum Collatio Numismatum. There are several editions of thiswork, the earliest dated 1558 (1556, according to Madrid, p. 43). I havemade use of the edition cited above in the library of the Hispanic Societyof America; and also (New York Public Library) De Monetis, et re Numaria,varii Tractatu8 ad modum utiles ... (Coloniae Agrippinae, 1591), whichappears in De Monetis, et re Numaria, libri duo: ... authore et collectoreclaries, viro Renero Budelio Ruremundano, pp. 640641.

Cumano Catalogo da CoUecc&o Monetaria do fallecido Dr. Justino Cutnano deFaro, Lisbon, 1908.de Yepes Fray Antonio de Yepes, Coronica General de la Orden de SanBenito, Patriarca de Religiosos, I (por Matas Mares Impressor del Reynode Nauarra), 1609.Das P[edro] A. D[ias], Catalogo da Collecco de Moedas e medalhas Portu-guezas e outras pertencente a Eduardo Luiz Ferreira Carmo, Porto, 1877.Dickie Collection Collection of Mr. Douglas P. Dickie of Ridgewood, NewJersey.DJ.f.N. Deutsches Jahrbuch fur Numismatik.

Dos Santos Collection Joaquim Jos Judice dos Santos, Seconde Partie ...J. Schulman, Amsterdam, 5 June, 1906.Dozy, Histoire R. Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'd laconguite de VAndalousie par les Almorvides (ed. . Lvi-Provencal), Leyde,1932.Dozy, Recherches R. Dozy, Recherches sur Vhistoire et la littrature deVEspagne pendant le moyen ge (3rd ed.), Paris-Leyde, 1881.Dumbarton Oaks Coins in the cabinet of The Dumbarton Oaks ResearchLibrary and Collection, Harvard University, in Washington, D.C. Thesecoins were formerly in the collection of the late Mr. Hayford Peirce.

Et.f ia de Moltns Antonio Elias de Molins, Bibliografa histrica de Catalua,Madrid, no date.Elas de Molins, Catlogo Antonio Elias de Molins, Catlogo del MuseoProvincial de Antigedades de Barcelona, Barcelona, 1888.Elas de Molins, 1899 A. E. de M., "Monedas inditas Catalanas," in


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cVISIGOTHS OF SPAINRevista Critica de Historia y Literatura Espaolas, Portuguesas Hispano-Americanas, IV, 1899, pp. 372-376.Elias Garcia, Egitdnia A. Elias Garcia, As moedas visigdas da Egitdnia,Castelo Branco, 1938.Elias Garca, Lamecum A. Elias Garcia, As moedas visigdas de Lamecum,Castelo Branco, 1939.

Elias Garcia, Lusitdnia A. Elias Garcia, "As moedas visigodas da Lusi-tnia," in Revista de Guimares, LX (1950), reprint paginated pp. 1-85.There are a great many reduplicated references in this corpus, i.e., iden-tical specimens referred to as though they were different specimens. Inthe present corpus I have referred to this publication only where speci-mens otherwise unknown to me are listed.Elias Garcia, Monecipio A. Elias Garcia, As moedas visigdas de Monecipio,Castelo Branco, 1940.Elias Garcia, Portocale A. Elias Garcia, "As moedas visigodas de Portocaleou Portvcale," Revista de Guimares, LVII (1947).

Engel, 1893 Arthur Engel, "Rapport sur une mission archologique enEspagne (1891)," in Nouvelles Archives des missions scientifiques et litt-raires, III (1892), Paris, 1893. All the Visigothic coins described here werethe property of Vidal Quadras y Ram6n.Engel, 1898 Arthur Engel, "Un nouveau roi wisigoth," in Gazette Numis-matique Francaise, II (1898), pp. 125-128.Ennes Ernesto Ennes, O Gabinete Numismtico (Publicaces da BibliotecaNacional), Lisbon, 1927. See also the entry "Lisbon."E. of I. Encyclopaedia of Islm (French ed. Encyclopdie de VIslam), Leiden-Paris, 1913-1938.

Escorial Arturo Garca de la Fuente, Catlogo de las monedas y medallas de laBiblioteca de San Lorenzo de el Escorial, Madrid, 1935. The only Visigothiccoin mentioned here is the specimen of Hermenegild which existed in thecollection of Philip II. Supposedly (p. 282) most of the coins belonging toAugustin became the property of the Escorial.Espaa Sagrada Henrique Florez et. al., Espaa Sagrada, Theatro geo-grphico-histrico de la Iglesia de Espaa, Madrid, 1754-1879.Estaco Gaspar Estaco, Varias Antiguidades de Portugal, Lisbon, 1625.Faria y So usa Evropa Portuguesa, por su autor Manuel de Faria, y Sousa, I,Lisboa, 1678. For the author (also Faria e Sousa), see J. Leite de Vascon-

cellos, Da Numismtica em Portugal, p. 85.Fecht Collection The collection of the late Arthur J. Fecht, on deposit inthe Museum of the American Numismatic Society, contains 26 lead repro-ductions of Becker's counterfeits.Fernandez-Guerra Aureliano Fernandez-Guerra y Eduardo de Hinojosa,Historia de Espaa desde la invasin de los pueblos germnicos hasta la ruinade la monarqua visigoda, I (Madrid, 1891), II (n.d.). In Antonio Canovas delCastillo, Historia General de Espaa. The author made wide and frequentlymistaken use of the coins to illustrate Visigothic history. References to thiswork in the corpus are limited, as most of the specimens illustrated are from

well-known publications such as Heiss.Fernndez-Guerra, Cada Aureliano Fernandez-Guerra, Cada y ruina delimperio visigtico espaol: primer drama que las represent en nuestro teatro;Estudio histrico-crtico, Madrid, 1883.Fernandez y Gonzlez Francisco Fernandez y Gonzlez, "Los reyes


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS7Acosta y Elier (Agila II) de la Crnica del Moro Rasis," in Espaa Moderna,XI (Madrid, Nov., 1889), pp. 83-103.Ferreika Catalogo da colleccdo de moedas visigodas pertencentes a Luiz JosFerreira (2nd. ed.), Porto, 1899. The first edition (containing fewer coins),to which I have not had access, was published in 1890.Fita, Epigrafa Fidel Fita, "Epigrafa Hebrea y Visigtica," in Bol. de la

R. Acad. de la Historia, XLVII (1905), pp. 361-394.Fita, Noticias [Fidel Fita], "Noticias," in Bol. de la R. Acad. de la Historia,XIX (1891), p. 456. Notice of La Capilla hoard.Florez Henrique Florez, Medallas de las Colonias, Municipios y Pueblosantiguos de Espaa hasta hoy no publicadas, con las de los Reyes Godas, LEE,Madrid, 1773. The first really important study of Visigothic coins, and stillof value. Augustin's Dilogos, although much earlier, can scarcely be con-sidered a numismatic work in the modem sense, whereas Florez laid theserious groundwork for all subsequent studies. Cf. Migulez, p. 88.Forrer, Becker L. Forrer, article on Karl Wilhelm Becker in Biographical

Dictionary of Medallists, revised edition, London, 1904, I, pp. 142149( = first edition, 1902, I, pp. 6864 = Spink & Son's Numismatic Circular,Aug. 1898, cols. 2918-22).Forrer, 1950 Casts of three coins (Reccared-Toleto, and two forgeries) inthe possession of L. S. Forrer, London (1950), of which casts were furnishedby the British Museum.Freeman Collection Coins formerly in the collection of Mr. Harley L.Freeman of Ormond Beach, Florida. Mr. Freeman was kind enough toallow me to have the coins photographed before they were disposed of.References to many of these coins, including 12 forgeries, possibly duplicate

references to coins offered for sale in several British and continental dealers'catalogues.Friedlaender, 1882 J. Friedlaender, "Die Erwerbungen des Mnzkabinetsim Jahre 1880," in Zeitschrift fr Numismatik, IX (1882), pp. 1-17.Gatllard, RN 1864 Joseph Gaillard, "Notice sur quelques monnaies desanciens rois d'Espagne," in RN, 1864, pp. 131140.Garca de la Fuente Arturo Garca de la Fuente, "La Moneda Emeri-tense," in Revista del Centro de Estudios Extremeos, III (Badajoz, Jan.Apr., 1929), pp. 27-47.Garca de la Fuente, Resumen Arturo Garca de la Fuente, "Resumen

histrico de la Numismtica Espaola," in Publicaciones de la SociedadGeogrfica Nacional, No. 43 (Madrid, 1934).Garca de la Torre Joseph Gaillard, Description des monnaies espagnleset des monnaies trangres qui ont eu cours en Espagne ... composant lecabinet montaire de Don Jos Garca de la Torre, Madrid, 1852.Garca Villada Zacaras Garca Villada, Historia eclesistica de Espaa,Tomo II: La Iglesia desde la invasin de los pueblos germnicos en 409 hastala cada de la monarqua visigoda en 711, Madrid, 193233.GAriel Deles t re et Hoffmann, Collection E. Gariel: Monnaies francaises,Paris, 27 Apr., 1885.

Glendining, May 1936 Glendining & Co., Catalogue of Greek, Roman,Byzantine, Lombard, Wisigothic and Oriental gold coins, the property of aforeign collector, London, 27 May, 1936.Glendining, July 1936 Glenlining & Co., Catalogue of gold coins ofartistic merit ... etc., London, 1 July, 1936.


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8VISIGOTHS OF SPAINGlendining, Junk 1949 Glendining & Co., Catalogue of ancient and modernCoins, London, 21 June, 1949.G6mez-Moreno, Zamora Manuel G6mez-Moreno, Provincia de Zamora(Catdlogo Monumental de Espana, Ministerio de Instruccin Publica yBellas Artes), 1927.G6mez-Moreno, 1941 Manuel G6mez-Moreno, "Oro en Espana," in A.E.

de.A., No. 45 (1941), pp. 461-474.Gorres, Anfdnge Fr. Gorres, "tlber die Anfange des Konigs der WestgothenLeovigild," inForschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte, XII (Gottingen, 1872),pp. 591-618.Gorres, Byzantinische Besitzungen Fr. Gorres, "Die byzantinischen Be-sitzungen an den Kiisten des spanisch-westgotischen Reiches (554624),"in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, XVI (1907), pp. 515-538.Gorres, Hermenegild Franz Gorres, "Kritische Untersuchungen iiber denAufstand und das Martyrium des westgothischen Konigsohnes Hermene-gild," in Zeitschrift fur die historische Theologie, 1873, pp. 3-109.

Gorres, Leovigild Franz Gorres, "Leovigild, Konig der Westgothen inSpanien und Septimanien (569 bis 586), der letzte Arianerkonig," in Jahr-bucher fur protestantische Theologie, XII (1886), pp. 132-174.Gorres, Miscellen Franz Gorres, "Miscellen zur spateren spanisch-west-gothischen Kirchen- und Culturgeschichte," in Zeitschrift fur wissenschaft-liche Theologie, XLII (1899), pp. 437-450.Gorres, Rekared Franz Gorres, "Konig Rekared der Katolische," in Zeit-schrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie, XLII (1899), pp. 270-322.Granada Memorias de los Museos Arqueologicos Provinciates, 1942 (Minis-terio de Educaci6n Nacional Direccin General de Bellas Artes Cuerpo

Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueologos), Madrid, 1943.A specimen of Sisebut-Ispali acquired by the Archaeological Museum atGranada.Grant Michael Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas, Cambridge, 1946.Grantley Sale Glendining & Co., Catalogue of Byzantine gold, silver andcopper coins ... The Collection of the late Rt. Hon. Lord Grantley, SeventhPortion, London, 25 July, 1944.Grierson Collection Coins in the collection of Philip Grierson, Gonvilleand Caius College, Cambridge, England.Gusseme Thomas Andres de Gusserne, Diccionario Numismatico General...,

Madrid, 1773-1777 (6 vols.). The Visigothic coins described here are almostexclusively drawn from Velazquez.The Hague Coins in the Koninklijk Kabinet van Munten, Penningen enGesneden Stenen, 's-Gravenhage.Heiss Aloiss Heiss, Description ginrale des monnaies des Rois Wisigothsd'Espagne, Paris, 1872. Since its publication the standard work of referenceon Visigothic coins. The drawings illustrating the coins have been repro-duced in many numismatic and historical books, frequently withoutacknowledgment.Heiss, Monnaies Antiques Aloiss Heiss, Description ginrale des monnaies

antiques de VEspagne, Paris, 1870.Heiss, 1891 Alo1ss Heiss, Review of Ferreira, Catalogo da Colleccao de moedasvisigodas (Porto, 1890), in RN, 1891, pp. 100-102.Hess, June 1922 MiXnzen aus der Zeit der Vbikerwanderung, Adolph HessNachfolger, Frankfurt am Main, 14 June, 1922.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS9Hess, April 1928 Sammlung Vogel, Adolph Hess Nachfolger, Frankfurt amMain, 16 Apr., 1928.Hill George F. Hill, Notes on the Ancient Coinage of Hispania Citerior(Numismatic Notes and Monographs, No. 50), New York, 1931.Hill, Becker George F. Hill, Becker the Counterfeiter, Pt. II, London, 1925.Hill, Narbonensis George F. Hill, On the Coins of Narbonensis with IberianInscriptions (Numismatic Notes and Monographs, No. 44), New York, 1930.

Hoffmann 1886 Collection H. Hoffmann: Monnaies (tranglres, Delestre etHoffmann, Paris, 17 May, 1886.Hoffmann 1898 Collection H. Hoffmann: Meaailles grecques et romaines,francaises et itrangeres, Delestre & Rollin et Feuardent, Paris, 11 May, 1898.HSA Collection of the Hispanic Society of America, formed by Mr. ArcherM. Huntington, now on deposit in the Museum of The American Numis-matic Society, New York. See the foreword and the discussion of the hoardof La Capilla, pp. 166ff.HtiBNER, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung E. Hiibner, Review of La Capilla, inDeutsche Litteraturzeitung, XVHI (1897), cols. 498-501.Hubner, Inscriptiones Inscriptiones Hispaniae latinae, consilio et auctoritateAcademiae litterarum regiae borussicae, editit Aemilius Hubner, Berlin,1869-1892.HiiBNER, MLI AemiliusHubner, Monutnenta Linguae Ibericae, Berlin, 1893.Hubner, Revista Critica E. Hubner, Review of La Capilla, in RevistaCritica de Historia y Literatura Espanolas, Portugueses i Hispano-Ameri-canos, II (1897), pp. 93-97.Huth Collection Catalogue of the valuable collection of coins and medals, the property of the late Reginald Huth, Esq., Third Portion, Sotheby & Co.,London, 14 June, 1927.Ibn 'Idhari Al-Bayan al-Mughrib ft Akhbar al-Maghrib (ed. R. P. A. Dozy,

Histoire de I'Afrigue et de VEspagne), Leyde, 1848-1851.Inst, de Valencia Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Las monedas visigodas delInstituto de Valencia de Don Juan (Madrid)," in Ampurias, XIII (1951),pp. 123-134. See Foreword, p. x.Jesse Wilhelm Jesse, QueUenbuch zur Miinz- und Oeldgeschichte des Mittel-alters, Halle-Saale, 1924.Johns Hopkins The numismatic collection at The Johns Hopkins Uni-versity, Baltimore, Maryland. These coins were formerly in the JohnW. Garrett collection and were for the most part acquired from J. Schul-man and VVayte Raymond.Jusue Eduardo Jusue, "Monedas de oro de la epoca visig6tica halladas en

la provincia de Santander," in Boletin de la R. Acad, de la Historia, LVII(1910), pp. 482-487.Katz Solomon Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic and Prankish Kingdomsof Spain and Qaul, Cambridge (Mass.), 1937.Keary C. F. Keary, "The Coinages of Western Europe: From the fall ofthe Western Empire till the Accession of Charlemagne," in NC, 1878,pp. 49-72.Keary, 1886 C. F. Keary, "The Morphology of Coins, Part II, the RomanFamily," in NC, 1886, pp. 41-95.La Capilla Manuel Fernandez y L6pez, El tesoro Visigdtico de la Capilla,Sevilla, 1895. The principal publication of the hoard of La Capilla. Seepp. 166-171 for a discussion of the hoard.Lafuente Modesto Lafuente, Historia General de Espana, I, Barcelona,


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10VISIGOTHS OF SPAIN1877. The illustrations of Visigothic coins on pp. 107-109, 112-113, 120-127,129, 132-134, 136, 138, 147 are all taken directly from Heiss, withoutacknowledgment. On p. 148 the author speaks of the coinage as beingof gold, silver, gilt silver and copper.La Grassa List of 32 coins from the hoard of La Grassa given in Mateu yLlopis, Hallazgos VI, no. 470. See p. 166.Le Blanc Le Blanc, Trait historique des monnaies de France, Paris, 1690.

Contains an engraved plate illustrating coins at that time in the RoyalCabinet.Le Gentilhomme Pierre Le Gentilhomme, "Trouvaille de monnaies d'ordes Mrovingiens et des Wisigoths faite Bordeaux en 1803," in RN, 1936,pp. 87-133. (Reprinted in Mlanges de Numismatique Mrovingienne, Paris,1940, pp. 5-51). See the discussion of the Bordeaux hoard, p. 165.Leite de Vasconcellos, Da Numismatica em Portugal J. Leite deVasconcellos, Da Numismatica em Portugal (Arquivo da Universidade deLisboa, Vol. IX), Lisboa, 1923. An analytical bibliography.Leite de Vasconcellos, Etnografia Portuguesa J. Leite de Vasconcellos,Etnografia Portuguesa, I, Lisboa, 1933. Contains an illustration of thecoin of Reccared-Portocale published by E. A. Allen under the title, Noticiae descripo de uma moeda inedita, etc., 1862.Lelewel Joachim Lelewel, Numismatique du moyen-dge, I, Paris, 1835,pp. 17-22, and Atlas, Paris, 1835. The relevant coins illustrated in plateI of the Atlas are, with one exception (Reccared-Toleto), forgeries: nos.23-24, fabrications of "Valenta" and "Massilia," nos. 27-33 silver Beckers(from the Museum in Ghent).Lelewel, 1836 Joachim Lelewel, "Vingt-trois pieces des montairesmrovingiens et une du roi Wisigoth Swintilla," in RN, 1836, pp. 321-330.Lenormant Ch. Lenormant, "Lettres M. de Sauloy sur les plus anciens

monuments numismatiques de la srie mrovingienne, XI," in RN, 1854,pp. 305-346.Lvi-Provenal, Histoire . Lvi-Provenal, Histoire de l'EspagneMusulmane (tudes historiques publies par l'Institut Franais d'Archo-logie Orientale du Caire), I, Cairo, 1944.Lvi-Provenal, Inscriptions . Lvi-Provenal, Inscriptions arabesd-Espagne, Leyde-Paris, 1931.Lisron J. Leite de Vasconcellos, Gabinete Numismatico da BibliothecaNacional de Lisboa, Notas e documentos. 1. Moedas de ouro da epochagermanica, Coimbra, 1902. There are several coins here that do not appearin Ennes, q.v.

Longprier A. de Longprier, "Monnaie bilingue de Tanger," in RN,1864, pp. 53-58 (Oeuvres, I (1883), pp. 437^41).Lonja del Almidn Catalogo ilustrado de la Coleccion de Monedas .. .Lonja del Almid n, Madrid, 1936.Lorichs Antonio Delgado, Catalogue des monnaies et des mdailles antiquesde ... Mr. Gustave Daniel de Lorichs, Madrid, 1857. This collection waslater acquired by the Royal Cabinet in Stockholm, q.v.Lrker Friedrich Lbcers Reallexikon des klassischen AUertums (ed.Geffcken und Ziebarth), Leipzig-Berlin, 1914.Marrott Collection Collection of Professor Thomas O. Mabbott, NewYork.Madrid Felipe Mateu y Llopis, Catalogo de las monedas previsigodas yvisigodas del Gabinete Numismatico del Museo Arqueologico Nacional,


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS11Madrid, 1936. The most ambitious and comprehensive work on Visigothiccoins since Heiss. Primarily a catalogue of the 322 authentic and 133counterfeit Visigothic coins in the Madrid collection in 1936, the workcontains a quantity of historical commentary, analytic apparatus, lengthyquotations from earlier writers, etc., etc. There are 40 plates of relativelyhigh quality, as well as numerous figures in the text reproducing the

engravings in Heiss. The not entirely felicitous geographical rather thanchronological arrangement is an innovation. The accuracy of the transcrip-tions of the legends is unfortunately impaired by the lack of adequate typefonts. The coins themselves are no longer in the possession of the Museum,most if not all the gold, not only of the Visigothic but of other periods,having been "officially" stolen in November, 1936.1 Many of the specimensin this collection have an earlier history in numismatic literature (e.g.,Leyrens = Gabriel = Biblioteca Real = Biblioteca Nacional = Cabinetde Madrid = Museo Arqueologico, etc.); and so far as possible throughoutthe corpus I have endeavored to associate each coin with its previous

(often repeated) publication.Mahudel Mahudel, Dissertation historique sur les monnoyes antiquesd'Espagne, Paris, 1725. Separate pagination and title in Joseph-NicolasCharenton's translation of Juan de Mariana's Historia general de Espana(Vol. V, Paris, 1725). The coins illustrated were from the "Cabinet du Royde France." The engravings are obviously unreliable, but not of the worst.Maison Florange Coins in the possession of Maison Florange et Cie.,Rue de la Banque, Paris, shown or communicated to me in 1951 and 1952.Maqqari The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain ... by Ahmedibn Mohammed al-Makkari, transl. Pascual de Gayangos, London, 1840

1843.Mariana Juan de Mariana, Historia General de Espana, I, Toledo, 1601.There are various editions; I have used the one cited, in the library of theHispanic Society of America. See Mahudel.Masques de Li. Unrestricted public coin auction, April 26, 1952, ...Collection "Marquis de LI..." Hans M. F. Schulman, New York.This auction contained 24 Visigothic trientes, one of which I judge to bea forgery. To the best of my knowledge, none of these specimens haspreviously appeared in any publication. I am indebted to Mr. F. XavierCalico and Mr. Schulman for the privilege of examining these coins be-

fore the auction. The lot is reported to have been bought by an Italiancollector. These coins have been added to the corpus during the readingof the proofs of the present volume, but it has not been possible to cal-culate their weights in the metrological statistics, nor to include illustra-tions in the plates. It is my impression that several of the coins of Suin-thila and Sisenand in this collection come from the hoard of La Capilla,q.v.MartInez Aloy Jose Martinez Aloy, "Provincia de Valencia," Vol. I,in F. Carreras y Candi, Oeografia general del Reino de Valencia, Barcelona,no date.

Masdeu Juan Francisco de Masdeu, Historia Critica de Espana, y de laCultura Espanola, Tomo IX, Espana Ooda, Madrid, 1791.1 Cf. the circumstantial account in Reinhart, Weitere Fdlschungen, p. 389;also I have details in personal communications from Professor Mateu y Llopishimself.


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12VISIGOTHS OF SPAINMata Antonia Mata, "Dos monedas de Sisenando en el Cuadro Numis-mtico de Castulona," in Numisma (Sociedad Ibero-Americana de EstudiosNumismaticos), Madrid, I, 1 (Oct.-Dec. 1951), pp. 17-20.Mateu y Llopis, Academia de Barcelona Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Noticiadel monetario de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona," inBoletn de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, XXII (1949),pp. 5-21.

Matbu y Llopis, Ampurias 1941 Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Sobre el nu-merario visigodo de la Tarraconense. Las Cecas de Sagunto y Valencia enel primer tercio del siglo VII," in Ampurias, III (Barcelona, 1941), pp.85-95.Matbu y Llopis, Ampurias 1948 Reviews of Elias Garcia, "Un trentetoledano de gica," and of Jose Coelho, "Ntulas Numismticas," inAmpurias, 1948, p. 439.Mateu y Llopis, Arte Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "El Arte Monetario Visigodo.Las monedas como monumentos. (Un ensayo de interpretacin)," in A. E.de A., No. 51 (1943), pp. 172-193; No. 58 (1945), pp. 34-58. The illustrationsof Visigothic coins are from Heiss.Mateu y Llopis, Barcelona Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "La Ceca Visigoda deBarcelona (Notas paleogrficas y numismticas)," in Analecta Sacra Tar-raconensia, XVI, Barcelona, 1944, pp. 45-56. See the comment on thismonograph, p. 202.Mateu y Llopis, Crdoba Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "La Ceca Visigoda deCrdoba, Notas sobre sus acufiaciones," in Boletn de la Real Academia deCiencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes, de Cordoba, No. 61 [1949 ?], pp. 45-64.Cf. Numismatic Literature, No. 13 (October, 1950), p. 147.Mateu y Llopis, Estocolmo Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Las monedas visigodasdel Real Gabinete Numismatico de Estocolmo," in Boletn de la Real

Academia de Ciencias, Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes de Crdoba, No. 62[1950 ?], pp. 195-206. See also the entries Lorichs and Stockholm. Cf.Numismatic Literature, No. 15 (April, 1951), p. 249.Mateu y Llopis, Frmulas Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Las frmulas y lossmbolos cristianos en los tipos monetales visigodos," in Analecta SacraTarraconensia, XIV (1942), pp. 75-96. The illustrations are from Heiss.Matbu y Llopis, Gerona Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Las monedas visigodasde Gerona," in Actas y Memorias de la Sociedad Espaola de Antropologa,Etnografa y Prehistoria, XXII (Madrid, 1947), pp. 167-178. (Homenaje aJulio Martinez Santa-Olalla, Volumen II). Of. Numismatic Literature, No. 5(October, 1948), p. 144.

Mateu y Llopis, Hallazgos III Felipe Mateu y Llopis,"HallazgosMonetarios(III) ," in Ampurias, VI (Barcelona, 1944), pp. 215-237.Mateu y Llopis, Hallazgos IV Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos Monetarios(IV) ," in Ampurias, VH-VIH (Barcelona, 1946), pp. 233-276. Containsan inventory of the cabinet of the Real Academia de la Historia.Mateu y Llopis, Hallazgos V Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos Mone-tarios (V)," in Ampurias, IX-X (Barcelona, 1948), pp. 55-95.Mateu y Llopis, Hallazgos VI Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos Mone-tarios (VI)," in Ampurias, XIII (Barcelona, 1951), pp. 203-255.Mateu y Llopis, Hispania Tarraconense Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "De laHispania Tarraconense Visigoda a la Marca Hispnica Carolina," inAnalecta Sacra Tarraconensia, XIX (Barcelona, 1946), pp. 1-122.Mateu y Llopis, Inscripciones Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Inscripciones


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS13cristianas en moncdas visigodas,". in Jose Vives, Inscripcionea criatianaade la Eapana romana y viaigoda, 1942, pp. 147160.Mateu y Llopis, Inventari Numismatic F. Mateu i Llopis, "Un inventarinumismatic del segle XVI," in Armies del Centro de Ctdtura Valenciana,VT (1933), pp. 918, 8598. This is a corrected reprint of an article with thesame title in ButUeti Arquelogic.

Mateu y Llopis, Nombrea de Lugar, 1940 F. Mateu y Llopis, "Los nombreshispanos de lugar en el numerario visigodo, Notas para su estudio (Nar-bonensis, Tarraconensis, Carthaginensis, Baetica)," in Analecta SacraTarraconenaia, XIII (Barcelona, 1940), pp. 6574.Mateu y Llopis, Nombrea de Lugar, 1942 Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Losnombres de lugar en el numerario suevo y visigodo de Gallaecia y Lusitania(Notas para su estudio)," in Analecta Sacra Tarraconenaia, XV (Barcelona,1942), pp. 23-38.Mateu y Llopis, Tarragona Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Tarragona durantelos Viaigodos a traves de sus acunaciones monetarias," in Boletin Arqueo-

logico (Organo de la Sociedad Arqueologica Tarraconenae, Tarragona), XLIV(1944), pp. 69-104.Melon Amando Mel6n y Ruiz de Gordejuela, Oeografia Hiatorica Eapanola(Coleccidn "Hiapania," ed. Antonio Ballesteros y Beretta), Madrid, 1928.Menendez Pidal Ram6n Menendez Pidal, Historia de Eapana, Tomo III,Eapana Viaigoda, Madrid, 1940.Merino Andres Merino de Jesu-Christo, Escuela paleographica de leer letraaantiguoa deade la entrada de los Oodos en Eapana, hasta nuestroa tiempoa,Madrid, 1780. The unreliable illustrations are of coins in the cabinet of theBibliotheca de S. Ildefonso de Alcala, described also by Velazquez, Florez

and others.Meynaerts J. P. Meynaerts, Description de la collection de medaillesantiques . .. recueiUies par J. P. Meynaerts, de Louvain, Gand, 1852. TheMeynaerts collection, first described by Piot (q.v.), was acquired in partby De Salis and later by the British Museum (unmistakable examples arecoins of Chindasvinth at Toleto and Ispali); and in part by Vidal Quadrasy Ramon.1Meynaerts, 1842 Meynaerts, "Monnaies Visigothes," in RNB, 1842,p. 363.Meynaerts, 1850 Meynaerts, "Notice sur une monnaie d'or de Leuvigilde,"

in RNB, 1850, pp. 1-4.Meynaerts, RNB, 1852 Meynaerts, "Une monnaie visigothe frappee aLerida par Egica avec son fils Wittiza," in RNB, 1852, pp. 241-243.Miguelez Manuel F. Miguelez, "Bibliografia Numismatica Espafiola,Examen critico y apendice de la obra de D. Juan de Dios de la Rada yDelgado," in La Ciudad de Dios, Revista Agustiniana (Valladolid), Aflo IX,Vol. XVni (1889), no. II, pp. 85-94; no. IV, pp. 222-231; no. VI, pp. 361-369; no. VHI, pp. 505-517.Miles, Umayyada George C. Miles, The Coinage of the Umayyads of Spain(Hispanic Numismatic Series, No. 1), New York, 1950.

Holder Sales catalogues entitled A Moeda, issued by Casa A. Molder,Lisbon, 1948-1950.Moline A[rturo] P[edralo] [y] M[oline], "Miscelanea," in Memorial Numia-mdtico Eapanol, III (1872-1873), p. 267.1 Cf. Beltran, p. 442; Elias Garcia, Egitdnia, p. 15.


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27/577

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS15P.-W. Patdys Beal-Encyclopdie der classischen AltertumsuHssenschaft (ed.Georg Wissowa et al.), Stuttgart, 1894-(1948).Rackus Alexander M. Rackus, M. D., Guthones (The Goths), Kinsmen of theLithuanian People, Chicago, 1929. A pseudo-scholarly work. For example(p. 190), the name Chindasvinth is rendered "AuSvintas" on the basis of amisreading of the ligature employed for the first letters of his name on thecoins. The specimens illustrated are mostly from sales catalogues, the ma-

jority of which I have been able to identify; the references to Heiss platesdo not mean that the illustrations are from Heiss. Most of the weightsappear to be fictitious.Ramn Martnez Matas Ramn Martnez, "Inscripciones Romanas deBurguillos," in Boletn de la R.Acad. de laHistoria, XXXII (Madrid, 1898),pp. 182-196.Ramn y Fernandez Jos Ramn y Fernndez, "De numismtica extre-mea," in Boletn del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueologa (Universi-dad de Valladolid), XV (1948-1949), pp. 79-89.Rasche lo. Christophorus Rasche, Lexicon universae rei numariae...,Lipsiae, 1785-1795, Suppl., 18021805. The Visigothic entries are almostexclusively from Augustin, Velazquez and Gsseme, and therefore havebeen omitted from the corpus.Rasmusson N. L. Rasmusson, "Foreign Coins in Swedish Coin-Finds," inTransactions of the International Numismatic Congress, London, 1938, pp.324-333.Ratto Monnaies Byzantines et d'autres pays contemporaines VpoqueByzantine La plus riche et la plus vaste collection prive, Rodolfo Ratto,Lugano, 9 Dec, 1930.Retnhabt Wilhelm Reinhart, "Die Mnzen des westgotischen Reiches vonToledo," in Deutsches Jahrbuch fur Numismatik, 194041, pp. 69-101. A

monograph of major importance, especially with respect to the coinage be-fore Leovigild (not dealt with in this volume) and the early coinage of Leo-vigild. It includes a pioneering attempt to attribute Leovigild's "mintless"coinage to mints.Reinhaht, Ampurias 1944 Wm. Reinhart, "Monedas visigodas acuadaspor el Rey Reccaredo H," in Ampurias, VI (Barcelona, 1944), pp. 209-214.For my criticism of the view advanced in this article, see pp. 27-28.Reinhaht, Arte Wm. Reinhart, "El arte monetario visigodo. Las monedascomo documentos," in Boletn del Seminario de Esludios de Arte y Arque-ologa (Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Historia), X (1943-44), pp.53-57.

Reinhaht Collection The collection of Wilhelm Reinhart according to aninventory kindly furnished by the owner. Some of the coins in this collec-tion have been disposed of, and wherever possible I have indicated thepresent location of these specimens.Reinhaiit, Germanen-Erbe Wilhelm Reinhart, "Die Mnzen der germani-schen Reiche zur Zeit der Volkerwanderung," in Germanen-Erbe, TV, 3(March, 1939), pp. 70-79.Reinhart, Los yelmos visigodos Wm. Reinhart, "Los yelmos visigodos," inA. E. d. A., 1947, pp. 122-125.Reinhabt, Neuerliche Flschungen W. Reinhart, "Neuerliche Flschungenwestgotischer Mnzen," in Deutsche Miinzblatter, 1937, pp. 225-232.Reinhart, Sobre numismtica visigoda Wm. Reinhart, "Sobre numismticavisigoda," in A. E. d. A., 1947, pp. 125-129.


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16VISIGOTHS OF SPAINReinhart, Weitere Falschungen Wilhelm Reinhart, "t)ber einige weitereFalschungen westgotischer Miinzen," in Deutsche Munzbldtter, 1939, pp.389-391.Reinhart, 1937 Wm. Reinhart, "Las Monedas Visigodas del Museo Arque-olbgico Nacional." Review of Mateu y Llopis, Catalogo de las monedas pre-visigodas, etc. (referred to as Madrid, see above). In Mitteilungen der Bay-erischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft, LV (1937), pp. 191-198.

Reinhart, 1938 Wilhelm Reinhart, "Die Miinzen des tolosanischen Reichesder Westgoten," in D. J. f. N., I (1938), pp. 107-135.Reinhart, 1941 Wilhelm Reinhart, "Die swebischen und westgotischenMiinzen als kulturhistorische Denkmaler," in Germania, 25 (1941), pp.188-193. Reviewed in A. E. de A., 1942, pp. 257-258.Reinhart, 1945 Wm. Reinhart, "Nuevas aportaciones a la numismaticavisigoda," in Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia, XVIII (1945), pp. 212-235.Essentially a reworking of the author's "Die Miinzen des tolosanischenReiches der Westgoten," and his "Die Miinzen des westgotischen Reichesvon Toledo."Renesse-Breidrach Mea loisirs, amusements numismatiques. Ouvrage post-hume de Mr le Comte C. W. de Renesse-Breidbach, publit par son fils.. .Vol. II, Anvers, 1836. All the coins described here are silver Becker forgeries.Resende Libri Quatuor de antiquitatibus lusitaniae d Lucio Andrea Resendioolim inchoati, & d Iacobo Menoetio Vasconcello recogniti, atque absoluti,Eborae, 1593. Bound with this and separately paginated in the copy in thelibrary of the Hispanic Society of America is Liber Quintus Authore IacoboMoenetio Vasconcello, de Elbrensi Municipio, containing the curious fa-brication of Sisebut-"Ebora" described in the appendix on forgeries, p. 467.There are three editions of the work, 1553, 1593 and 1783. The relevantpassage is also to be found in L. Andreae Resendii Eborensis, Antiquitatum

Lusitaniae, et de Municipio Eborensi Lib. V, Coloniae Agrippinae, [1600],pp. 335-336.RN Revue Numismatique.RN, 1897 "Chronique, Trouvailles de monnaies", RN, 1897, pp. 105-106.RNB Revue de la Numismatique Beige (later, Revue Beige de Numismatique).Rorert P. Charles Robert, Numismatique de la Province de Languedoc, II,Periode Wisigothe et Franque, Toulouse, 1879.Rokesmith John Rokesmith, "An unpublished gold triens of the VisigothicKing Reccared," in Numismatic Review, (New York) II, no. 2,1944, pp.9-11.Roschach M. Roschach, "Note sur un triens du roi wisigoth Suinthila 621631," in Mmoires de VAcad&mie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

de Toulouse. Date ? I have had access only to an undated offprint.Royal Mint William John Hocking, Catalogue of the Coins, Tokens, Medals,Dies, and Seals in the Museum of the Royal Mint, I: Coins and Tokens,London, 1906. There are 13 Visigothic coins in this collection (nos. 47834795), but as the mint-names and legends are omitted it has been im-possible to enter the specimens in the corpus, with the exception of one coinof Hermenegild, which may or may not be genuine.Russell Cortez Fernando Russell Cortez, "Pan6ias, Cividade dos lapi-teas Subsidios para o estudo dos cultos orientais e da vida provincialRomana na regiao do Douro," in Anais do Institute do Vinho do Porto, 1947.Salat Josef Salat, Tratado de las monedas labradas en el principado de Ca-taluna, I, Barcelona, 1818.Sampere y Miquel S. Sampere y Miquel, "Del Reino Egiteno y de la lee-


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS17tura de las leyendas de las monedas visigticas," in Bevista de CienciasHistorical, IV (Barcelona, 1886), pp. 69-73.Schlessinger, 1933 Berliner Munzverkehr, Felix Schlessinger, Miinzhand-lung, no. 14, 1933.Schbttek Friedrich Frhr. v. Schrtter, Worterbuch der Miinzkunde, Berlin-Leipzig, 1930.

Schulman, Nov. 1911 Catalogue des riches collections numismatiques de feuson excellence le gnral Noguet Madrid..., 27Nov., 1911.Afr. 1912 Collection de M. Camilio O. de Castro Madrid, 9 Apr., 1912.Oct. 1912 Catalogue des riches collections de monnaies antiques... de M.Joaquim de Freitas da SUva... etc., 21 Oct., 1912.Oct. 1913 Catalogue d'une collection intressante de monnaies du moyenge.. . d'un collectionneur franais connu, 20 Oct., 1913.Oct. 1921 Collection du Baron de C. B., 11 Oct., 1921.Oct. 1921 Catalogue No. 76... en vente aux prix marqus, Oct., 1921.Jtjxy 1922 Catalogue d'une riche collection de monnaies et mdailles de

provenances et successions diverses... 3 July, 1922.Makch 1925 Collections de feu M. Jan van Bijswijck... de feu Me. O B. et d'autres provenances, 30 March, 1925.May 1925 Catalogue d'une collection importante... 19 May, 1925.Oct. 1927 Collections d'un amateur Portugais distingu Paris, de feuM. W.-W.K... Gouda et d'autres successions, 31 Oct., 1927.Jan. 1929 Collection de feu M. Othon Leonardos Rio de Janeiro 2mepartie, 24 Jan., 1929.May 1929 Catalogue d'une superbe collection de... feu monsieur le Comtede L..., 30 May, 1929.

March 1930 Catalogue de sries importantes de monnaies et mdaillesde diverses provenances... 12 March, 1930.Jan. 1931 Catalogue de sries importantes de monnaies et mdailles deprovenances diverses, 19 Jan., 1931.Dec. 1934 Catalogue de monnaies et mdailles, 17 Dec., 1934.Schulman, N. Y. Coins in the hands of Hans M.F.Schulman, New York,in 1950.Sempere Juan Sempere y Guarinos, Ensayo de una Biblioteca Espanola delosmejores escritores del Beynado de Carlos IIJ, Vol. II, Madrid, 1785. On pp.103104, an account of Conde de Campomanes' manuscript, Discurso sobre

la cronologia de los Beyes Qodos.Severim Manoel Severim de Faria, Notidas de Portugal, Lisboa, 1655.1 havenot had access to this work; my references to it are taken from Elias Gar-cia, Lusitnia, who evidently made use of the edition of 1740. There is alsoa third edition of 1791. Apparently many of Severim's coin descriptions aretaken from Augustin and Morales; hence it is more than likely that in mostcases references to Severim in the corpus are reduplications. For the authorand his works, see Leite de Vasconeellos, Da Numismatica em Portugal,pp. 69-78.Shore Sale Catalogue of the famous collection... formed by the late B.A. Shore,

Esq., of Lisbon, Glendining & Co., 25 June, 1945 (delayed to 16 July, 1945).Silva Leax Manoel Pereira da Silva Leal, Memorias para a HistoriaEcclesiastica do Bispado da Ouarda, Lisboa Occidental, 1729. Numismaticobservations are based on Morales.2 Visigoth


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18VISIGOTHS OF SPAINSmith, Dictionary William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geo-graphy, London, 18541857.Soares Alexandre Ferreira Barras, "Catalogo das moedas visig6ticas exi-stentes no Museu Naoional de Soares dos Reis," in Museu, Revista de Arte,Arqueologia, Tradicces, Vol. Ill, no. 7 (P6rto, 1944), pp. 127-133.Sothbby Dated catalogues of S. Leigh Sotheby & Co., and of Sotheby & Co.Spink Spink & Son's Numismatic Circular, London, August 1894, October

1938, March 1943.Stack's 1942 A comprehensive list of the coins of the entire world... offeredfor sale by Stack's, New York, 1942 (Fixed Price List No. 24).Stefan Friedrich Stefan, review of Madrid, in NZ, Wien, Neue Folge 30(1937), pp. 106-111.Steinbuchel A. von Steinbuchel, Die Becker'schen falschen Miinzstdmpel inausfiihrUchen Verzeichnissen, Wien, 1836.Stockholm The collection of the Statens Historiska Museum och Kungl.Myntkabinettet, Stockholm. Most of the Visigothic coins in this cabinetwere acquired from the Lorichs collection, q. v. The Museum authoritiescourteously furnished me with photographs of the entire collection as wellas information regarding the provenance of each specimen.StuttgartCoins in the collection of the Wurttembergisches Landesmuseum,Stuttgart, formerly the property of Ernst Unger. The Museum authoritiescourteously furnished me with photographs of the Visigothic coins.Teixeika A. C. Teixeira de Aragao, Description des monnaies, meaailles etautres objets d'art concernant Vhistorie portugaise du travail, 1867 (ExpositionUniverselle de 1867 a Paris).Thom8EN Catalogue de la collection de monnaies de feu Christian JilrgensenThomsen, Seconde Partie: les monnaies du moyen-dge, I, Copenhague, 1873.Most of the Visigothic coins in this collection were acquired by the Royal

Cabinet in Copenhagen, q. v.Tinchant Illustrated advertisement of P. Tinchant, Brussels, in TJie Nu-mismatist, Jan. 1937, p. 61.Tbaite Arthur Engel et Raymond Serrure, Traiti de Numismatique duMoyen Age, I, Paris, 1891, pp. 40-53.Vazquez de Pabga Luis Vazquez de Parga, La Division de Wamba: Con-tribution al estudio de la historia y geografia eclesidsticas de la edad mediaespanola (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones cientlficas, Instituto Jero-nimo Zurita), Madrid, 1943.Velazquez Luis Joseph Velazquez, Congeturas sobre las medaUas de losreyes Godos y Suevos de Espana, Malaga, 1759. In preparing his work Velaz-

quez made use of much of the material assembled by Florez, whose import-ant book appeared several years later. In fact Velazquez is said to havewritten his book in Florez' cell. Cf. Heiss, p. 152, Miguelez, p. 88.von Sallet A. von Sallet, "Die Erwerbungen des Koniglichen Miinzcabi-nets vom 1. April 1884 bis zum 1. April 1885," inZeitschrift fiXr Numismatik,XIII, pp. 1-29.VQR Catalogo de la Coleccion de monedas y medallas de Manuel Vidal Qua-dras y Ramon de Barcelona, I, Barcelona, 1892 (published by Arturo Pedra-les y Molin6). This great collection, comparable only to that of the His-panio Society of America in importance, is now in the possession of a col-lector in Paris, who in May, 1951, graciously permitted me to examine allthe Visigothic coins and who furnished me with plaster-casts of a number ofspecimens which I wished to study more closely. Unfortunately the time


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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS19at my disposal did not permit me to make an exhaustive study of the ent ireVisigothic collection, but I was at least able to handle all the coins and toverify the readings of many specimens. Among other collections in partabsorbed by VQR was that of Meynaerts, q. v. The VQR collection isparticularly rich in rarities, and is virtually free from forgeries. Heiss madeextensive use of this collection in the preparation of his work; certain differ-

ences between Heiss' transcriptions and mine are in part the result of myfirst-hand examination of the collection.Wayte Raymond, July 1939 "Numismatic Rarities," in The Coin Collec-tor's Journal, edited by Wayte Raymond, Vol. 6, No. 2, July 1939, pp. 70-77.Weber Sammlumg Consul Eduard Friedrich Weber, Hamburg, Jakob Hirsch,Mnchen, 1909.Yaez de Abiles Fr. Pablo Yaez de Abils, De la era y fechas de Espaa,Cronologa espaola... Libro Primero, Madrid, 1732.Yaqt Mu'jam al-Buldn, ed. F. Wstenfeld, Leipzig, 1866-1870.Yockbbs Collection Coins in the collection of Mr. Jesse A. Yockers of

Richmond Hill, New York.Zemer Karl Zeumer, "Die Chronologic der Westgothenknige des Reichesvon Toledo," in Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft fr altere deutsche Geschichts-kunde, Bd. 27, Hannover-Leipzig, 1902, pp. 411444.Ziegler Aloysius K. Ziegler, Church and State in Visigothic Spain, Washing-ton, D. C, 1930.Zorita de los Canes Juan Cabr Aguil, El tesoriUo visigodo de trientes de lasexcavaciones del plan nacional de 194445 en Zorita de los Canes (Guadala-jara) (Comisara General de Excavacions Arqueolgicas: Informes y Memo-rias, No. 10), Madrid, 1946. Cf. the review by Mateu y Llopis in Ampurias,

IXX, pp. 435437, and the discussion of Reccopolis, infra, pp. 96-99.Zbich Coins in the collection of the Zentralbibliothek, on deposit with theSchweizerisches Landesmuseum, Zurich.The following books and articles, evidently containing descriptions of Visi-gothic coins or other material pertinent to the present work, have not beenavailable to me. In some cases references to these publications in otherliterature have enabled me to include the coins in question in the corpus.Actas y Memorias de la Sociedad Espaol de Antropologa, Etnologa yPrehistoria, XXII (1946), pp. 167ff. ("Las Monedas de Gerona").Allen, E. A., Noticia e descrico de urna moeda indita cunhada pelos Wisi-

godos na cidade do Porto em fins do VI secuto e ltimamente descoberta pelo Il.moSr. Francisco do Amoral, Porto, 1862.Bellino, Albano, Catalogo das moedas romanas, celtiberas e wisigoticas perten-centes Sociedade Martins Sarment, Porto, 1901.Botet y Sis, J., "Lettre M. le Docteur Mansot au subjet d'une monnaiewisigotique indite et des recentes dcouvertes d'Ampurias," in Revued'Histoire et d'Archologie du Roussillon, 1900, pp. 129ff.Bouza Brey, Fermn, "Anillo gemado visigodo," in El Museo de Pontevedra,No. 16 (1948). Reviewed in Ampurias, IX-X (1948), p. 437."Una ceca sueva desconocida en la dicesis de Portucale," in Revista

de Guimares, LH (1942), pp. 52ff. Reviewed in Ampurias, V (1943), p. 359.Catalogo de urna importante coUeccao de moedas portuguezas ... vendida par lacasa liquidadora de M". Guilhermina de Jess en Lisboa, el dia 5 de enero de 1902.Chabret, Antonio, Sagunto, su historia, sus monumentos, Barcelona, 1888.i*


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20VISIGOTHS OF SPAINCoelho, Jose, "Ntulas Numismticas," in Beira Alta, TV (1945), pp. 35 ff.Reviewed in Ampurias, IX-X (1948), p. 439.Da Costa, Joao, Catalogo das moedas antiguas de ..., Coimbra, 1911.Elias Garcia, Antonio, "Um trente de Recaredo batido em Chaves," inRevista de Guimares, LIV (1944), pp. 36ff. Reviewed in Ampurias, VII-VTII

(1945-1946), pp. 473-474."Un trente indito de Sisebuto," in Altitude, No. 4 (Guarda, Apr.1942), pp. 129f. Reviewed in Ampurias, VH-VTII (1945-1946), pp. 471-473."Un trente toledano de gica," in Arquivo do Alto Minho, 1946.Reviewed in Ampurias, IX-X (1948), p. 439.FalcSo Machado, Fernando, "Numismas de Eminio," in Revista de Arque-ologa, Lisboa, III (1936-1938), pp. 213ff. Reviewed in Ampurias, V (1943),p. 357.Mateu y Llopis, Felipe, "Cinco trientes visigodos de Hermenegildo a

Witiza," in Cuadernos de Historia Primitiva, II, 1 (1947).Prez Pujol, Eduardo, Historia de las instituciones sociales de la EspaaCoda, Valencia, 1896.Reinhart, Wm., "As moedas suevas e visigodas como documentos historeose culturais," in Publicaces do Inst. Alemo da Universidade de Coimbra, 1942."El Rey Leovigildo unificador universal," in Boletn del Seminariode Estudios de Arte y Arqueologa, Valladolid, XI (1945), pp. 97-107.Ripoll y Villanueva, Jaime, Una medalla goda y cuatro inscripciones pertene-cientes a la Espaa rabe inditas, 1830.

Russell Cortez, F., "O Castro de Esturaos," in Arquivo do Alto Minho (1946).Reviewed in Ampurias, IX-X (1948), p. 440.Sanchez Albornoz, Claudio, "Fuentes para el estudio de las divisioneseclesisticas visigodas," in Boletn de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela,H (1929).Veiga Ferreira, Octvio da, "Duas moedas visigticas inditas," in Correiodo Sul, Faro, 1949.


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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICESOF THE VISIGOTHIC KINGS OF SPAINFROM LEOVIGILD TO ACHILA II1In the second year of his reign, between August 2LEOVIGILD and mid-November, 568,2 Liuva I, resident in Nar-568-586 bonne, transferred the government of Spain to hisbrother Leovigild, then Dux in Toledo.3 This un-

equally divided rule lasted until Liuva's death (some time betweenDecember, 571, and early March, 572),* after which Leovigild contin-ued as sole ruler. Leovigild's two marriages were politically expedient.1 For full historical accounts of Spain in the Visigothic period (upon whichthe following sketches are for the most part based), consult Ram6n MenendezPidal (Manuel Torres), Historia de Espana, III, Espana Visigoda (Madrid, 1940),especially pp. VTILV, 3140 (bibliographies at the end of each chapter);Antonio Ballesteros y Beretta, Historia de Espana y su influencia en la historiauniversal, I (Barcelona-Buenos Aires, 1943), pp. 821885 (bibliographies, pp.

886896, 968-987); A. Fernandez-Guerra, E. de Hinojosa, Historia de Espanadesde la invasion de los pueblos germdnicos hasta la ruina de la monarguiavisigoda (in Antonio Canovas del Castillo, Historia general de Espana ) (Madrid,1891); P. Gams, Die Kirchengeschickte von Spanien (Regensburg, 1874); Fer-dinand Lot, Christian Pf ister, Francois Ganshof, Histoire du moyen age, I, Lesdestinies de I'Empire en Occident de 395 d 888 (Paris, 1928), pp. 120-166 passim,and especially pp. 166-173, 233-253; Rafael Altamira, "Spain under the"Visigoths" in The Cambridge Medieval History, II (New York and Cambridge,1926), pp. 159-193 (bibliography, pp. 733-738); F. Dahn, Die Konige der Ger-

manen (Munchen, Wurzburg & Leipzig, 18611911), V and VI. The period ofWamba-Ervig has recently been considered in detail by Francis X. Murphy(see the general bibliography). For the final act of the Visigothic drama, inwhich the Moslems play the leading role, see the opening pages of E. L6vi-Provencal, Histoire de I'Espagne musulmane (new ed., Paris, 1951). For thesource material, see especially Dahn, the bibliographies cited above, theMonumenta Oermaniae Historica, and the works of Gorres cited in the biblio-graphy to the present volume (p. 8).2 Not all writers are in agreement on Visigothic chronology. In general Ihave followed Karl Zeumer's Die Chronologic der Westgothenkdnige des Reichesvon Toledo.3 The name Leovigild is thought to signify either "Lowenheld" (lion-hero) or"Liebling des Volkes" (beloved of the people). Gorres, Leovigild, pp. 132-133.4 Fita puts the date in 569 or 570; Fernandez-Guerra in 573.


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22VISIGOTHS OF SPAINHis first appears to have been with Theodosia, daughter of Severian,Byzantine governor of Carthaginensis j1 on her death, he married(569) Godsuinta (Gonsuinthe, Goisvintha, etc.), widow of his ownbrother Athanagild, the predecessor of Liuva on the throne. Of thefirst marriage were born Hermenegild and Reccared, to whom, on

the death of Liuva, Leovigild allotted portions of the kingdom(Septimania and Toledo) as consortes.From the outset Leovigild demonstrated remarkable qualities asleader, administrator and general, and he appears to have attackedthe political and military problems of his reign with equal vigor.He was the unifier of the nation and without doubt the outstandingpersonality among the Visigothic kings of Spain. Leovigild's adoptionof a distinctive "national" coinage is in conformity with his other

manifestations of independence; the historians relate that he was thefirst to assume the full panoply of kingship, wearing a crown andactually sitting upon a throne. Internal administrative reform andreligio-factional difficulties were both of continual concern through-out his career, but his preoccupation with these matters did notprevent his waging a series of energetic military campaigns in thecourse of which he recovered provinces which had been lost to thekingdom before he came to the throne and brought other parts of the

Iberian peninsula within the realm.Leovigild transferred the capital definitively from Narbonne toToledo; then, in 570, he directed his attention southward and recov-ered Malaga and the region of Bastetania (Baeza) from the Byzantineauthorities; in 571 he took Asidonia; in 572 he reduced an insur-rection in and around Cordoba; in 573 he was active on the Suevianborder in southeastern Gallaecia (Sabaria); in 574 in Cantabria; in575 in the region south of Asturia; in 576 he was grappling with theSuevians; in 577 he was again in the southeast dealing with a rebellion

in Orospeda; from 579 to 584 he was coping with the major internalproblem of his reign, the suppression of Catholic revolts, in particularwith the crisis which ended in the defeat of his rebellions sonHermenegild in the latter year (see the articles on the mints of Ispaliand Cordoba). In 580 Leovigild's strategy included a convocation ofArian bishops in an effort to bring about a compromise between thefaiths. In 581 he had to deal with a Basque insurrection; in584-585he came to final grips with the Suevians, defeating the usurper

Andeca, capturing Portocale and Bracara, and putting an end to therival kingdom of Suevia. At the very end of his reign his son ReccaredAn alleged marriage with the Frankish Rigunta of Rouen is unlikely.


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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES23was successfully warding off a Frankish threat to Septimania. Leovi-gild died in Toledo between April 13 and May 8, 586, and was succeed-ed by Reccared.1Leovigild's name appears on the coins:2(a) onminilessissues: LIVVIGILDI REGIS, DN LIVVIGILDVS REX

and RE, LIVVIGILDVS. TypeH has REX INCLITVS (and variations)on the reverse.(b) on mini-name issues: with and without DN, LIVVIGILDVS,LEOVIGILDVS, LEVVIGILDVS, with or without REX or RE.Epithets are PIVS, IVSTVS, VICTOR (VICTORIA, VICTI).Son of Leovigild by Theodosia, Hermenegild3 recei v-HERMENEGILD ed a share of the kingdom4 at the time of Liuva's579 - 584 death. His marriage to Ingundis (Ingonthe, Ingunda)daughter of Sigebert, King of Austrasia, and Brun-

hild (Brunehaut), daughter of Athanagild, vitally influenced not onlyhis own life but the internal security of the kingdom, for Ingundiswas a Catholic, and under her persuasion5 and that of Bishop Leanderof Seville, Hermenegild in 579 renounced Arianism, embraced theChurch of Rome and rebelled against his father. As Dux of predom-inantly Catholic Baetica, Hermenegild was able to hold out, first inSeville and later in Cordoba, against Leovigild until the year 584,when he was taken prisoner, exiled first to Valencia and then toTarraco, where, on April 13, 585, he was beheaded by Duke Sigisbert

1 Fernandez-Guerra's frequent misuse of the coins ("commemorativemedals") in attempting to reconstruct the history of Leovigild's campaigns hasbeen adequately criticized by some later historians (see, for example, ManuelTorres in Menendez Pidal, pp. 100-101), but many writers, lacking adequateknowledge of the coinage especially of the sequence of types during Leovi-gild's reign continue to repeat these errors.1 In these summaries of the regal inscriptions, A and other mediaeval letter-forms are normalized, and only the chief varieties of spelling and abbreviationare given. For the literal transcriptions of the legends, see the catalogue.3 The coins give ERMENEGILD(I), doubtless the correct spelling; but indeference to long-established tradition I have used the later mediaeval andmodern aspirated form.4 He and his brother Reccared are said to have been assigned Septimaniaand Toledo, but it has never been clear which son received which province.6 Doubtless an important factor in this episode was the jealousy and rivalryof Ingundis and her grandmother Godsuinta (Leovigild's queen), the latter anardent Arian. There is reason to believe that Leovigild himself was not

fanatically opposed to his son's marriage to a Catholic, but that it was ratherGodsuinta's efforts to convert Ingundis to Arianism that fortified the latter'sown faith and influenced Hermenegild to be baptized as a Catholic.


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24VISIGOTHS OF SPAIN(Sisbert), to whose charge he had been committed. Later veneratedas a martyr, his canonization was eventually proclaimed throughoutSpain by Sixtus V (1585).Hermenegild's coins were undoubtedly struck at Seville, where hedeclared his independence. There are two types,1 one with the reverse

legend INCLIT(I) REGI, the other reading REGI ADEOVITA.2 Thefirst legend copies Leovigild's common type H; the meaning of thesecond has been much disputed. The ingenious interpretation givenby Morales and repeated by many other writers since the end of the16th century3 to the effect that the legend refers to the passage inPaul's Epistle to Titus (III, 10), reading Haereticum hominem postunam, et secundum correptionem devita ("A man that is an heretickafter the first and second admonition, reject") so apt in thecircumstances of Hermenegild's revolt against his Arian father is

based entirely on Morales' own misreading of the coin, "REGEMDEVITA"; no such legend exists, and this explanation cannot there-fore be accepted. Likewise founded on an entirely mistaken readingis an interpretation involving an abbreviation of "in nomine dominivictor." The only likely reading, in my opinion, is that proposed byFlorez, REGI A DEO VITA, " life to the king from God."4We may reasonably date Hermenegild's first type from ca. 580.The second, assuming some connection between the siege of Ispali andthe meaning of the reverse legend, may be dated 583, or possibly 584.

Second son of Leovigild by Theodosia, ReccaredPvECOABED succeeded to the throne (apparently not by election586-601 but by probably unanimous "consent") on the deathof his father between April 13 and May 8, 586. He isreported to have been the first Visigothic king to be both anointedand crowned.5 From about 572, as previously related, he had sharedin Leovigild's rule, and throughout the latter's lifetime he appears to1 Historians (e.g., Gorres, Hermenegild, pp. 27-28) have interpreted thereverse Victory as signifying Hermenegild's expectation of triumphing over hisfather. This is, of course, nonsense; Hermenegild was simply following Visi-gothic numismatic tradition.1 Misreadings of this legend are discussed in the catalogue, p. 200.3 See the catalogue, No. 47, for references to the literature; among morerecent scholars, Gorres, loc. cit.* Heiss, p. 87, says that Regi a Deo Vita "exprimait peut-etre la crainte d'unregne trop court pour la foi catholique."s Cf. Gorres, Eekared, p. 279.


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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES25have led an active military life. At the time of his father's deathReccared was in command of the Visigothic army successfully defend-ing the north against Guntram, Frankish king of Orleans. Ten monthsafter his succession to the throne Reccared publicly declared hisconversion and that of his family to Catholicism, and on April 13, 587,

the cathedral at Toledo was reconsecrated. The reasons for the newking's change of faith are obscure; the motivation may have beensincere conviction, but it is not unlikely that in v

Documents

The coinage of the Visigoths of Spain : Leovigild to Achila II / by George C. Miles